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PubMed1988

Twinning rate in Scandinavia, Germany and The Netherlands during years of privation.

Twinning rates were studied in Swedes, Aland Islanders, Finns, Germans, and Dutch during years of starvation when death rates were two to three times higher than average. In contrast to the situation among some animals, this study suggests that nutrition above a certain threshold is unimportant for human reproduction, including twinning. The twinning rates for these different populations display marked temporal differences, but low values in the twinning rate are not consistently associated with periods of epidemics, famine, or similar nutritional stress. After years of privation and/or separation of spouses, a rapid "catch-up effect" can often be seen in the twinning rates, as well as marriage and birth rates. Psychoendocrine factors and interparental immunological conditions that may be involved in this phenomenon are discussed.

Female↗
PubMed1988

Acute epiglottis in children and adults. Nasotracheal intubation, tracheostomy or careful observation? Current status in Scandinavia.

A review was performed of the treatment of 92 patients with acute epiglottitis with special reference to the different procedures employed in children and adults. Intubation was performed in 74 per cent of the children but in only six per cent of the adults. More than half of the children were initially observed only, but of these 58 per cent eventually needed intubation. No deaths occurred. We present our management protocol as well as a survey of the routine management of acute epiglottitis in children in the five Scandinavian countries. The number of initially observed patients ranged from nil per cent in Iceland to 35 per cent in Finland. When an artificial airway is needed, 92-100 per cent of the patients are intubated, 0-8 per cent tracheostomized, and 0-5 per cent one or the other, as a standard procedure. Tracheostomy is performed in departments where the facilities do not permit sufficient observation of patients treated by intubation.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1999

Incidence of thyroid cancer in Scandinavia following fallout from atomic bomb testing: an analysis of birth cohorts.

OBJECTIVES: The occurrence relation between radioactive fallout from nuclear testing at Novaja Semlja in north-west Russia and the incidence of thyroid cancer in Norway and Sweden was studied following a birth cohort approach. METHODS: Birth cohorts with presumably different levels of exposure were identified according to calendar year of atomic tests and previous Norwegian estimates of the population dose (born 1947-1950 received low exposure in late childhood, born 1951-1962 received the highest exposure in early childhood, born 1963-1970 were not exposed). For each one-year birth cohort the incidence rates were calculated, with denominators based on exact population figures for each year of follow-up. RESULTS: In a stratified analysis, the relative risk for the highest exposed cohorts born 1951-1962, compared to those not exposed born 1963-1970, was found to decrease with increasing age from a borderline significant relative risk (RR) of 1.7 (95 percent confidence interval, 95% CI: 1.0-3.0) for children in the age-group 7-14 years to no excess risk among those 20-24 years of age (RR: 0.9; 95% CI: 0.7-1.2). The mean age at diagnosis of thyroid cancer in the age-group 7 14 years was lowest in the birth cohorts with the highest exposure. The Poisson regression analysis showed essentially the same results, with an improved fit when adding an interaction term between age and birth-cohort to a basic model with age, gender, birth-cohort and country. CONCLUSION: These results are compatible with an increased risk of thyroid cancer during childhood and adolescence for subjects exposed to radioactive fallout early in life. Alternative explanations for the pattern of incidence are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Women's death in Scandinavia--what makes Denmark different?

OBJECTIVE: To compare the mortality for women in Sweden, Norway and Denmark in order to search for clues for the low life expectancy of Danish women. METHODS: Prospective age-period-cohort study covering 40 years for all Swedish, Norwegian and Danish women aged 40-84 during the period 1960-2000, and born 1900-1950. OUTCOME MEASURES: Relative risks and 95% confidence intervals for deaths. RESULTS: The high risk of dying among Danish women was associated with being born between the two World Wars, and that a similar pattern was not found for women in Norway and Sweden. A tendency of a cohort effect was observed for Swedish women born around 1940. CONCLUSIONS: The currently low life expectancy of Danish women compared with that of women in Norway and Sweden is partly a transitional phenomenon caused by excessive death rates for women born between the two World Wars. Data on smoking prevalence by birth cohort and age indicate that a high percentage of Danish women in these cohorts were smokers throughout their adult life.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Latanoprost: experience of 2-year treatment in Scandinavia.

