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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Changes in soil solution Zn and pH and uptake of Zn by arbuscular mycorrhizal red clover in Zn-contaminated soil.

Red clover plants inoculated with Glomus mosseae were grown in a sterile pasture soil containing 50 mg Zn kg(-1) in 'Plexiglas' (acrylic) containers with nylon net partitions (30 microm mesh) designed to separate the soil into a central root zone and two outer zones for hyphal growth with no root penetration. Two porous plastic soil moisture samplers were installed in each pot, one in the root compartment and the other in one of the hyphal compartments. The soil in the outer compartments was amended with one of the four application rates of Zn (as ZnSO4) ranging from 0 to 1000 mg kg(-1). Non-mycorrhizal controls were included, and there were five replicates of each treatment in a randomised block in a glasshouse. Uninoculated plants received supplementary P to avoid yield limitation due to low soil P status. Plants grew in the central compartment for nine weeks. Soil moisture samples were collected 4, 24 and 62 days after sowing to monitor changes in the Zn concentration and pH of the soil solution. At harvest, the mean mycorrhizal infection rate of inoculated plants ranged from 29% to 34% of total root length and was little affected by Zn application. Root and shoot yields were not affected by mycorrhizal infection. Plant Zn concentration and uptake were lower in mycorrhizal plants than non-mycorrhizal controls, and this effect was more pronounced with increasing Zn application rate to the soil. Soil solution Zn concentrations were lower and pH values were higher in mycorrhizal treatments than non-mycorrhizal controls and the mycorrhiza effect was more pronounced at higher Zn application rates. The protective effect of mycorrhiza against plant Zn uptake may have been associated with changes in Zn solubility mediated by changes in the soil solution pH, or by immobilisation of Zn in the extraradical mycelium.

Fabaceae↗
PubMed1992

Genotoxicity of 'gudakhu', a tobacco preparation. I. In mice in vivo.

'Gudakhu' is a paste-like tobacco preparation used widely in Orissa and neighbouring states of India. During use it is rubbed over the teeth and gum with a finger tip. Besides tobacco, it contains molasses, lime, red soil and water. The genotoxic potential of acetone extract of gudakhu was evaluated in mice in vivo using the chromosome aberration assay, micronucleus test and SCE analysis following single as well as long-term repeated treatment. The animals received an aqueous suspension of the extract via the oral route. Gudakhu extract induced significantly high frequencies, compared to controls, of chromosome aberrations, micronuclei (MN) and SCEs. Single treatment with different doses clearly revealed a distinct dose-dependent increase of the effects in all the assays. Analysis of MN in regenerated hepatocytes also indicated a significant positive correlation between time-course of chronic treatment and frequencies of micronucleated cells. But incidences of chromosome aberrations, MN and SCEs in bone marrow cells following repeated treatment for different periods did not differ greatly from each other; and these repeated treatment data, particularly in the MNT in bone marrow cells and the SCE assay, also did not differ markedly from the respective single treatment data for the same dose. This was probably due to the proliferative nature of the bone marrow cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Endocrine disrupter nonylphenol and bisphenol A contamination in Okinawa and Ishigaki Islands, Japan--within coral reefs and adjacent river mouths.

Certain chemicals possess the potential to modulate endocrine systems, and thereby interfere with reproduction and developmental processes in the wild. We analyzed endocrine disrupters nonylphenol (NP) and bisphenol A (BPA) levels at various sites in Okinawa and Ishigaki Islands, Japan. River-water samples showed undetectable to low concentrations of NP and BPA at most of the sites investigated. However, an appreciable amount of BPA was detected in sediments at one coral reef site. In addition, significant numbers of river sediment samples showed appreciable amounts of NP and BPA. Most of the sampling sites for this study are located within a distance of 1 km from the coral reefs, which are under influence of river-waters to a variable extent. Therefore, influence of endocrine disrupters may have already begun on adjacent coral reefs. Both endocrine disrupters were positively correlated with human population densities, but not with the contents of red soil generated by farm land reformation. Therefore, it is concluded that NP and BPA pollution is a consequence of human waste discharge, both domestic and industrial, and not by agricultural activities.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Does response of rape to La and critical concentration of La in red earth].

