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PubMed1988

"Don't tell us--show us": the use of role play in the teaching of psychoanalytic theory.

The psychological concepts associated with psychoanalysis are sometimes considered to be precious and somewhat irrelevant by professionals working with disturbed adolescents. Discussions (at a theoretical level) of these ideas may not highlight their usefulness in clinical situations. This paper describes the use of active role play techniques in a staff training group designed to teach about the "Inner World of the Adolescent". The fundamental features of "transference" and "counter-transference" were brought alive during these groups, and several other theoretical contributions of modern psychoanalysis were demonstrated within the setting of a training session. These groups were not intended to train "therapists", but to support and improve existing styles of work with adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

The effects of videotape feedback on self-concept, role-playing ability, and growth in a leaderless therapy group.

Thirty-two male and female college students participated in six 90-minute leaderless encounter groups in which they received videotape feedback, leader-facilitated videotape feedback, or verbal feedback. Statistical analysis indicated that feedback through a visual medium had no effect on self-concept, role-playing ability, or group coherence. Groups within the experimental conditions were initially different in their ratings on the dependent measures. These differences were maintained throughout the experiment.

Feedback↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Argumentation with restricted linguistic ability: performing a role play with aphasia or in a second language.

The main objective of this study is to illustrate how adaptation to linguistic limitations takes place in a specific activity and is affected by factors pertaining to the social activity or the individuals. A man with aphasia is compared to an adult immigrant L2 learner. An argumentative role play was video-recorded, transcribed and analysed. Both subjects have a very limited vocabulary and produce short utterances. The L2 learner often uses words that are semantically related to the target word, while the subject with aphasia uses more general and vague words, like pronouns, in combination with adverbs and set phrases. Both subjects use gesturing as strategy, and it is suggested that the semantic specificity of words as well as gestures is important in determining the role of gesture. Apart from gesture, he L2 learner uses mainly simplification and appeal strategies, while the subject with aphasia uses mainly fluency and sociolinguistic strategies.

Aptitude↗
PubMed1981

An examination of the role played by meaning of feedback and attention to feedback in the "Valins effect".

This study assesses the role played by the variables of meaning and attention in mediating the cognitive effects of false autonomic feedback, first reported by Valins. In the context of a study of the physiological correlates of selective attention, subjects were instructed either to attend or to ignore pulsed sounds that were described either as veridical heart rate feedback or simply as electronic "bleeps." These auditory stimuli were presented in parallel with slides illustrating skin diseases. Consistent with previous findings, slides associated with acceleration of the pulsed sounds were subsequently rated as significantly more unpleasant than those associated with no change in the speed of these sounds. However, this effect was not contingent on the apparent meaning of these sounds (heart rate vs bleeps) but was contingent on the degree of attention paid to the sounds. The "Valins effect" was only obtained when subjected attended to the sounds. The implications of these findings for the interpretation of the cognitive effects of false autonomic feedback are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

The role played by wildlife in the epizootiology of rabies in South Africa and South-West Africa.

The role played by wildlife in the perpetuation of rabies is discussed in the light of information obtained during a routine examination of specimens at the Veterinary Research Institute, Onderstepoort, during the 10-year period, 1967-1976. In the course of the investigation, 9 additional hosts of rabies were confirmed and 4 rabies areas identified. The chief disseminators in 2 of these areas were found to be the dog (Canis familiaris) and the black-backed jackal (C. mesomelas); in the third area, the yellow mongoose (Cynictis penicillata), and in the fourth Genetta and Felis spp., including the domestic cat (Felis catis). It was noted that the domestic cat is of less importance in those areas where dogs and jackals are the chief disseminators.

Animal Population Groups↗
PubMed1998

Antinociceptive effect of the calcium-binding protein MRP-14 and the role played by neutrophils on the control of inflammatory pain.

Macrophages secrete a variety of chemical mediators that play a central role in the pathophysiology of inflammatory pain. Therefore, the activation or deactivation of these cells in an inflammatory focus could modulate the intensity of the algogenic response. Based on these premises and on our previous demonstration that the calcium-binding protein MRP-14, highly expressed in neutrophils, deactivates activated macrophages in vitro, we decided to investigate the role of MRP-14 and of neutrophils in the control of inflammatory pain in mice. Our results show that this protein is endowed with antinociceptive activity. When tested in the writhing model it was able to inhibit pain response but did not change the behavior of the animals in the hot plate test. This observation indicates that MRP-14 down-regulates inflammatory but not central pain. Using a model of acute neutrophilic peritonitis induced by glycogen, a close correlation between neutrophil migration and antinociception was detected. Surgical adrenalectomy demonstrated that the antinociceptive response induced by glycogen was not due to endogenous liberation of glucocorticoids. The treatment of animals either with a monoclonal antibody anti-MRP-14 or a monoclonal antibody that depletes the animals of neutrophils reverts the antinociceptive response observed in the glycogen-induced peritonitis. These data define the calcium-binding protein MRP-14 as a novel mediator for the control of inflammatory pain and consequently discloses an anti-inflammatory role for the neutrophil.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1995

Molecular surface complementarity at protein-protein interfaces: the critical role played by surface normals at well placed, sparse, points in docking.

