Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Rodenticides”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

QSAR study on binding affinity of PATs (rodenticides) to the [3H]-mepyramine-labelled H1 receptor in rat and guinea pig brain.

The binding of a series of PAT analogues (rodenticides) to the [3H]-mepyramine-labelled H1 receptor in rat and guinea pig brain was investigated topologically using negentropy (N), molecular redundancy (MRI), first-order molecular connectivity (1chi(v)), Wiener (W), and Szeged (Sz) indices. Multiple regression analyses showed that MRI provided excellent results upon introduction of indicator parameters. Predictive ability of the proposed models was discussed using cross-validation parameters.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Effects of a new rodenticide, benzenesulfonic acid hydrazide, on prenatal mice.

Benzenesulfonic acid [(3-amino-2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)methylene] hydrazide, a candidate rodenticide coded as DRC-4575, was administered by gavage to pregnant female BALB/c mice. Each dose (5.5, 28.0, 42.0, 62.0 and 94.0 mg/kg) was given to one of five groups of ten mice on day 8 of gestation, making a total of five different dose groups on day 8. This same procedure was followed for days 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13. This made a total of 30 dose-day treatment groups. Six control females were dosed each day. Dam survival to day 18 declined as the dose increased; only 2% of the dams survived at 94 mg/kg. When the surviving females were killed at day 18, no significant differences were found between treatment and control animals in the number or weight of live fetuses, or in the ratio of male to female fetuses. However, the percentage of live fetuses was significantly lower and the number of resorptions was significantly higher for the treated dams at the 62 mg/kg dose level than for the control dams. Skeletal anomalies were limited primarily to unossified phalanges, which were probably related to the lower weights of those fetuses. Slight hydrocephalus occurred infrequently at all dose levels and in the controls, and was not dose-related. These data indicate that DRC-4575 would be embryotoxic only at doses of 62 mg/kg or higher and would not be teratogenic.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Association of transposition of the great arteries in infants with maternal exposures to herbicides and rodenticides.

The Baltimore-Washington Infant Study, a case-control study of congenital heart defects in liveborn infants conducted in 1981--1989, interviewed parents about a wide range of environmental exposures that occurred during and before the pregnancy. In the period 1987--1989, the questionnaire was expanded to include a detailed inquiry about exposures to pesticides. An analysis of these latter data revealed an association of maternal exposure to any pesticides during the first trimester with transposition of the great arteries in their infants (TGA; n = 66 infants), relative to 771 control infants, with an odds ratio of 2.0 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2, 3.3). No other heart defects were associated with pesticides. When analyzed by type of pesticide and adjusted for covariates, there were associations of TGA with maternal exposures to herbicides (odds ratio (OR) = 2.8; 95% CI: 1.3, 7.2) and to rodenticidal chemicals (OR = 4.7; 95% CI: 1.4, 12.1) but not to insecticides (OR = 1.5; 95% CI: 0.9, 2.6). No data were collected on specific chemicals or brand names. These results raise new questions about the possible epidemiologic association of TGA with some classes of pesticides and warrant new, carefully targeted investigations.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The determination of the anticoagulant rodenticide brodifacoum in blood serum by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.

A sensitive method utilizing reversed-phase liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection has been developed for the analysis of the anticoagulant rodenticide brodifacoum in blood serum. The serum proteins are precipitated with acetonitrile and the supernatant mixed with ethyl ether. The organic phase is separated, evaporated to dryness, and the residue subjected to chromatographic analysis. Extraction efficiencies of brodifacoum at concentrations of 20, 60, and 300 ng/mL were 82.9, 93.4, and 93.8%, respectively, with coefficients of variation (CVs) of 3.52, 4.07, and 3.68%, respectively. The intrarun precision (CV) without an internal standard at concentrations of 20, 60, and 300 ng/mL were 1.93, 4.89, and 1.51%, respectively, and 3.56, 5.94, and 3.66% with an internal standard. The interrun precision over the concentration range of 20-1000 ng/mL ranged from 1.88-6.22% without an internal standard and from 2.07-12.6% with an internal standard. Brodifacoum was measurable to at least the 1-ng/mL level.

4-Hydroxycoumarins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Anticoagulant poisoning in animals: a simple new high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method for the simultaneous determination of eight anticoagulant rodenticides in liver samples.

