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Paper summarized a concise evaluation of short wounds according to the Red Cross Classification published in Geneva. It is supposed to attract the forensic physician's attention due to informative purpose.
On 19 April 2001, the Supreme Court of Canada released its first judgments in litigation alleging the Canadian Red Cross Society was negligent for inadequately screening blood donors in the early 1980s. It upheld an order that damages in the amount of over $2.5 million be paid to three individuals who contracted HIV between 1983 and 1985 from contaminated blood.
This article discusses the generation of professional nursing in Brazil and the role of Brazilian Red Cross Training School for Nurses, founded in Rio de Janeiro, in 1910. The analysis is based on different sorts of documents such as articles published in medical journals and advertisements published in daily newspapers, nursing manuals, statutes, minutes of meetings. It discusses recurrent crystallized statements presented in the History of Brazilian Nursing, such as the relation between the professionalization of nursing in Brazil to the arrival of the Rockefeller Mission, and the importance attributed to Dona Anna Nery School of Nursing, founded in 1923 in Rio de Janeiro, as the precursor of nursing education in this country.
Between the end of 1979 and the beginning of 1984, the authors served as anaesthetists for Red Cross missions in surgical field hospitals on the Thai-Cambodian and the Afghan-Pakistan borders, in Lebanon, and in Indonesia. A total of 3665 civilian emergency patients were anaesthetised. 643 were operated on under local anaesthesia; 639, under regional anaesthesia, in most cases spinal anaesthesia. In spite of principal preference for local and regional anaesthetic techniques, 65% of the patients (2383 patients) were managed under general anaesthesia, which was maintained with halothane in 947 cases and ketamine in 1345 cases. 877 general anaesthesias with ketamine were performed with spontaneous breathing of ambient air; endotracheal anaesthesia was necessary in 1238 patients. In spite of the high risk for the patients and of the operative interventions and in the light of the simple and sometimes even primitive working conditions, no anaesthesia-related fatalities occurred. Postoperative lethality was 2%. In all cases, the duties of the anaesthesist involved more than performance of anaesthesia, which was sometimes assigned to paramedics. Other duties included preoperative examination, postoperative intensive care, consultation services in nonsurgical emergency cases, resuscitation, and training of local assistants.
The Ontario Superior Court has allowed families of deceased individuals who contracted HIV from tainted blood to proceed with their claims against the Canadian Red Cross for compensation despite the existence of a compensation plan and fund.
Clara Barton was a nineteenth century woman driven to greatness. She was a teacher, a nurse, a Civil War heroine and founder of the American Red Cross. In order to cut a path into the future we must know where we have been. The story of Clara Barton is about someone who cut that path. It is about courage, overcoming obstacles, never giving up and doing the job that needs doing. What makes it fascinating is the human side, the weaknesses that coloured her life. We can learn from her journey as we develop our own path into the future.
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OBJECTIVE: The Red Cross House (RCH) is a 24-hour emergency shelter in Reykjavik, Iceland for adolescents. On the occasion of its 10th anniversary it was decided to analyse the data collected since inauguration. MATERIAL AND METHODS: During the first 10 years of running 475 adolescents, age 10-18, (grouped into runaways, throwaways and homeless adolescents) registered 927 visits. The admission records of the RCH were used for collecting data for subsequent analysis. RESULTS: The runaways and throwaways were more alike one another than the homeless. Most of the parents were living apart suggesting that conflicts were more likely to take place in stepfamilies and single parent families and the situation at home had enforced one parent to leave home. Many of the guests were school-dropouts particularly those coming from the country. A majority had been in contact with the social services, and many boys had been dealt with by the police. Prior use of alcohol, tobacco and drugs was common. Conflicts within the family was the most usual reason for the runaways and throwaways seeking assistance. The most common reason for the homeless visiting was having nowhere to stay, alcohol or drug abuse. CONCLUSIONS: The plight of the homeless was more serious than that of the runaways and throwaways. The homeless usually had a prior history of having run away or been throwaways from home. The preventive work of the RCH is reflected in keeping young people off the streets and offering assistance before it is too late.
The Canadian Unrelated Bone Marrow Donor Registry (UBMDR) of the Canadian Red Cross Society (CRCS) was officially funded as of April 1, 1989 for an initial three year period with a mandate to recruit 50,000 unrelated bone marrow donors and to conduct the search activities for unrelated bone marrow donors worldwide on behalf of Canadian patients. Since February of 1988, 162 unrelated bone marrow transplants have been carried out in Canada. The registry now stands at an enrollment of 35,705 with approximately 1,200 donors being added monthly. Recruitment of unrelated bone marrow donors is now established in fourteen Canadian cities, and an active ethnic recruitment is now in progress.
A total of 20,643 samples of blood donated to three American Red Cross Blood Service regions were tested for antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) in order to evaluate and understand its significance and implications. All 20,643 samples were non-reactive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) when screened at the regions. Overall, 2.2% of all samples were found to have anti-HBc, and a total of 16 had anti-HBc in the absence of antibodies to surface antigen (anti-HBs) activity. 1 of the 16 samples with anti-HBc in the absence of anti-HBs was found to have HBsAg when tested by a sensitive procedural modification of the Austria II test. Samples with low levels of anti-HBc activity were significantly more likely to be negative for anti-HBs.
