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PubMed2003

Standing balance and functional recovery of patients with right and left hemiparesis in the early stages of rehabilitation.

The objective was to determine the effects of the side of brain lesion on recovery of functional abilities and balance control among subjects 2 months following a stroke. There were 104 patients admitted consecutively to a geriatric rehabilitation center following their first stroke to the anterior brain circulation who were followed for 2 months. Fifteen age-matched individuals with no known impairments served as the control group. Functional ability was assessed with the Barthel Index and the Functional Ambulation Category. Posturographic testing was used to determine total sway and symmetry of weight distribution with eyes open and closed. Tests were performed 1 and 2 months poststroke. The results show that lesion side affects the recovery of independent stance 2 months following a stroke, with more patients with right hemiparesis able to reach this milestone. However, no difference was found in functional ability and balance control between patients with left and right hemiparesis who are able to stand independently by 1 month poststroke. Function and mobility improve during the 2nd month of rehabilitation (P = 0.001), but stance unsteadiness and asymmetry do not. The side of brain lesion seems to affect recovery of independent stance with an advantage to patients with right hemiparesis. However, there is no difference between balance control of individuals with left versus right hemiparesis in patients who reach independent stance by the end of the 1st month following their stroke.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2004

Structural requirements of flavonoids for increment of ocular blood flow in the rabbit and retinal function recovery in rat eyes.

PURPOSE: We have recently reported that the effect of a flavonoid on ocular blood flow depends upon the number of hydroxy (OH) groups in its backbone structure. To elucidate the structural features on the number and type of functional groups present in the flavonoid molecule plus the number of OH groups, flavonoids with four to five OH groups, with or without methoxy groups, were studied on their effects to affect the ocular blood flow and the retinal function recovery. METHODS: A colored microsphere technique was used to determine the ocular blood flow in albino rabbit eyes and electroretinography was used to measure the retinal function recovery. RESULTS: Flavonols with four free OH groups produced no effects on the ocular blood flow (fisetin, kaempferol), whereas flavanone and flavones with four free OH groups and without the C2-C3 double bond produced the rapid increment on ocular blood flow (dihydrofisetin and luteolin, respectively). Similarly, flavonols with five free OH groups produced no effects on the ocular blood flow (morin, quercetin). Yet, flavanone with five free OH groups and without the C2-C3 double bond produced the rapid increment on ocular blood flow (dihydroquercetin). Flavanols with five free OH groups and without the C2-C3 double bond and the carbonyl group produced no effects on the ocular blood flow (catechin). Flavonols with four free OH groups and a methoxy group on the 7 position produced no effects on the ocular blood flow (Rhamnetin). Flavonols with four free OH groups and a methoxy group at the 5 (5-methylquercetin) or 3' position (isorhamnetin) produced positive effects on the ocular blood flow also. Flavonol with five methoxy groups but no OH group produced positive effects on the ocular blood flow (pentamethylquercetin). Flavonols with an excessive number of OH groups, having both a catechol-like structure in the C ring and a catechol at the B ring, produced no effect on the ocular blood flow (rhamnetin, quercetin). Parallel results were obtained on retinal function recovery after ischemic insult. CONCLUSION: The presence of OH groups at certain positions and the double bond at C2-C3 in the flavonoid molecules, which produces lipophilic action, can affect the increment on ocular blood flow and retinal function recovery. O-methylation can increase ocular blood flow and retinal function recovery as well.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Analysis on relative factors of influencing limb functional recovery in the patient of hemiplegia].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate relative factors of influencing limb functional recovery in the patient of hemiplegia. METHODS: In 312 stroke patients with hemiplegia who were treated by a comprehensive rehabilitation program, 10 factors of possibly influencing limb functional recovery in the patient of hemiplegia were selected to make retrospective analysis and study on 48 cases with no improvement of limb function after treatment. RESULTS: Functional recovery of hemiplegic limbs was not correlated with gender and location of brain lesion, but was correlated with the age and courses of disease, types of stroke, aphasis, psychic disturbance as well as complications (P < 0.05), with the closest relation to the focus character and cognitive disturbance (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: In establishing therapeutic project and evaluating prognosis, above relative factors should be considered.