The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a technique for the analysis of anticoagulant rodenticides in serum and liver samples using a new high-performance thin-layer chromatographic apparatus. Detection limits were estimated at 0.2 micrograms/g in liver extracts for eight different substances. Overall, this technique was repeatable and reproducible. The percent recovery was greater than 87% for each substance. Liver and serum samples of animals known to be exposed to one anticoagulant and showing clinical signs of poisoning were analyzed. Concentrations measured varied between 0.2 and 3 micrograms/g (liver extracts). Only blood samples from one dog could be analyzed. The concentration was 150 ng/mL the first day after admission and 140 ng/mL the following day. Analyses are technically easily and rapidly performed, and they are inexpensive. Therefore, this technique could be a valuable alternative to current high-performance liquid chromatographic methods.

4-Hydroxycoumarins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A screening procedure for the determination of 13 oral anticoagulants and rodenticides.

A technique for the simultaneous identification and quantitation of 13 hydroxycoumarin and indandione anticoagulant drugs and rodenticides from human serum by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with diode-array detection has been developed. High-performance liquid chromatography was performed using gradient elution with an acetonitrile and phosphate buffer on a Nucleosil ODS column. Ultraviolet spectra from 200 to 400 nm were recorded on-line during the analysis and compared with spectra stored in a library. For the spiked 2 mL of serum, acidic and alkaline liquid-liquid double extraction with diethylether-ether acetate (50:50, v/v) was conducted, and recoveries greater than 60% for most compounds were found. The detection limit was approximately 25 or 50 ng/mL for all components except for difethialone and fluindione, for which it was approximately 100 ng/mL. The standard calibration curves were linear from the detection limit to 5000 ng/mL. The within-run precision coefficient of variation (CV) was less than 10%, and the between-run precision CV was less than 20%.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1997

Brodifacoum rodenticide ingestion in a patient with shigellosis.

Factitious disorders are characterized by the intentional feigning or induction of signs and/or symptoms in order to assume the sick role. The spectrum of diseases and symptoms simulated is extensive. Although some patients may seek only the gratifications of the sick role, typically patients seek health care for their afflictions. We report the case of a woman with a history of numerous unexplainable illnesses and laboratory findings who had shigellosis. On routine evaluation, a severe prothrombin coagulopathy was discovered and later determined to be caused by brodifacoum, a "superwarfarin" drug found in potent rodenticides. The patient was successfully treated with daily vitamin K. She continued to deny intentional or accidental ingestion but did consent to psychiatric treatment.

4-Hydroxycoumarins↗
PubMed2000

Spontaneous haemoperitoneum from surreptitious ingestion of a rodenticide.

Superwarfarins have progressively replaced warfarin as rodenticides as they are more potent and have a longer anticoagulant activity. Human exposure may be complicated by spontaneous haemorrhage in various sites. We report the case of a 51-year-old woman who was admitted with spontaneous haemoperitoneum and intramural haematoma along the small intestine. After the evidence of a deficit of vitamin K1-dependent clotting factors (II, VII, IX, X), the patient admitted that she was chronically ingesting difenacoum. She was successfully treated with fresh frozen plasma and vitamin K1. Follow-up was not accepted.

4-Hydroxycoumarins↗
PubMed1991

The long-term effects of the rodenticide, brodifacoum, on blood coagulation and vitamin K metabolism in rats.

1. The long-term (30 days) effects of a single dose of brodifacoum (0.2 mg kg-1, orally) on blood clotting activity and on liver parameters of the vitamin K cycle were investigated in rats. Maximal effect on blood clotting activity was seen on day one. On day seven blood clotting activity had returned to normal. 2. Liver microsomal vitamin KO reductase activity was maximally suppressed (10% of control activity) on day one, steadily recovered to about 40% on day 15 to remain at that level. The same time course was seen for the number of microsomal warfarin binding sites. 3. The persistent inhibition of the vitamin K cycle was also verified in vivo; following vitamin K administration (10 mg kg-1, i.v.) on day 30, the brodifacoum-treated rats accumulated vitamin KO in the liver. 4. Although clotting factor synthesis was normal, brodifacoum-treated rats were highly sensitive to warfarin. 5. Brodifacoum rapidly accumulated in the liver until the saturation of the microsomal binding site. Brodifacoum binding to the target prevented its elimination from the liver; liver content on day 30 was not different from day 7. 6. The results show (1) an over capacity for the hepatocellular vitamin K cycle, (2) a dissociation of the vitamin K epoxidation and the vitamin K-dependent carboxylation, (3) the 'superwarfarin' rodenticides to be extremely persistent due to their binding to the target.

4-Hydroxycoumarins↗
PubMed1999

Acute tracheal obstruction associated with anticoagulant rodenticide intoxication in a dog.