Rigid-body docking of two molecules involves matching of their surfaces. A successful docking methodology considers two key issues: molecular surface representation, and matching. While approaches to the problem differ, they all employ certain surface geometric features. While surface normals are routinely created with molecular surfaces, their employment has surprisingly been almost completely overlooked. Here we show how the normals to the surface, at specific, well placed points, can play a critical role in molecular docking. If the points for which the normals are calculated represent faithfully and accurately the molecular surfaces, the normals can substantially ameliorate the efficiency of the docking in a number of ways. The normals can drastically reduce the combinatorial complexity of the receptor-ligand docking. Furthermore, they can serve as a powerful filter in screening for quality docked conformations. Below we show how deploying such a straight forward device, which is easy to calculate, large protein-protein molecules are docked with unparalleled short times and with a manageable number of potential solutions. Considering the facts that here we dock (1) two large protein molecules, including several large immunoglobulin-lysozyme complexes; (2) that we use the entire molecular surfaces, without a predefinition of the active sites, or of the epitopes, of neither the ligand nor the receptor; that (3) the docking is completely automated, without any labelling, or pre-specification, of the input structural database, and (4) with a single set of parameters, without any further tuning whatsoever, such results are highly desirable. This approach is specifically geared towards matching of the surfaces of large protein molecules and is not applicable to small molecule drugs.

Computer Graphics↗
PubMed1992

From records to self-description: the role played by RNA in early evolutive systems.

We study the appearance of genetic information starting from a system where self-reproductive and enzymatic functions are supported by the same sort of molecules. In a first phase, the information must have arisen in the form of rate independent sequences as records of enzymatic functions. Although this stage must have played an important role in evolution, it will be shown how its evolutive capacities were blocked by the impossibility of appearance of geno/phenotype duality. Finally, a logical scheme is proposed for a transition process toward a system with a code offering a simplification of the conditions required from the assumption of a maximum use of the double RNA capacity, both reproductive and enzymatic.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed1989

Pilomatrix carcinoma: role played by MR imaging.

We report the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of a pilomatrix carcinoma. We found a soft tissue tumor of the back entering the spinal canal and compressing the spinal cord and we monitored a good response to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. We have concluded that MRI played an important role in determination of the volume, extension and management of this rare malignant tumor.

Back↗
PubMed2002

First and efficient synthesis of phosphonodifluoromethylene analogues of nucleoside 3'-phosphates: crucial role played by sulfur in construction of the target molecules.

Phosphoric esters of secondary alcohols are ubiquitous in biological systems. However, despite the obvious interest of the corresponding difluoromethylene phosphonates as isopolar mimics, a single example of such an analogue featuring this particular substitution pattern has so far been reported in the literature, due to synthetic problems associated with their preparation. The lithium salt of diethyl difluoromethylphosphonothioate 28d provides a solution to this problem, as demonstrated by an 8-step synthesis of all five fully protected analogues of nucleoside 3'-phosphates in 9-18% overall yield, from readily available ketones. Sulfur is shown to play a crucial role in the introduction of the phosphorus-substituted difluoromethylene unit onto the furanose ring. Complete diastereoselectivity is observed in the three steps of the process requiring stereocontrol. The key conversion of the P=S bond into its oxygenated analogue is simply achieved by use of m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid. It is noteworthy that the synthesis can be carried out on large scale: a 31-g batch of compound 26b has been prepared. The deprotected nucleoside 3'-phosphate analogues can be liberated from their precursors as exemplified by the conversion of 7b, 8b, and 9b into the corresponding difluorophosphonic acids, isolated in the form of their disodium salts.

Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated↗
PubMed1983

Critical role played by thyroid hormone in induction of neoplastic transformation by chemical carcinogens in tissue culture.