Acupuncture Therapy↗
PubMed2005

Functional recovery in aged and young rats after embolic stroke: treatment with a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Advanced age is associated with a decrease in brain plasticity compared with the young adult. Sildenafil, a phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor promotes brain plasticity and improves functional outcome after stroke in the young animal. Here, we test the hypothesis that sildenafil provides restorative therapeutic benefit to the aged animal. METHODS: Male Wistar rats (aged, 18-month old; young, 3-month old) were subjected to embolic stroke. Saline or sildenafil was administered daily at a dose of 2 mg/kg orally or 10 mg/kg subcutaneously for 7 consecutive days starting 24 hour after stroke onset. RESULTS: Aged rats exhibited significant impairment of functional recovery and reductions of vascular density, and endothelial cell proliferation compared with young rats. Aged rats treated with sildenafil at a dose of 10 mg/kg but not 2 mg/kg, showed significant improvements of functional recovery and concomitant increases in cortical cyclic guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) level, vascular density, endothelial cell proliferation, and synaptogenesis compared with aged rats treated with saline. In young rats, treatment with sildenafil at a dose of 2 or 10 mg/kg significantly enhanced functional recovery and amplified brain plasticity compared with young rats treated with saline. CONCLUSIONS: Age is associated with reduction of angiogenesis, and poor neurological functional recovery after stroke. However, treatment of aged stroke rats with sildenafil improves functional recovery that is likely fostered by enhancement of angiogenesis and synaptogenesis.

3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases↗
PubMed2003

Functional recovery and histomorphometric assessment following tibial nerve injury in the mouse.

Longitudinal studies have established that functional recovery following sciatic nerve injury can be evaluated in the mouse. Injury to the tibial nerve offers several advantages to sciatic nerve injury, including improved lower extremity sensation and end-organ reinnervation. Functional recovery following tibial nerve crush injury was studied in 55 C3H mice randomized into five groups harvested for histomorphometric evaluation from either normal nerves or 2, 3, 4, or 6 weeks postoperatively. Walking tracks were obtained preoperatively, and at regular intervals postoperatively, and foot print lengths measured. Significant normalization of print length occurred 14 days postoperatively, and complete recovery was noted 28 days postoperatively. Significant histomorphologic evidence of neuroregeneration was detected between 2 and 4 weeks postoperatively. Injury to the tibial nerve is a viable alternative to the sciatic nerve for studying neural regeneration in mice, and the print length factor can be used to monitor functional recovery in this model.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Muscle mass and functional recovery in women with hip fracture.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between muscle mass and functional recovery in women with hip fracture. DESIGN: A total of 200 of 230 women with hip fracture admitted consecutively to a rehabilitation hospital were investigated in this survey study. Lean mass (LM) was assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, 23.1 +/- 7.9 (mean +/- SD) days after fracture occurrence. Appendicular LM (aLM) was calculated as the sum of LM in arms and legs. Because metal implants (prostheses and nails) affect the regional assessment of body composition, aLM was corrected by substituting LM in the unfractured leg for LM in the fractured leg: corrected aLM = (LM in unfractured leg x 2) + LM in arms. We used two approaches to adjust corrected aLM for body size: corrected aLM divided by height squared (aLM/ht), and corrected aLM adjusted for height and fat mass (residuals). Functional recovery was assessed by using Barthel index scores. RESULTS: After adjustment for body size, corrected aLM was neither significantly correlated with Barthel index scores nor with the change in Barthel index scores after rehabilitation. Also, after stratification for quintiles of aLM/ht and residuals, no significant differences in functional recovery were found among the five groups. CONCLUSIONS: LM assessed after hip fracture is not associated with functional outcome in women.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2003