During the past ten years over 1,000,000 pints of blood have been collected at the Los Angeles Regional Red Cross Blood Center. In addition to the progressive increase in the number of whole blood transfusions there has been a greater use of specific blood elements which results in purposeful and economical hemotherapy. With the increased use of blood there has also been a growing awareness of transfusion reactions and dangers. Serious transfusion complications reported have been due to bacterial contamination, to hemolytic reactions, to homologous serum jaundice, and to a mistake in cross-matching. Surgeons and anesthetists must pay strict attention to the use of blood since anesthesia masks severe hemolytic transfusion reactions. At present there is no way of eliminating the danger of the transmission of virus disease (infectious hepatitis and homologous serum jaundice) in blood transfusions.
From January 1975 to December 1978, 19,140,169 units of blood were collected by the American Red Cross at 57 regional locations. Each unit was tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) by a single commercial radioimmunoassay test system. A total of 15,954 donations were reported reactive, representing a rate of HBsAg reactivity of 0.83/1,000 units tested. The rate during 1975 was 0.94/1,000 units tested, decreasing to 0.71/1,000 units tested in 1978 (p < 0.005). The prevalence of HBsAg among first-time donors was 2.08/1,000 during 1977 and 1978, 2.7 times higher than that calculated for repeat donors (0.77/1,000 donors). Substantial geographic variation in the prevalence and rate of detection of HBsAg was observed.
The Multiple Stressor Debriefing (MSD) model was used to debrief 112 American Red Cross workers individually or in groups after their participation in the 1994 Los Angeles earthquake relief effort. Two composite case examples are presented that illustrate individual and group debriefings using the MSD model. A questionnaire which evaluated workers' experience of debriefing, was completed by 95 workers. Results indicated that workers evaluated the debriefings in which they participated positively. In addition, as participant to facilitator ratio increased, workers shared less of their feelings and reactions about the disaster relief operation. These findings, as well as more specific issues about debriefing, are discussed.
OBJECTIVES: Currently, two intradermal regimens for the administration of cell culture rabies vaccines are approved by the WHO for rabies post-exposure prophylaxis: the two site Thai Red Cross regimen (TRC) and the eight site regimen. For the TRC regimen the volume of vaccine recommended per dose is 0.1 ml of purified Vero cell rabies vaccine (PVRV) and 0.2 ml of purified chick embryo cell vaccine (PCEC). The objective of the present study was to evaluate comparatively the immune response to PCEC and PVRV vaccines administered by the TRC regimen using a uniform dose of 0.1 ml of vaccine. METHODS: Forty-two subjects received TRC regimen (2-2-2-0-1-1) with 0.1 ml of PCEC vaccine and 38 subjects received the same regimen with PVRV. The rabies neutralizing antibody response in these subjects on days 10, 28, 90 and 180 was determined by the standard mouse neutralization test (MNT). RESULTS: There was adequate antibody response with both the vaccines and 100% seroconversion was observed by day 10. Furthermore, the antibody titers obtained with PCEC did not differ significantly from those obtained with PVRV on all days tested (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded from the results that an adequate antibody response can be obtained with PCEC vaccine when administered by the TRC regimen even after reducing the quantity of vaccine from 0.2 ml to 0.1 ml per intradermal dose. The feasibility of using this regimen in true post-exposure cases needs to be further evaluated.
The results of a time study and the preliminary collection of morbidity data in rural prisons of Nicaragua prompted the medical delegate of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) to outline an assistance program based on three principles: (a) that the system be in line with the projects of the national health agencies; (b) that locally recruited and trained health workers become the primary directors of health care in prisons; and (c) that the medical delegate of the ICRC act as advisor to the local health workers.
Purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine (PCECV) administered as 0.1 ml intradermally according to the Thai Red Cross (TRC) regimen could reduce the cost of PEP by up to 84% when compared to the traditional five-dose Essen regimen. To confirm the efficacy of 0.1 ml of PCECV using the TRC regimen, a clinical trial was conducted in 113 patients presenting with category III exposures from confirmed rabid animals at two bite referral centres in the Philippines. Patients were monitored monthly for 1 year after exposure. PCECV was well tolerated, no vaccine-related serious adverse events occurred and all patients were alive 1 year after their initial exposure.
Since November 1989, Japanese Red Cross blood centres throughout the country have screened donors for hepatitis C virus (HCV) with an Ortho enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibody to the C100-3 viral peptide. Simultaneously, the centres started to screen for units with high-titre (greater than or equal to 2(6)) antibody to hepatitis B virus core antigen (HBcAb) in the absence of hepatitis B virus surface antigen and antibody. To test the effectiveness of this policy, the incidence of post-transfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis (PTNANBH) and post-transfusion hepatitis B (PTHB) after screening had been introduced (November, 1989, to December, 1990, inclusive) was compared with the incidence before screening (January, 1988, to October, 1989, inclusive). Incidence of PTNANBH in patients who had received 1-10 unit transfusions was 4.9% (58/1189) before screening vs 1.9% (15/784) afterwards. Incidence in those who had 11-20 unit transfusions was 16.3% (64/392) vs 3.3% (4/124). Incidence of PTHB was 0.25% (4/1597) before screening; no cases have been detected subsequently. These results show the effectiveness of the first-generation anti-HCV test and indicate the value of screening for high-titre HBcAb in addition to HBV surface antigen testing in HBV endemic areas.