The effects of different concentration of La added in red soil on the growth, yield, content of chlorophyll and peroxidase(POD) activity of rape were studied by pot experiments. The results showed that the growth and yield of rape could be improved by low concentration of La3+, however there was no significant difference between the treatment and the control, and inhibited when the dose were more than 300 mg kg-1 and killed after 600 mg.kg-1 La was added. The decrease of chlorophyll content and chlorophyll a/b was observed when the exogenous concentration of La was more than 15 mg.kg-1. POD activity increased gradually with increasing concentration and prolonging reaction. The feasible application level of La was suggested to be below 15 mg.kg-1.

Chlorophyll↗
PubMed2002

[Agricultural application of sludge dredged from landscape water bodies].

The feasibility and ecological effects of agricultural application of sludge dredged from the Grand Canal (Hangzhou Section) were studied. Applied too much dredged sludge to red soil and paddy soil affected the germination of alpine fescue [Fescuta ovina var. brachyphylla (Schult.) Piper] and colver (Trifolium repens. L) seeds, while there wasn't significantly affects in pot experiment. While the application rate was lower than 270 t.hm-2, the growth of pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) increased as application rate increasing. While the application rate was higher than 270 t.hm-2, the growth of pakchoi decreased. The flowers and grasses in garden were more suitable for the dredged sludge application, and there was significant increase of growth while the application rate was lower than 1080 t.hm-2. Contents of copper and zinc exceed hygiene standard, while the application rate was above 1350 t.hm-2. While the application rate was lower than 450 t.hm-2, the pollution of the groundwater had not been observed. The results showed that land application was an economical and feasible way for the disposal of sludge dredged from landscape water bodies, and horticultural application was more safe and economical than agricultural application.

Crops, Agricultural↗
PubMed2002

[Conformation transformation of lead in rhizosphere].

With rhizoboxes, this study dealt with the distribution and conformation transformation of lead in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere of wheat and rice grown on red soil. The results showed that the predominant forms of lead were acid dissolved and Carb-Pb (bound to carbonates), Exch-Pb (exchangeable-Pb), and FeMnO-Pb (boud to iron and manganese oxides). Exch-Pb in the rhizosphere of both rice and wheat was much higher than those in the non-rhizosphere, which means that the activation process in the rhizosphere was very strong, and bio-available Pb greatly increased. Various levels of Pb treatment and Pb-Cd interaction also had certain effects on the distribution of lead. In treatment of low Pb concentration, FeMnO-Pb was higher than Exch-Pb, but the contrary result was observed in treatment of high Pb concentration. Both Exch-Pb and FeMnO-Pb in wheat rhizosphere decreased with an increase of Cd. Exch-Pb in rice rhizosphere was correlative to the Cd content in soil. Compared with the treatment in the absence of Cd, the activation of Exch-Pb in rice rhizosphere was weaker in 5 mg Cd.kg-1 treatment, but stronger in 10 mg Cd.kg-1 treatment.

Biotransformation↗
PubMed2005

[Effects of selenium on Chamaecrista rotundifolia growth, nutrient absorption and nitrogen-fixing ability].

In this paper, a field experiment was conducted on a red soil of South China to study the effects of applying selenium fertilizer on the growth, forage quality and nitrogen-fixing ability of Chamaecrista rotundifolia. The results showed that applying 75, 150, 225 and 300 g Se x hm(-2) could increase the plant height, branch number, dry root weight and dry forage yield by 0.3% - 6.2%, 65.1% - 79.5%, 155% - 252% and 30.6% - 54.1%, respectively. The total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium contents of plant were increased by 21.79% - 41.46%, 20.74% - 34.67% and 34.3% - 62.4%, respectively, and the raw protein, raw fat, raw fiber and amino acid contents were increased by 21.79% - 41.46%, 1.4% - 89.6%, 34.1% - 56.6% and 6.33% 63.24%, respectively. Among the 4 doses, 150 g Se x hm(-2) was the most effective and suitable application amount. The selenium content in plant after applying 300 g Se x hm(-2)(S4) was 0.695 mg x kg(-'), with an increase of 0.658 mg x kg(-1) compared to no selenium fertilization. There was a significantly positive correlation between plant selenium content and applied selenium (R2 = 0.9666**). The root nodule weight, number and nitrogenase activity in treatment 150 g Se x hm(-2)(S2) were respectively 131.7%, 114.3% and 1417.9% higher than those of no selenium fertilization. The correlation between applied selenium and nitrogenase activity was also significant (R2 = 0.9606*).

Biomass↗
PubMed2003

Use of a multi-layer column device for study on leachability of nitrate in sludge-amended soils.