An adult female neutered crossbred dog was referred in respiratory distress. Thoracic radiographs revealed tracheal narrowing with a soft tissue opacity dorsal to the trachea, near the thoracic inlet, and a patchy interstitial pulmonary infiltrate. The tracheal narrowing was thought to be due to a combination of intraluminal haemorrhage and mediastinal haemorrhage resulting from a coagulopathy caused by anticoagulant rodenticide intoxication. Treatment included supportive care and administration of vitamin K1, and the dog showed a complete resolution of the clinical signs.

Airway Obstruction↗
PubMed1992

Confirmation of indandione rodenticide toxicoses by mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry.

Mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (MS/MS) with collision-activated dissociation (CAD) was utilized to unequivocally distinguish 1,3-indandione rodenticides in 2 cases of anticoagulant toxicosis. Anecdotal evidence provided by the veterinarian in a case involving feedlot cows and physical evidence at the site of occurrence in a similar case involving lambs strongly implicated diphenadione (diphacinone; DP) in both instances. However, high performance liquid chromatography indicated chlorophacinone (CP), not DP, was present in the blood samples obtained from both cows and lambs. Intact 1,3-indandiones exhibit poor gas chromatographic properties, so procedures were developed for analysis by MS/MS using a direct exposure probe for sample introduction. The EI mass spectra of DP and CP contained a base peak at m/z 173, with molecular ions (M+) at m/z 340 and m/z 374 (Cl isotope cluster), respectively. Corresponding MS/MS CAD parent ion spectra of m/z 173 showed an ion of m/z 340 for DP and 374 (Cl cluster) for CP. CAD analysis of the blood extracts showed a parent ion scan of m/z 173 identical to that of CP, with the m/z 374 (Cl cluster). (Additional evidence was obtained by MS/MS examination of the CAD daughter ion spectrum of m/z 374.) Blood extracts from the affected animals revealed CAD daughter ion spectra for m/z 374 identical to that of reference CP. Positive confirmation of CP in both cases led to identification of the source of the toxicant and prevention of further animal exposures.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Whole-carcass residues of the rodenticide difenacoum in anticoagulant-resistant and -susceptible rat strains (Rattus norvegicus).

The present study investigated the whole-carcass residue carried by resistant and susceptible laboratory rat strains following 5, 10, or 20 d of feeding on a diet of 25 mg difenacoum/kg bait. The mean whole-carcass residue of difenacoum was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography to be between 0.52 and 0.74 mg/kg body weight in all three rat strains tested. These values were considerably lower than some comparable data previously reported for other species and second-generation rodenticides as well as from mathematical models. The whole-carcass residue of extractable (i.e., nonrefractory) parent compound carried by highly resistant rats fed for 20 d (0.74 mg/kg body wt) is unlikely to present a significantly increased risk to predators compared to the amount carried by susceptible rats after 5 d of feeding (0.52 mg/kg body wt). However, resistant rats are more likely to be available for predation and to be carrying a whole-carcass residue of anticoagulant throughout the duration of a control program.

4-Hydroxycoumarins↗
PubMed1996

Inhibition of mitochondrial complex I may account for IDDM induced by intoxication with the rodenticide Vacor.

Human intoxication with the rodenticide Vacor [N-3-pyridylmethyl-N'-p-nitrophenyl urea or 1-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-(3-pyridylmethyl) urea] induces acute IDDM. We report here that Vacor specifically inhibits the NADH:ubiquinone reductase activity of complex I in mammalian mitochondria. The activity of other respiratory enzymes of mitochondria is unaffected by Vacor at concentrations that completely inhibit the redox and energetic function of complex I. Vacor inhibition of complex I activity quantitatively correlates with the inhibition of insulin release in insulinoma cells and pancreatic islets and is also consistent with the doses reported in cases of human poisoning. These results indicate that the toxic and diabetogenic action of Vacor primarily derives from the inhibition of mitochondrial respiration of NAD-linked substrates in the high-energy demanding cells of the pancreatic islets. This newly identified mechanism of the pathological effects resulting from Vacor intoxication could constitute a paradigm in which to understand environmental or metabolic causes of IDDM.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Diabetes mellitus and autonomic dysfunction after vacor rodenticide ingestion.