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to assess efficacy and side effects of latanoprost during two years of treatment. METHODS: The study was a randomized, parallel group, double-masked, multicenter comparison between latanoprost and timolol in patients with open angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension, followed by an open-label 18-month extension during which all patients were treated with latanoprost. RESULTS: Latanoprost caused a marked and sustained reduction of the intraocular pressure (IOP). IOP was reduced from baseline levels 25.1+/-3.5 mm Hg (mean+/-SD) in 183 patients initially randomized to treatment with latanoprost to 17.4+/-2.9 mm Hg (n=66) after 24 months of treatment. For patients initially randomized to treatment with timolol the corresponding figures were 24.3+/-2.3 mm Hg (n=72) and 17.4+/-2.6 (n=41) mm Hg after 18 months of treatment with latanoprost. Two patients were withdrawn because of uncontrolled IOP and 11 patients required additional timolol treatment to maintain an adequate IOP control. Patients initially treated with timolol and switched to latanoprost had a further reduction of the IOP of 1.0 mm Hg after 6 months of treatment with latanoprost (p<0.005). 46 patients were withdrawn from the study, mostly due to increased iris pigmentation or an iris color with known high risk of developing increased pigmentation. 22 patients developed increased pigmentation of the iris. The follow-up revealed no previously unknown ocular or systemic side effects. CONCLUSION: Once daily applications of latanoprost cause a marked and sustained reduction of the IOP. The only clinically significant side effect noted was the increased pigmentation of the iris, most frequently seen in irides with a mixture of brown and blue/gray or green colors. No systemic side effect was observed.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed2000

Founder effect in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) in Scandinavia.

We haplotyped 13 Finnish, 10 Swedish, 12 Danish and 2 Norwegian SBMA (spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy, Kennedy disease) families with a total of 45 patients and 7 carriers for 17 microsatellite markers spanning a 25.2 cM region around the androgen receptor gene on chromosome Xq11-q12 in search of a genetic founder effect. In addition, the haplotypes of 50 Finnish, 20 Danish and 22 Swedish control males were examined. All the Scandinavian SBMA families shared the same 18 repeat allele for the intragenic GGC repeat, which was present in only 24% of the controls. Linkage disequilibrium was also seen for the closest microsatellite markers. In addition, extended haplotypes of the Finnish, Swedish and Danish SBMA families revealed country-specific common founder haplotypes, which over time became gradually shortened by recombinations. No common haplotype was found among the controls. The data suggest that the SBMA mutation was introduced into western Finland 20 generations ago. Haplotype analysis implies a common ancestor for the majority of Scandinavian SBMA patients.

Alleles↗
PubMed2001

Spectrum of CLCN1 mutations in patients with myotonia congenita in Northern Scandinavia.

Myotonia congenita is a non-dystrophic muscle disorder affecting the excitability of the skeletal muscle membrane. It can be inherited either as an autosomal dominant (Thomsen's myotonia) or an autosomal recessive (Becker's myotonia) trait. Both types are characterised by myotonia (muscle stiffness) and muscular hypertrophy, and are caused by mutations in the muscle chloride channel gene, CLCN1. At least 50 different CLCN1 mutations have been described worldwide, but in many studies only about half of the patients showed mutations in CLCN1. Limitations in the mutation detection methods and genetic heterogeneity might be explanations. In the current study, we sequenced the entire CLCN1 gene in 15 Northern Norwegian and three Northern Swedish MC families. Our data show a high prevalence of myotonia congenita in Northern Norway similar to Northern Finland, but with a much higher degree of mutation heterogeneity. In total, eight different mutations and three polymorphisms (T87T, D718D, and P727L) were detected. Three mutations (F287S, A331T, and 2284+5C>T) were novel while the others (IVS1+3A>T, 979G>A, F413C, A531V, and R894X) have been reported previously. The mutations F413C, A531V, and R894X predominated in our patient material. Compound heterozygosity for A531V/R894X was the predominant genotype. In two probands, three mutations cosegregated with myotonia. No CLCN1 mutations were identified in two families. Our data support the presence of genetic heterogeneity and additional modifying factors in myotonia congenita.

Amino Acid Sequence↗