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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Longevity of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) compared in cages and field under ambient conditions in rural Thailand.

Aedes aegypti (L.) were exposed to all of the physiological stresses of a natural environment, without mortality from predation or from the defensive behavior of bitten hosts. Each replicate consisted of four cages containing 50 male and 50 female, locally reared Ae. aegypti. The cages were placed in the bedroom and kitchen of a typical Thai house in the village of Hua Samrong, Chachoengsao Province. Replicates were repeated five times between October 1991 and June 1992. Mosquitoes had constant access to sugar and were offered blood meals every day. The number of dead mosquitoes and eggs were recorded daily for 30 days. Indoor maximum temperatures were high throughout the year, ranging from a mean of 32.8 degrees C in October/November to 37.6 degrees C in March-April, with an absolute maximum of 41 degrees C. Survival in cages was related to temperature, with the force of mortality lowest in November-December (0.002) and highest in May-June (0.043). The negative slope of cohort survival was also greatest in the warmest months. Egg laying rate was lower in the cooler months (minimum 16.4 eggs/female/day in November-December), but did not vary greatly in absolute value (maximum 22.7 eggs/female/day in March-April). Statistically, survival of females in cages was much greater than survival calculated from mark-release-recapture studies conducted by other authors in Hua Samrong. The difference in survival for mosquitoes released in the field and those confined to cages suggests that predation or defensive behavior may be important in regulating adult populations of this vector.

Aedes↗
PubMed1998

Working environment conditions in rural areas according to psychosocial indices.

The aim of this work was to study psychosocial working environment factors among farmers and other people living in rural areas. The study was carried out as a cross-section investigation. All persons visiting local occupational health service centres for a health check up have been asked to answer an inquiry which was based on the Karasek-Theorell questionnaire on job strain. Five extra items on worry about the future were added. The questionnaire was completed by over 3,800 persons. Three of four indices showed significant difference with respect to sex. Women experienced less stimulance at work, authority over work and had a greater fear of the future. Farmers had a significantly higher index for psychological demands, stimulance at work as well as authority over work than other occupational groups. The index for authority over work was very high in comparison with presented results for different occupations in other studies. With respect to worry about the future, the farmers had a significantly higher index than nearly all the other occupational groups. The low risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) among farmers reported in other studies can probably be related to good psychosocial working environment as measured by the indices in this study as well as other known life style factors.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Prevalence of musculoskeletal conditions, associated pain and disability and the barriers to managing these conditions in a rural, Australian Aboriginal community.

INTRODUCTION: Internationally, musculoskeletal conditions are a major morbidity issue for Indigenous populations and the social and economic burden imposed by musculoskeletal complaints is significant. However, little is known about the prevalence and associated pain and impairment of musculoskeletal conditions among rural Indigenous Australians. METHODS: The study was conducted between January 2001 and July 2002. DESIGN: A cross-sectional research design was used. SAMPLE: Participants included 189 Indigenous members of the community, 80 of whom were randomly selected and 109 were recruited using a convenience sample. The sample included 87 males (46%) and 102 females (53%). Participants' mean age was 44 years (+/-14.8). MEASURES: The main outcome measures were sites of current pain, self-reported levels of pain, limitations to activities of daily living, and barriers to managing these conditions. PROCEDURE: Following a screening survey participants underwent a clinical examination conducted by musculoskeletal health professional trained in standardised, clinical assessment procedures. RESULTS: Lower back pain, followed by neck, head and shoulder pain were the most common conditions. Approximately 57% of participants suffered from 2 to 4 musculoskeletal conditions. The most commonly endured level of pain was 'high'. There were no significant differences between male and female participants in terms of reported levels of pain. The level of pain reported was relatively high compared with the level of associated limitation of activities of daily living. A majority of participants had suffered from their principal condition for 7 weeks or more, indicating high levels of chronicity in the community. CONCLUSION: The majority of people living in this large rural, Indigenous community have learnt to live with chronic levels of pain affecting multiple anatomical sites. Strategies such as community musculoskeletal health promotion and appropriately trained community health workers can assist the community manage this chronic burden of disability. There is scope for further study into the musculoskeletal health of both rural and urban Indigenous populations.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Rural nursing homes: a housing option for older adults.

Rural conditions and circumstances contribute to different perspectives on institutional long-term care. A rural ethnographic study revealed issues of transition into and out of nursing homes as identified and illustrated by older adults, their families, and care providers. Findings included the use of rural nursing homes as an alternate housing option because of limited assisted-living options, appropriate and inappropriate referrals to nursing homes, and strained family caregivers. Helping olders adults and families evaluate and access appropriate community resources, including housing, is essential to providing continuity of care.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Fecal rotaviruses, adenoviruses, coronavirus-like particles, and small round viruses in a cohort of rural Costa Rican children.

Excretion patterns of fecal viruses were studied in a cohort of 51 rural Costa Rican children. The presence of rotavirus, adenovirus, coronavirus-like particles, and small round viruses was investigated by electron microscopy (EM) in 2,516 extracts of weekly fecal specimens. Rotavirus was in addition studied with ELISA. The incidence of diarrhea was 0.7 episodes per child-year. Rotavirus was the most common virus (0.53 infection/child-year), followed by adenovirus (0.46 infection/child-year), and coronavirus-like particles (0.24 infection/child-year). However, the pathogenicity of rotavirus and adenovirus was low: only 3 of 24 rotavirus infections and 2 of 21 adenovirus infections were associated with diarrheal illness (12.5% and 9.5%, respectively). Small round viruses were detected in 23 specimens, but could not be assigned to a particular group of viruses. Children who excreted coronavirus-like particles and small round viruses were asymptomatic. Typical Norwalk-like viruses, astrovirus or calicivirus were not encountered. Rural conditions, good hygiene and prolonged breast feeding may explain the reduced exposure and pathogenicity of viral enteropathogens in rural Costa Rica.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed2004

The maturation rate of girls living in rich and poor rural regions of Poland before and after the transformation of 1989.

The aim of this study was to find out whether the political and economic system transformation in Poland in 1989 had an influence on the rate of maturation of girls from various categories of the rural population in two regions, differing in wealth. The stratification of the villagers was based on the source of the family income (farmers, farmer-workers and non-farmers), on parents' education, and on the number of children per family. The age at menarche (AM) was used as biological indicator of living conditions. Rural girls aged 9.5-18.5 years were studied in 1987 in Leszno (L), a rich region (n = 2049), and in 1989 in Suwałki (S), a poor region (n = 2077). The study was repeated in 2001 in the same villages, the numbers of subjects amounting to 2440 and 2122, respectively. In the 1980s, AM in regions L and S amounted to 13.18 and 13.88 years, respectively, and was strongly related to social stratification. The earliest AM was found in daughters of non-farmers and the latest in the girls from farmers' families. In 2001, the acceleration in AM amounted to 0.14 years in the rich region and to 0.46 years in the poor region. The percentage of families owning a car, freezer, colour TV and automatic washing machine markedly increased and the education of parents improved. Such results are indicative of an improvement in the living standard of the groups investigated, but the villagers regard themselves as the losers as a result of the system transformation in Poland. Since the Polish population is considered as ethnically homogenous, the great differences in AM within the rural population, as well as the differences between the inhabitants of villages and large cities should be regarded as biological effects of social inequalities. Such differences indicate that Polish rural girls are far below the genetic potential for menarcheal age.

Adolescent↗