Functional recovery after concomitant fractures of both hip and upper limb in elderly people.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate functional recovery after concomitant fractures of both hip and upper limb in elderly people. DESIGN: Survey study. SETTING: Rehabilitation hospital in Italy. PARTICIPANTS: 586 consecutive in-patients with hip fracture. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Functional recovery was evaluated by using Barthel index score. RESULTS: 4.1% of patients (i.e. 24/586) suffered from a concomitant fracture of an upper limb, involving proximal humerus (n = 8) or distal radius (n = 16). After adjustment for 9 prognostic factors, a significant reduction in the Barthel index score on admission but not on discharge was found in the patients with an upper limb fracture. The length of stay was not significantly associated with the presence of the concomitant upper limb fracture. CONCLUSIONS: In a sample of hip-fractured patients, neither the functional recovery at the end of a course of rehabilitation nor the length of stay were influenced by the presence of a concomitant fracture involving an upper limb.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Association between delirium resolution and functional recovery among newly admitted postacute facility patients.

BACKGROUND: Delirium is common among hospitalized elders and may persist for months. The adverse impact of delirium on independence may increasingly occur in the postacute care (PAC) setting. The purpose of this study is to examine the association between delirium resolution and functional recovery in skilled nursing facilities specializing in PAC. METHODS: Patients were screened for delirium on admission after an acute hospitalization at PAC facilities. Only patients with "Confusion Assessment Method"-defined delirium were enrolled. Delirium and activities of daily living were assessed prehospital, at PAC admission, and at four (2-week, and 1-, 3-, and 6-month) follow-up assessments to measure functional ability. Four distinct delirium resolution groups were created ranging from resolution within 2 weeks without recurrence to no resolution over 6 months. Repeated-measures analysis of covariance was used to determine if functional performance differed over time by delirium resolution status. RESULTS: Among the 393 PAC patients, functional recovery differed significantly (p <.0001) by delirium resolution status. Patients who resolved their delirium by 2 weeks without recurrence regained 100% of their prehospital functional level, whereas patients who never resolved their delirium retained less than 50% of their prehospital functional level. Patients with slower resolving delirium and recurrent delirium had intermediate functional outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Resolution of delirium among PAC patients appears to be a prerequisite for functional recovery. Delirium resolution within 2 weeks without recurrence is associated with excellent functional recovery. Effective strategies to resolve delirium promptly and prevent its recurrence in the PAC setting will likely benefit patient rehabilitation and functional recovery.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2001

Functional recovery in chronic paraplegic rats after co-grafts of fetal brain and adult peripheral nerve tissue.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, experimental studies have sought some type of functional improvement in traumatic paraplegia by transplanting neural tissue into the injured spinal cord. The aim of this work is to study the possibility of functional recovery in chronic paraplegic rats after co-transplantation of fetal cerebral tissue and adult peripheral nerve tissue. METHODS: Seventy adult female Wistar rats were subjected to spinal cord injury at the T6-T8 level, causing complete paraplegia. Three months later, in 50 rats (grafted group) the injured spinal cord tissue received a graft of fetal brain cortex associated with crushed adult peripheral nerve. All the animals (grafted and control groups) were subjected to daily rehabilitation procedures from the first week after the injury, and evaluated weekly for motor and sensory recovery. Statistical analysis of different behavioral data between control and grafted animals was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA and the nonparametric Wilcoxon test. RESULTS: Between 8 and 12 months after transplantation, progressive signs of functional recovery were observed in the grafted animals, associated with an increase in muscle mass in the lower extremities, findings that were significantly different from those in nongrafted animals (p < 0.05). At this time, donor cerebral tissue is integrated into previously injured spinal cord and results in formation of bundles of nerve fibers that emerge from the area of the transplant and surround the spinal cord beneath the lesion. CONCLUSIONS: Delayed co-transplantation of fetal cerebral tissue and peripheral nerve tissue can be used to achieve anatomical remodeling and long-term functional recovery in rats rendered paraplegic as result of severe spinal cord injury. These findings support the possibility of functional recovery after chronic traumatic paraplegia.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2001

Postischemic functional recovery in immature hearts is influenced by performance index and assessment technique.