This paper described a multi-layer column device constructed with six cylindrical polythene tubes with installation of Rhizon soil moisture samplers (Rhizon SMS). The feasibility of using the column device to collect soil solution and percolate and to monitor leachability of nitrate in two sludge-amended soils was evaluated under glasshouse conditions. The soil moisture sampler in the device was demonstrated to be a non-destructive, simultaneous, sequential, convenient and rapid sampling tool for multiple-site porewater extraction. The device provided an in situ monitoring technique for leachability of nitrate in a soil profile following application of the anaerobically digested sewage sludge. The monitored results showed that surface soil amendment of the sewage sludge increased markedly the concentration of nitrate in the soil solutions at depths of 10-30 cm in a neutral paddy soil and at 30-50 cm in an acid red paddy soil. This amendment also largely increased nitrate in the percolates of the acid red soil. The movement and distribution patterns of nitrate in the profile were related to soil types, profile depths and experimental periods. Land application of sewage sludge may pose a risk in groundwater contamination of nitrate.

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMed2003

[Endurance and mechanisms of soil urease and dehydrogenase exposed to reactive X-3B red dye contamination].

Endurance and mechanisms of urease and dehydrogenase in three Chinese typical soils (burozom, cinnamon soil and red soil) exposed to the contamination of reactive X-3B red dye were experimentally studied using the microcosmic method. The results indicated that the activities of urease and dehydrogenase were both promoted in the three soils by reactive X-3B red dye in low dose, 500 and 1000 mg/L although the stimulating intensity was different from each other. For one thing, the activity of urease in burozom was promoted mostly followed by that in red soil and that in cinamon was promoted most weakly. For the other, reactive X-3B red dye in the same concentration could increase the activity of dehydrogenase in cinnamon soil most greatly and in burozom most weakly. However, the stimulating intensity of urease and dehydrogenase activities in the three soils was more and more fainter with the extension of days. Furthermore, reactive X-3B red dye in high concentration (3000, 5000 and 10,000 mg/L) could not inhibit the activities of urease and dehydrogenase in tested soils. On the contrary, all of them remained the level of the activities in unpolluted soils and no toxicity of reactive X-3B red dye could reveal with time. Therefore, both enzymes in three types of soils had the tolerance to reactive X-3B red dye. Based on the experimental data, relevant endurant mechanisms were also analyzed and discussed.

Coloring Agents↗
PubMed1989

Effects of simulated rain acidity on ectomycorrhizae of red spruce seedlings potted in natural soil.

Formation of ectomycorrhizae of red spruce (Picea rubens) grown in natural soil was measured after seedlings were exposed to 25 or 50 applications of simulated rain of pH 5.5, 3.5 or 2.5. Ectomycorrhizae were quantified as the total number of ectomycorrhizal tips per centimeter, and as the number of ectomycorrhizal tips for each morphotype and for Cenococcum geophilum. Rain solutions were applied to the soil alone, to foliage and stem alone, or to entire potted seedlings. Final soil pH was linearly related to rain solution acidity. Lower base saturation, calcium and zinc content, and higher exchangeable acidity were observed after pH 2.5 treatments if the soil was exposed. Rain solutions and the subsequent changes in soil characteristics did not affect the total numbers of ectomycorrhizal tips. Four morphotypes of ectomycorrhizae observed for these seedlings were unaffected by simulated rain. However, the numbers of ectomycorrhizal tips formed by C. geophilum tended to increase with rain solution acidity after 50 applications. Method of rain deposition did not affect ectomycorrhizae, suggesting both plant and soil mediated responses may favor certain mycobionts. The results of this study indicate that short-term acidic deposition does not induce significant changes in the frequency of ectomycorrhizae, but higher numbers of C. geophilum tips suggest there may be changes in the relative occurrence of specific morphotypes of fungus species.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

[Transporting models of reactive X-3B red dye in water-soil-crop continuums].

Reactive X-3B red dye entering into environment is a typical persistent organic pollutant(POPs). Transport of the dye from water to soil and from soil to crop compartment is a continuous ecological process. According to the cognitionm, the quantitative depiction of the process using mathematical models was theoretically discussed. Some of the mathematical models were also verified using burozem-soybean, cinnamon soil-wheat, krasnozem-radish, aquorizem-rice systems. In particular, transference of the dye from water compartment to soil compartment by way of adsorbent mechanisms was accorded with the Langmuir model, and movement of the dye from soil compartment to crop compartment on the basis of root-absorbing mechanisms could be expressed using logarithmic crop-soil accumulation factor(CSAF) models.

