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PubMed1988

The economics of academic health sciences libraries: cost recovery in the era of big science.

With launching of Sputnik by the Soviet Union in the late 1950s, science and technology became a high priority in the United States. During the two decades since, health sciences libraries have experienced changes in almost all aspects of their operations. Additionally, recent developments in medical care and in medical education have had major influences on the mission of health science libraries. In the unending struggle to keep up with new technologies and services, libraries have had to support increasing demands while they receive a decreasing share of the health care dollar. This paper explores the economic challenges faced by academic health sciences libraries and suggests measures for augmenting traditional sources of funding. The development of marketing efforts, institutional memberships, and fee-based services by the Louis Calder Memorial Library, University of Miami School of Medicine, is presented as a case study.

Direct Service Costs↗

PubMed2005

New methodology in biomedical science: methodological errors in classical science.

The following methodological errors are observed in biomedical sciences: paradigmatic ones; those of exaggerated search for certainty; science dehumanisation; deterministic and linearity; those of making conclusions; errors of reductionism or quality decomposition as well as exaggerated enlargement; errors connected with discarding odd; unexpected or awkward facts; those of exaggerated mathematization; isolation of science; the error of "common sense"; Ceteris Paribus law's ("other things being equal" laws) error; "youth" and common sense; inflexibility of criteria of the truth; errors of restricting the sources of truth and ways of searching for truth; the error connected with wisdom gained post factum; the errors of wrong interpretation of research mission; "laziness" to repeat the experiment as well as the errors of coordination of errors. One of the basic aims for the present-day scholars of biomedicine is, therefore, mastering the new non-linear, holistic, complex way of thinking that will, undoubtedly, enable one to make less errors doing research. The aim of "scientific travelling" will be achieved with greater probability if the "travelling" itself is performed with great probability.

Biological Science Disciplines↗

PubMed1992

Developing partnerships for health and social science research: the International Clinical Epidemiology Network (INCLEN) social science component.

A decade after its inception, the International Clinical Epidemiology Network (INCLEN) adopted a social science component. Health social science concepts were added to a physician training curriculum encompassing epidemiology, biostatistics and clinical economics, and a position was created for qualified social scientists at 26 clinical epidemiology units in developing country medical schools. This paper describes the INCLEN model for strengthening partnerships among clinical epidemiologists and social scientists. The rationale for interdisciplinary training is presented along with the difficulties inherent in attracting social scientists to a new career path. These include problems of recruitment, training curricula, re-entry, and career sustainability. The need is identified for collaborative international efforts to promote an infrastructure for professional growth and sustainable careers in health social science.

Biometry↗

PubMed1994

Drugs, sex and social science: social science research and health policy in Australia.

Social science health research in Australia has undergone considerable expansion through government sponsorship of projects that complement or address issues related directly to policy and program concerns. In examining the rationale for supporting social science research, and the difficulties that social scientists often face in return in presenting their work in ways that might optimize funding, the paper first explores the paradigmatic tensions between social and biomedical scientists, that in turn influence funding decisions and potentially the receipt and uptake of social research. It also addresses the incorporation of the language and concepts of social science within policy documents, using 'ethnicity' as an exemplar of this. The paper then documents and analyses federal targeted-funding programs for health research, and the measures taken to encourage policy-relevant research. In particular, the paper discusses the funding programs that operate for drug and alcohol use and HIV/AIDS.

Australia↗

PubMed2001

Science and humanities: across two cultures and into science studies.

C.P. Snow's articulation of a two-culture divide rested on a particular view of science that has been elaborated and superseded by interdisciplinary science studies. Thus, comparisons of the 'science wars' of recent years to the Snow-Leavis controversy fail to recognize basic structural differences between the two sets of debates. In this article, I present these differences and offer some views of what has changed in the intervening years.

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗

PubMed1990

Nursing values and science: toward a science philosophy.

Several premises are proposed for nursing science philosophy in contrast to nursing practice philosophy. These include human understanding, a critical tradition that views science as public knowledge, and use of observation, rationality, explanation, and prediction as a guide to therapy. No argument is made for or against a particular philosophy of science (e.g., positivist, historicist, critical theorist). The debates on the fit of philosophic paradigms with research strategies may soon run their course on the North American continent, as they appear to have done in Scandinavia.

Humanism↗

PubMed2000

Science policy. Clinton's science legacy: ending on a high note.

Once perceived to be at best ambivalent about science policy, President Bill Clinton is now credited with steering the U.S. government's $80-billion-plus R&D enterprise through one of its most perilous and productive decades. Along the way, supporters say, Clinton and his science-savvy vice president, Al Gore, have won respect from researchers. Although the reviews are not uniformly good, even critics agree that Clinton's term is ending on a much higher note for science than what many initially expected from the former Arkansas governor.

Budgets↗

PubMed2002

Nursing science as human science: the new world and human becoming.