In the in vivo immature heart, conflicting results are reported for postischemic functional recovery. This study determines whether interpretations of functional recovery are influenced by the contractile performance index (systolic pressure, developed pressure, and maximum rate of systolic pressure increase per unit time) reported or the assessment technique (isovolumetric and variable-volume) utilized. In neonatal pigs (n = 6) on cardiopulmonary bypass, each performance index was examined using both assessment techniques before myocardial ischemia and at 15, 30, and 60 min of reperfusion. With the use of the isovolumetric technique, all performance indexes had significantly different recovery. With the use of the variable-volume assessment technique, recovery of systolic pressure was significantly better than the other indexes. When recovery was compared between the two assessment techniques, systolic pressure recovered significantly better when assessed using the variable-volume technique. For each performance index, the correlation between isovolumetric and variable-volume techniques was positive before ischemia but negative during reperfusion, suggesting that the assessment techniques identified conflicting postischemic contractile performances. Thus both the contractile performance index reported and the assessment technique employed are ultimately important in interpreting postischemic functional recovery in the immature heart.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

A new method for predicting functional recovery of stroke patients with hemiplegia: logarithmic modelling.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the validity and applicability of logarithmic modelling for predicting functional recovery of stroke patients with hemiplegia. DESIGN: Longitudinal postal survey. SUBJECTS: Stroke patients with hemiplegia staying in a long-term rehabilitation facility, who had been referred from acute medical service 30-60 days after onset. METHODS: Functional Independence Measure (FIM) scores were periodically assessed during hospitalization. For each individual, a logarithmic formula that was scaled by an interval increase in FIM scores during the initial 2-6 weeks was used for predicting functional recovery. RESULTS: For the study, we recruited 18 patients who showed a wide variety of disability levels on admission (FIM scores 25-107). For each patient, the predicted FIM scores derived from the logarithmic formula matched the actual change in FIM scores. The changes predicted the recovery of motor rather than cognitive functions. Regression analysis showed a close fit between logarithmic modelling and actual FIM scores (across-subject R2 = 0.945). CONCLUSIONS: Provided with two initial time-point samplings, logarithmic modelling allows accurate prediction of functional recovery for individuals. Because the modelling is mathematically simple, it can be widely applied in daily clinical practice.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Heat stress improves functional recovery and induces synthesis of 27- and 70-kDa heat shock proteins without preserving sarcoplasmic reticulum function in the ischemic rat heart.