Incubation of primary cultures of hamster embryo cells (HEC) or mouse fibroblasts (C3H/10T1/2 cells) in media depleted of thyroid hormones does not alter cell growth or survival but renders the cells resistant to neoplastic transformation by benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), carcinogens which yield transformation rates of 10(-4)-10(-2) in media supplemented with triiodothyronine (T3). In C3H/10T1/2 cells, the times of addition or removal of the hormone indicate that T3 exerts maximum effect when added 12 hr prior to treatment with B[a]P and that the progression of transformation from the time of initiation by the carcinogen to full expression and the appearance of transformed foci was independent of the presence or absence of the hormone in the medium. Dependence of transformation on T3 concentration in the medium was observed over the physiological range of 1 pM to 100 nM in C3H/10T1/2 cells treated with B[a]P. These results were similar to our previous findings on the T3 dose-related induction of radiogenic transformation and of Na+,K+-ATPase activity. The latter effect was used as a measure of T3 induction of protein synthesis. A further indication of the potential involvement of protein synthesis in T3 action is the suppression of T3- and B[a]P-dependent transformation by cycloheximide at concentrations that inhibit protein synthesis by approximately equal to 50% in the C3H/10T1/2 cells. We suggest that thyroid hormone induces the synthesis of a host protein that plays a key role in neoplastic transformation by direct-acting chemical carcinogens and by those requiring metabolic activation. In our previous studies, similar T3-dependent mechanisms were implicated in radiogenic transformations.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus immune responses: the role played by V gamma 9V delta 2 T cells.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV) strain. Analyses of T cell repertoires in health care workers who survived SARS-CoV infection during the 2003 outbreak revealed that their effector memory V gamma 9V delta 2 T cell populations were selectively expanded ~3 months after the onset of disease. No such expansion of their alpha beta T cell pools was detected. The expansion of the V gamma 9V delta 2 T cell population was associated with higher anti-SARS-CoV immunoglobulin G titers. In addition, in vitro experiments demonstrated that stimulated V gamma 9V delta 2 T cells display an interferon- gamma -dependent anti-SARS-CoV activity and are able to directly kill SARS-CoV-infected target cells. These findings are compatible with the possibility that V gamma 9V delta 2 T cells play a protective role during SARS.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The contribution of Bruce Glick to the definition of the role played by the bursa of Fabricius in the development of the B cell lineage.

In 1956, Bruce Glick and Timothy Chang reported that the bursa of Fabricius plays an important role in antibody production. Their demonstration that antibody responses are suppressed in the majority of bursectomized chickens became the cornerstone of modern immunology. Bursa research increased considerably during the 1960s and early 1970s.

Allergy and Immunology↗
PubMed1999

Critical role played by cyclin D3 in the MyoD-mediated arrest of cell cycle during myoblast differentiation.

During the terminal differentiation of skeletal myoblasts, the activities of myogenic factors regulate not only tissue-specific gene expressions but also the exit from the cell cycle. The induction of cell cycle inhibitors such as p21 and pRb has been shown to play a prominent role in the growth arrest of differentiating myoblasts. Here we report that, at the onset of differentiation, activation by MyoD of the Rb, p21, and cyclin D3 genes occurs in the absence of new protein synthesis and with the requirement of the p300 transcriptional coactivator. In differentiated myocytes, cyclin D3 also becomes stabilized and is found nearly totally complexed with unphosphorylated pRb. The detection of complexes containing cyclin D3, cdk4, p21, and PCNA suggests that cdk4, along with PCNA, may get sequestered into high-order structures held together by pRb and cyclin D3. Cyclin D3 up-regulation and stabilization is inhibited by adenovirus E1A, and this correlates with the ability of E1A to promote pRb phosphorylation; conversely, the overexpression of cyclin D3 in differentiated myotubes counteracts the E1A-mediated reactivation of DNA synthesis. These results indicate that cyclin D3 critically contributes to the irreversible exit of differentiating myoblasts from the cell cycle.

Adenovirus E1A Proteins↗
PubMed2003

Role played by microphthalmia transcription factor phosphorylation and its Zip domain in its transcriptional inhibition by PIAS3.