The human science perspective of the theory of human becoming holds intrinsic characteristics conducive to permeating teaching-learning in the 21st century. This column focuses on the challenges involved in the teaching-learning of nursing science as a human science, particularly from a human becoming perspective. Moving from a medical model of studying disease processes as the foundation for nursing education, to a nursing model of understanding the meaning of unitary lived experiences, poses challenges for both faculty and students in today's nursing world. These challenges include: explicating the unitary nature of humankind, living the responsibility of expressing new thought, perceiving teaching-learning as engaging community; and visioning nursing leadership as a transformative presence in change.

Community Health Nursing↗

PubMed2000

Education for science and science for education: more than a play upon words.

In the celebration of the Oswaldo Cruz Institute centenary, we wanted to stress our concern with the relationship between two of its missions: research and education. What are the educational bases required for science and technology activities on health sciences for the future years? How can scientists collaborate to promote the popularization of academic knowledge and to improve a basic education for citizenship in an ethic and humanistic view? In this article we pointed out to need of commitment, even in the biomedical post-graduation level, of a more integrated philosophy that would be centered on health education, assuming health as a dynamic biological and social equilibrium and emphasizing the need of scientific popularization of science in a cooperative construction way, instead of direct transfer of knowledge, preserving also macro views of health problems in the development of very specific studies. The contemporary explosion of knowledge, particularly biological knowledge, imposes a need of continuous education to face the growing illiteracy. In order to face this challenge, we think that the Oswaldo Cruz Institute honors his dialectic profile of tradition and transformation, always creating new perspectives to disseminate scientific culture in innovator forms.

Academies and Institutes↗

PubMed2000

A science of meaning. Can behaviorism bring meaning to psychological science?

An argument is presented for making meaning a central dependent variable in psychological science. Principles of operant psychology are then interpreted as providing a basic foundation for a science of meaning. The emphasis here is on the generality of basic operant concepts, where learning is a process of meaning making that is governed largely by natural contingencies; reinforcement is an organic process in which environment-behavior relations are selected, defined here as a dialectical process of meaning making; and reinforcers are experiential consequences with acquired, ecologically derived meanings. The author concludes with a call for a more interdisciplinary science of psychology, focusing on the individual in society.

Behaviorism↗

PubMed1991

[How to distinguish science from non science].

The questions discussed in this article concern the demarcation between scientific theories and non scientific theories. The problem is not only an epistemological one, but it implies also ethical and social consequences. For example, is it acceptable for an European country to allow the practice of non-traditional medicines which are not yet considered officially as scientific? According to Karl Popper, the author discusses the following points: 1. Is there a logical asymmetry between the verification and the falsification of a theory? 2. The criterion of falsifiability demarcates science from non-science. 3. There is no automatic method to find new theories. 4. The facts of science are discovered by scientists through theories. 5. The scientific method is only one and it consists of these three steps: problems-theories-refutations. The article's core is that the rational physician is the one who kills (falsifies) his own diagnosis instead of his own patients.

Complementary Therapies↗

PubMed1996

Basic science is the fuel that drives the engine of biotechnology: a personal science transfer vision for the 21st century.

In the span of just a few decades, the advent of recombinant DNA technology as well as other tools of biotechnology have revolutionized the health sciences-dentistry, medicine, nursing and pharmacy. The original federal investment in basic science research, primarily through the creation of the National Institutes of Health and several other federal agencies, has delivered truly incredible dividends. Currently, this nation has 1,200 biotechnology companies which contribute over $11 billion a year to the nation's economy. These sales are expected to reach approximately $50 billion in the next decade. In addition to the creation of nearly 100,000 highly skilled jobs and contribution to the nation's economy, biotechnology provides the promise and some uncertainty to vastly improve the quality of life throughout the world. Yet do we have a strategy which encompasses federal, state and private sector policies and an infrastructure sufficient to sustain a substantial basic science investment to fuel the engine of technology and a process that enhances the quality of life for all Americans?

Biotechnology↗

PubMed1970

Science policy and science policy research.

This assessment of the value of science policy research in the making of policies is based on a lecture given at a meeting of the Sociology of Science Study Group of the British Sociological Association last March. The thoughts it contains are of course those of Dr Blume himself, and not of the Department of Education and Science or the Council for Scientific Policy.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2005

Survey of the levels of satisfaction with pharmacy practice among third-year students in the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido--influence of experience in voluntary training at a community pharmacy and plans after graduation.