Heat stress (HS) and the subsequent expression of heat shock proteins has been shown to enhance post-ischemic functional recovery and reduce infarct size. The purpose of these experiments was to determine if HS pre-treatment preserves sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) function, a cellular organelle that plays an important role in myocardial contractility. Anesthetized rats were heat stressed for 15 min by raising temperature to 42 degrees C. Twenty-four hours later the hearts were perfused by Langendorff's method and subjected to either 20 or 35 min of global ischemia, with a subset of hearts then being subjected to 10 or 20 min of reperfusion, respectively. SR function was assessed by oxalate-supported Ca2+ uptake rate in cell free preparations in the presence and absence of ruthenium red, a selective SR calcium release channel blocker Ca2+ uptake decreased significantly from 25.6 +/- 3.4 to 13.4 +/- 1.9 and 11.3 +/- 2.3 nmol/min/mg protein (mean +/- S.E.), following 20 and 35 min of ischemia, respectively. A similar trend was observed following reperfusion as well. No significant difference in Ca2+ uptake was observed between HS v control hearts. Similarly, in samples where the Ca2+ release channel was blocked with ruthenium red, decreased Ca2+ uptake rates were noted after both ischemia and reperfusion, with no significant differences seen between HS and non-HS hearts. There was significant improvement it developed pressure. +dP/dt and -dP/dt, with reduced creatine kinase release in HS v non-HS hearts. Western blot analysis demonstrated increased synthesis of 27- and 70-kDa heat shock proteins in HS but not in control animals. It is concluded that HS improves functional recovery and induces expression of 27- and 70-kDa heat shock proteins without preservation of SR function in the globally ischemic rat heart.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Increased endogenous ascorbyl free radical formation with singlet oxygen scavengers in reperfusion injury: an EPR and functional recovery study in rat hearts.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of singlet oxygen ((1)O2) scavengers on functional recovery and ascorbyl free radical (AFR) formation in isolated ischemic rat hearts. Hearts were subjected to 40 min. of global ischemia followed by 30 min. of reperfusion. Hemodynamics were measured as heart rate (HR), coronary flow (CF), left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) and contractility (dP/dt). Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was used to measure AFR release in coronary perfusate during the first two min. of reperfusion as a function of ROS scavengers. Relative to ischemic controls the administration of the (1)O2 scavengers 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidone x HCl (4-oxo-TEMP), carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) or a combination of the two significantly improved functional recovery as measured by LVDP. While no AFR signal was detected in coronary perfusate collected during preischemic perfusion with and without (1)O2 scavengers, the AFR background signal due to ischemia was significantly increased with the (1)O2 and *O2- scavengers. No such increase was observed with the hydroxyl radical (*OH) scavenger mannitol. Besides the AFR increase with the (1)O2 and *O2- scavengers the functional recovery was only significantly improved with the (1)O2 scavengers. In contrast to previous AFR studies we found with endogenous AFR that an increased AFR formation is not necessarily only reflecting increased oxidative stress but can also report improved functional recovery. Combining the hemodynamic data with increased AFR formation in the presence of several different ROS scavengers gives supportive evidence for (1)O2 also being involved in reperfusion injury.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Olfactory ensheathing cells enhance functional recovery of injured sciatic nerve].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) on functional recovery after sciatic nerve injury. METHODS: Upon silicone-tubulization of transected sciatic nerve in 30 adult rats. Thirty rats were divided into two groups(SAL group and OECs group); saline and OECs were injected into the silicone chamber in SAL group and in OECs group respectively. The status of functional recovery of injured sciatic nerve was observed by electrophysiological analysis, axon morphometry analysis. RESULTS: In OECs group on the 30th and the 90th days after sciatic nerve transection: 1. The latent period of CMAP shortened by 0.60 ms and 0.56 ms; the nerve conduction velocity promoted by 6.42 m/s and 5.36 m/s; the amplitude enhanced by 3.92 mv and 5.84 mv, respectively; 2. The HRP positive cells in lateral nucleus of spinal anterior horn increased by 11.63% and 25.01%; 3. The number of nerve fibers increased by 1,047/mm2 and 1,422/mm2 and the thickness of myelim sheath increased by 0.43 micron and 0.63 micron, respectively. CONCLUSION: The olfactory ensheathing cells are capable of promoting the functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2004

Effects of some natural flavonoids on retinal function recovery after ischemic insult in the rat.

PURPOSE: There are six natural flavonoids studied recently and their effects on ocular blood flow measured with colored microsphere technique. It was found that three out of six compounds showed strong positive effects in increasing the ocular blood flow. In this study, we tried to find out whether these results can be translated on their effects to improve retinal function recovery after ischemic insult. METHODS: Electroretinography was used to measure the b-wave recovery as an indication of retinal function recovery. RESULTS: Naringenin, hesperetin, and rutin were found to produce marked positive effects on b-wave recovery, whereas naringin, hesperidin, and quercetin showed poor recovery of b-wave after ischemic insult of the retina. CONCLUSION: It was found that the compounds that showed strong increase of ocular blood flow also showed marked increase of retinal function recovery, whereas those that showed poor increase of ocular blood flow also showed poor effects on the retinal function recovery.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Prognostic value of motor evoked potential obtained by transcranial magnetic brain stimulation in motor function recovery in patients with acute ischemic stroke.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The early prognostic application of transcranial magnetic brain stimulation (TMS) for assessing motor and functional recovery in ischemic stroke patients has yielded contradictory results. We performed a prospective study of patients with acute ischemic stroke and motor deficit to evaluate the early prognostic value of TMS in motor and functional recovery. METHODS: Fifty patients with different degrees of hemiparesis were studied in the first week after ischemic stroke and evaluated by clinical scales (Medical Research Council Scale, Canadian Neurological Scale, Barthel Index), with clinical follow-up over 6 months. TMS (Magstim 200) was performed at the same time, recording the motor evoked potential (MEP) in the thenar eminence muscles, with facilitation by voluntary contraction. RESULTS: Of the total group of 50 patients, MEP was absent in 20 and present in 30 (17 with normal and 13 with delayed central conduction time [CCT]). The patients with MEP showed better motor and functional recovery than those without. The MEP provided information on patient recovery, regardless of the initial strength and/or Barthel values. The degree of recovery was better in those patients with normal CCT than in those with delayed CCT. CONCLUSIONS: MEP obtained by TMS in patients with hemiparesis after acute ischemic stroke is useful as an early prognostic indicator of motor and functional recovery. This technique would allow the early identification of those patients who will have a good recovery, particularly among those with severe initial paresis.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2003