Mutation of microphthalmia transcription factor (MITF) results in deafness, bone loss, small eyes, and poorly pigmented eyes and skin. A search for MITF-associated proteins, using a mast cell library that was screened with a construct that encodes the basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper (Zip) domain of MITF, resulted in the isolation of the STAT3 inhibitor, PIAS3. PIAS3 functions in vivo as a key molecule in suppressing the transcriptional activity of MITF. Here, we report that the Zip domain is the region of MITF that is involved in the direct interaction between MITF and PIAS3. Additionally, we investigated the effect of phosphorylation of MITF on its interaction with PIAS3. We found that phosphorylation of MITF on serines in positions 73 and 409 plays an important role in its association with PIAS3. This effect was profound with phosphorylation on Ser409, which significantly reduced the inhibitory effect of PIAS3 on MITF and also modulated the transcriptional activity of MITF. Thus, phosphorylation of MITF could be considered a fine, and alternative, tuning of its transcriptional machinery.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Contractile properties of the cultured vascular smooth muscle cells: the crucial role played by RhoA in the regulation of contractility.

Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) have a remarkable degree of plasticity and in response to vascular injury, they can change to a dedifferentiated state that can be typically seen in cell cultures. Recently, Y27632, a Rho kinase inhibitor, has been reported to preferentially correct hypertension in a hypertensive rat model. We thus tested the hypothesis that the contraction of the cultured VSMCs might be more dependent on the function of RhoA than the VSMCs in fresh tissue. For this purpose, a tissue-like ring preparation was made using the cultured porcine coronary artery SMCs (CASMCs) and collagen gel (reconstituted ring: R-ring). The R-ring developed an isometric tension on stimulation by high external K+ or various receptor agonists. The phorbol ester (a protein kinase C (PKC) activator)-induced contraction of the intact R-ring was greatly inhibited, while the GTPgammaS (an activator of RhoA)-induced and Ca2+-independent contraction of permeabilized R-ring was greatly enhanced, in comparison to the fresh coronary artery ring. An immunoblot analysis showed the expression levels of RhoA and myosin phosphatase subunits (MYPT1 and PP1cdelta) to be up-regulated, while the levels of CPI-17 (PKC-potentiated protein phosphatase-1 inhibitory protein), h1-calponin and PKC isoforms were downregulated in cultured CASMCs. The knock down of RhoA by RNA interference decreased the contractility of the cultured CASMCs. It is concluded that the contractility of the cultured VSMCs thus appears to be much more dependent on the function of RhoA than VSMCs in fresh tissue. The expression level of RhoA thus plays a crucial role in regulating the contractility of cultured VSMCs.

Amides↗
PubMed1989

The defensive role played by the gastric microcirculation.

Microcirculation plays an important role in the maintenance of functional integrity of the stomach and in the provision of its defense mechanisms against damage. Changes in blood flow in the gastro-duodenal mucosa, brought about by the local release of vasoactive or cytotoxic mediators, including free-radicals, the eicosanoids thromboxanes and leukotrienes, and the related phospholipid, PAF, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various forms of peptic ulceration and erosive gastritis. Damage to microvessels and vascular endothelium leading to disruption of microcirculation is considered to be an initial event in the development of such lesions. Furthermore, preservation of microcirculation by prostaglandins is likely to make an important contribution to the overall protection of the gastric mucosa by these agents. Studies on the hemostatic mechanisms in the gastric mucosa indicate that bleeding is initially arrested by a coagulation process that is independent of platelet aggregation. Thus, the identification and characterization of microcirculatory events is of major importance in the understanding of pathophysiological processes in the gastric mucosa.

Humans↗
PubMed1988

A proposed role played by benzene itself in the induction of acute cytopenia: inhibition of DNA synthesis.

A single intraperitoneal dose of benzene (880 mg/kg) in mice inhibited DNA synthesis of bone marrow cells within one hour postinjection. However, there was no inhibitory effect on the synthesis of heme and protein at that dosage. Dose-dependent inhibition of DNA synthesis by benzene was observed over the range of 440 to 1760 mg/kg, supporting the idea that cytopenia which was observed by others following multiple doses of benzene (e.g., 440 or 880 mg/kg) might be due to the inhibitory effect of benzene on DNA synthesis. In our studies, benzene concentrations above 81 micrograms/g wet bone marrow resulted in inhibition of DNA synthesis, regardless of whether it was given ip or by inhalation. The effect of benzene itself, rather than its toxic metabolites, on DNA synthesis was further seen in experiments using a bone marrow cell culture system and cell-free DNA synthetic system. Experimental results demonstrated that benzene alone was capable of inhibiting the DNA synthesis of bone marrow cells and that the reduced DNA synthesis resulted from the inhibitory effect of benzene on DNA polymerase alpha, the enzyme that catalyzes the last step of the DNA synthetic pathway. Thus, benzene itself could play a significant role in inducing myelotoxicity in the case of acute or subacute toxicity by exerting its inhibitory effect on DNA synthesis.

Administration, Inhalation↗