Pharmacy practice, which is executed in the taught of pharmaceutical sciences in Japan, has been assessed and improved student questionnaires. The levels of student satisfaction with the practice are expected to be influenced by their plans after graduation and their experience of training in pharmacies. However, there are few reports analyzing the information in the questionnaires from these viewpoints. In this report, we surveyed the levels of satisfaction of 148 third-year students in the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of the Health Sciences University of Hokkaido using questionnaires and analyzed the influence of the students' background on the levels of satisfaction with pharmacy practice. Almost half of the students had received voluntary training in hospital and/or community pharmacies. Concerning plans after graduation, 36.5%, 27.7%, and 21.6% wanted to become community pharmacists, hospital pharmacists, and graduate students, respectively. More than 70% of the students were well satisfied with all the programs of practice. The levels of satisfaction with the overall practice and prescription analysis were significantly higher among students who had experienced training in pharmacies than among those who had not. Students who planned to become hospital pharmacists were more satisfied with manners seminars, one-dose package practice, and practice in a simulated pharmacy than the students who planned to enter the other field. Such surveys are useful for finding points for improvement and the development of new curricula when the assessment of pharmacy practice takes student background into consideration.

Clinical Clerkship↗

PubMed1986

Standards for academic visual science libraries. Association of Visual Science Librarians.

These standards are a revised and updated version of the Guidelines and Standards for Visual Science Libraries Serving Optometric Institutions, a paper first issued by the Association of Visual Science Librarians (AVSL) in 1976. Their purpose is to provide minimum standards as an aid to accreditation bodies and to institutions initiating library service. In this revision, the Standards and Guidelines have been separated physically so that current information can be updated more frequently and easily. The Standards are a qualitative statement about the minimum levels of staff, collections, and services that should be expected from visual science libraries; the Guidelines contain suggested lists of journals and other quantitative data subject to frequent change. The Guidelines are available separately from the AVSL.

Architecture↗

PubMed1989

[Motivation research in nursing sciences. A description of the basic motivation of nursing science].

The purpose of this article is to describe the function of the motivation research within caring science as well as to study the caritas motive as the basic motive of caring science. As a basic motive is understood a phenomenon, e.g. caring, as a finished whole, which defines its structure and gives it its real character. The task of the systematic caring science is to study the basic motive of caring. The caritas motive can, from the point of view of the ideal history, be seen as one of the basic motives of caring. The caritas motive is formed on the basis of the responsibility the nurse is prepared to take for the patient. Does the caritas motive have a chance, a task in today's caring? Altogether 81 students in the initial phase of their specialized studies were asked this question. The answers given by the students show a desirability profile which outlines more holistic and caritative caring. The students believe in the chance of the caritas motive. Although 73% of the students stated they had found an expression to the caritas motive, before all hope and love. We have got a chance to affect the trends within caring through our consciousness of the basic motive of caring.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed1971

An investigation of the educational needs of health sciences library manpower. IV. Characteristics of manpower in health sciences libraries.

A statistical description based on a mail survey of personnel in 2,099 health sciences libraries located outside of the hospital setting is reported. Respondents to the survey were divided into three groups: professionals (those possessing a graduate library degree); nonprofessionals (those not possessing a graduate library degree); and chief librarians (those responsible for a library's operations). Survey items dealt with education, sex, age, salary, job mobility and preference for continuing education programs. Some 60 percent of the respondents were professionals; 40 percent were nonprofessionals. Seven hundred and twenty-eight chief librarians were identified in the population: 57 percent were professional librarians while the remainder were without a graduate library degree. Approximately (1/5) of all survey respondents were men. The age distribution for the work force tended to be bimodal, reflecting the career patterns of women and the later entry of men into librarianship. The annual salary for male professionals was calculated at $12,732; for female professionals at $10,044; for male nonprofessionals at $7,878; and for female nonprofessionals at $6,313. Male professionals were found to have the highest rates of job and geographic mobility. Conversely, female nonprofessionals were lowest in mobility. In expressing a preference for continuing education programs in library science, professionals tended to request courses dealing with the organization of libraries, health sciences institutions and their relationships, while nonprofessionals inclined towards courses in technical processing.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1998

Health Sciences Information Tools 2000: a cooperative health sciences library/public school information literacy program for medical assistant students.

Educating diverse groups in how to access, use, and evaluate information available through information technologies is emerging as an essential responsibility for health sciences librarians in today's complex health care system. One group requiring immediate attention is medical assistants. Projections indicate that medical assistant careers will be among the fastest growing occupations in the twenty-first century. The expanding use and importance of information in all health care settings requires that this workforce be well versed in information literacy skills. But, for public school vocational education staff charged with educating entry level workers to meet this specialized demand, the expense of hiring qualified professionals and acquiring the sophisticated technology necessary to teach such skills poses a dilemma. Health Sciences Information Tools 2000, a cooperative work-study information literacy program jointly formulated by the Wayne State University's Shiffman Medical Library and the Detroit Public Schools' Crockett Career and Technical Center, demonstrates that cooperation between the health sciences library and the public school is a mutually beneficial and constructive solution. This article describes the background, goals, curriculum, personnel, costs, and evaluation methods of Tools 2000. The Shiffman-Crockett information literacy program, adaptable to a variety of library settings, is an innovative means of preparing well-trained high school vocational education students for beginning level medical assistant positions as well as further education in the health care field.

Allied Health Personnel↗