Cortical reorganization in patients with subcortical hemiparesis: neural mechanisms of functional recovery and prognostic implication.

OBJECT: A systematic investigation on cortical reorganization in patients with hemiparesis of a subcortical origin, with special emphasis on functional correlates, was conducted using functional magnetic resonance (fMR) imaging performed on a 3-tesla system specifically optimized for fMR imaging investigation. METHODS: The study group included 46 patients with hemiparesis (25 with right and 21 with left hemiparesis) and 30 age-matched healthy volunteers as controls. All study participants were originally right handed. The characteristics of the lesion were putaminal hemorrhage in 19 patients, thalamic hemorrhage in 10 patients, and striatocapsular bland infarction in 17 patients. Functional recovery in subcortical hemiparesis showed two distinct phases of the recovery process involving entirely different neural mechanisms. Phase I is characterized by the process of recovery and/or reorganization of the primary system. Successful recovery of this system is typically reached within 1 month after stroke onset. Its clinical correlate is a rapid recovery course and significant recovery of function within 1 month of stroke onset. Failure of recovery of the primary system shifts the recovery process to Phase II, during which reorganization involving the ipsilateral pathway takes place. The clinical correlate of Phase II is a slow recovery course with variable functional outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Effective functional organization of the ipsilateral pathway, as identified by linked activation of the ipsilateral primary sensorimotor cortex and contralateral anterior lobe of the cerebellum, is correlated with a good prognostic outcome for patients in the slow recovery group. A high degree of connectivity between supplementary motor areas, bilaterally, appears to influence functional recovery adversely.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Combined therapy of methylprednisolone and brain-derived neurotrophic factor promotes axonal regeneration and functional recovery after spinal cord injury in rats.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of combination therapy with methylprednisolone (MP) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) on axonal remyelination and functional recovery after spinal cord injury in rats. METHODS: Forty-five rats were randomly divided into three groups: Group A received MP and BDNF; group B received MP and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); and group C received CSF only. Contusion injury to adult rat spinal cord was produced at the T(10) vertebra level followed by immediate intravenous MP or CSF, and was thereafter infused intrathecally with BDNF or CSF for 6 weeks. Axonal remyelination and functional recovery was observed using RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and open field locomotion. RESULTS: An increase of 28.4% +/- 2.3% in the expression of proteolipid protein (PLP) gene, an endogenous indicator of axonal remyelination, was demonstrated in group A 24 hours after injury. Ten weeks later, there were significant decreases in hematogenous inflammatory cellular infiltration in groups A and B compared to C (P < 0.05). Concomitantly, a significant amount of axonal remyelination was observed in group A compared to groups B and C (P < 0.05). Furthermore, combination therapy using MP and BDNF in group A resulted in stimulation of hindlimb activity as well as improvement in the rate of functional recovery in open field locomotion (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Combined therapy of MP and BDNF can improve functional recovery through mechanisms that include attenuating inflammatory cellular infiltration and enhancing axonal remyelination at the injury site. Such a combination may be an effective approach for treatment of spinal cord injury.

Animals↗