Coloring Agents↗
PubMed2002

In situ fixation of metals in soils using bauxite residue: biological effects.

Soils polluted with heavy metals can cause phytotoxicity and exhibit impared microbial activities. In this paper we evaluate the responses of different biological endpoints to in situ remediation processes. Three soil amendments (red mud, beringite and lime) were applied to two soils polluted by heavy metals. Oilseed rape, wheat, pea and lettuce were grown successively in pots on the untreated and amended soils and their yield and metal uptake were determined. A suite of microbial tests (lux-marked biosensors, Biolog and soil microbial biomass) were performed to determine the effect of the soil amendments on the functionality and size of the soil microbial community. In both soils all three amendments reduced phytotoxicity of heavy metals, enhanced plant yields and decreased the metal concentrations in plants. The red mud treatment also increased soil microbial biomass significantly. The microbial biosensors responded positively to the remediation treatments in the industrially-contaminated soil used in the experiment. Red mud applied at 2% of soil weight was as effective as beringite applied at 5%. The results also showed that since the biological systems tested respond differently to the alleviation of metal toxicity, a suite of biological assays should be used to assess soil remediation processes.

Aluminum Oxide↗
PubMed1968

Effects of changing stomatal width in a red pine forest on soil water content, leaf water potential, bole diameter, and growth.

Spraying a 16 meter tall stand of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) with 10(-3)m phenylmercuric acetate in early June and again in mid-July resulted in the water use between June 1 and October 25 being reduced by almost 10%. It was demonstrated that this was caused by an increase in the leaf resistance with partial stomatal closure, which reduced absolute water potential in the needles by 1 to 3 bars in the middle of the day. Smaller demands were made upon the reserves of water in the bole of the tree as shown by the smaller bole contraction in the treated trees. Although needle length and dry weight were unaffected by the spray, radial growth was reduced by approximately 32%. The dependence of leaf resistance on light intensity is shown, and its independence from leaf water potential discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Field evaluation of in situ remediation of a heavy metal contaminated soil using lime and red-mud.

We evaluated the effectiveness of lime and red mud (by-product of aluminium manufacturing) to reduce metal availability to Festuca rubra and to allow re-vegetation on a highly contaminated brown-field site. Application of both lime and red mud (at 3 or 5%) increased soil pH and decreased metal availability. Festuca rubra failed to establish in the control plots, but grew to a near complete vegetative cover on the amended plots. The most effective treatment in decreasing grass metal concentrations in the first year was 5% red mud, but by year two all amendments were equally effective. In an additional pot experiment, P application in combination with red mud or lime decreased the Pb concentration, but not total uptake of Pb in Festuca rubra compared to red mud alone. The results show that both red mud and lime can be used to remediate a heavily contaminated acid soil to allow re-vegetation.

Aluminum Silicates↗
PubMed2001

[Leaching and vertical transport of Zirconium-95 in soils].

The leaching and vertical transport of Zirconium-95 in three representational soils (paddy soil, red-yellow earth and sea mud) in Zhejiang province and the influence of salinity on the activities of Zirconium-95 in sea mud were studied with soil-pole installation. The results show that: 1. The content of Zirconium-95 in collected leachate was low after passing through soil column with 250 ml, 500 ml, 750 ml leaching amount. The amount of Zirconium-95 in collected leachate of paddy soil, sea mud and red-yellow earth was about 5.33%-7.68%, 0.77%-1.32% and almost 0 of labelled amount respectively. And with increasing the total amount of leaching water, the content of Zirconium-95 in collected leachate varied indistinctively, which indicated that once Zirconium-95 was absorbed by soils, it was very difficult to desorb. 2. In paddy soil, red-yellow earth and sea mud, 45.99%-50.02%, 96.02%-97.16% and 95.94%-98.01% radioactivity of Zirconium-95 was concentrated in the 0.4 cm upper layer soils respectively, which illustrated that most of Zirconium-95 remained in the surface soils. 3. With the increase of salinity in leaching water, the amount of Zirconium-95 in surface soils (0-0.2 cm) presented obviously increased, which demonstrated that increasing salinity could raise the adsorption rate of Zirconium-95 in soils.

Kinetics↗