A case of N-3 pyridylmethyl-N' 4 nitrophenyl urea (Vacor) rodenticide poisoning in a 52-year-old man is presented. Vacor is structurally related to alloxan and streptozotocin, agents that have been used extensively to produce diabetes mellitus in laboratory animals. Seven days after ingestion of Vacor, the patient presented in diabetic ketoacidosis complicated by postural hypotension and adynamic ileus. The patient recovered from ketoacidosis but has continued to require insulin. With infusion of arginine, glucagon rose from 185 to 650 pg./ml. and C-peptide from 0.5 to 3.4 ng./ml. Six weeks after onset of diabetes, no anti-islet-cell antibodies were detected. Muscle capillary basement membrane thickness on electron microscopy was found to be 1,918 +/- 194 A. The absence of hyperglycemia after Vacor ingestion should not lead to complacency on the part of the attending physician. The patient must be observed closely for development of ketoacidosis and treated prophylactically with nicotinamide, the suggested antidote.

Autonomic Nervous System↗
PubMed1988

Elimination and accumulation of the rodenticide flocoumafen in rats following repeated oral administration.

1. Following multiple oral administration of 14C-flocoumafen to rats at 0.02 and 0.1 mg/kg per week, appreciable cellular accumulation was seen in the liver. 2. Residues in the liver increased with dose throughout the duration of the experiment (14 weeks) at the low dose, but reached a plateau after 4 weeks at the high dose. The major component was unchanged flocoumafen together with a minor polar metabolite seen also in faeces. 3. The data suggest the presence in rat liver of a saturable high-affinity binding site for flocoumafen and a second binding site of lower affinity. 4. Lethal anticoagulant action occurs only when the binding sites have become saturated. 5. A range of haematological and clinical chemistry measurements failed to predict the onset of anticoagulant toxicity seen in the high dose treatment group. 6. Flocoumafen was not extensively metabolised; at the low dose, approximately 30% of the cumulative administered dose was eliminated in the faeces within 3 days of each dosing, mainly as unchanged rodenticide. At the high dose, this value ranged from 18% after the first dose to 59% after the tenth dose. 7. Two more polar metabolites and a lipophilic compound were minor products in faeces. Amounts of the polar products increased with cumulative dosage received. The urinary route of elimination was a very minor one (less than 1.6%) at both doses.

4-Hydroxycoumarins↗
PubMed1995

Poisoning due to illegal use of carbamates as a rodenticide in Rio de Janeiro.

Carbamate insecticides (mainly aldicarb) are illegally commercialized as rat poisons and commonly used by the population of Rio de Janeiro for this purpose. A retrospective study concerning 189 cases (80 men, 109 women) of carbamate poisoning referred to the Poison Control Center of Rio de Janeiro throughout 1993 is described. The causes of carbamate poisoning were suicide attempts (65%) and accidental ingestions (35%). The main signs and symptoms found (86%) were those related to the SLUDGE syndrome (increased salivation, lacrimation, urinary incontinence, diarrhea, gastrointestinal cramping and emesis) which were more commonly seen in adults than in children. Despite treatment with atropine, the case-fatality was 4%. It is concluded that there is a widespread risk of carbamate poisoning in Rio de Janeiro due to its clandestine use as a rodenticide. Effective measures by the government authorities should be implemented to stamp out the illicit commercialization of these compounds.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity in 21 dogs.

Twenty-three episodes of anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity were found in 21 dogs during a retrospective study conducted at The Ohio State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Dyspnea (57%), lethargy (48%), coughing/hemoptysis (30%), and pallor (26%) were the most common presenting complaints. Prolonged activated clotting time (ACT), prolonged one-stage prothrombin time (OSPT), and prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) were present in all dogs that had not received any prior therapy. Anemia (83%), thrombocytopenia (61%), hypoproteinemia (57%), positive fibrin degradation products (FDPs) (55%, six of 11 tested), and hyperfibrinogenemia (43%, six of 14 tested) were common hematological findings. Treatment included therapy with vitamin K1, blood products, and supportive care. The survival rate was 83%.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Poisoning of wildlife with anticoagulant rodenticides in New York.

From 1971 through 1997, we documented 51 cases (55 individual animals) of poisoning of non-target wildlife in New York (plus two cases in adjoining states) (USA) with anticoagulant rodenticides--all but two of these cases occurred in the last 8 yrs. Brodifacoum was implicated in 80% of the incidents. Diphacinone was identified in four cases, bromadiolone in three cases (once in combination with brodifacoum), and chlorophacinone and coumatetralyl were detected once each in the company of brodifacoum. Warfarin accounted for the three cases documented prior to 1989, and one case involving a bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) in 1995. Secondary intoxication of raptors, principally great horned owls (Bubo virginianus) and red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), comprised one-half of the cases. Gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis), raccoons (Procyon lotor) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were the most frequently poisoned mammals. All of the deer originated from a rather unique situation on a barrier island off southern Long Island (New York). Restrictions on the use of brodifacoum appear warranted.

4-Hydroxycoumarins↗