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PubMed1951

The refrigeration treatment of chronic osteomyelitis.

Systemic penicillin therapy plus refrigeration at the site of the lesion, with operation if necessary, was used in the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis. Nine patients with disease of long standing were treated. For three, bed rest, chemotherapy and refrigeration were sufficient. Surgical treatment in addition was carried out in six cases. Operations consisted of unroofing the abscess cavity, multiple drilling for sievelike perforation of the abscessed bone, and primary suture of the incision. Solutions of penicillin, 500 to 1,000 units per cubic centimeter, were used for local irrigation at the time of closure. In all cases the lesions healed and there was no recurrence within a period of two years. The period of hospitalization did not exceed 14 days in any case.Refrigeration of the infected area before and after operation reduced pain, swelling, infection and toxemia.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed1998

Effects of regenerator geometry on pulse tube refrigerator performance.

This paper gives results of the cooling performance of a double-inlet pulse tube refrigerator using various regenerators. The same pulse tube was used for all the experiments and measured 4.76 mm in diameter and 46.2 mm in length. A commercial linear compressor with a swept volume of 4 cm3 was used in these experiments. The operating conditions were held constant at a mean pressure of 2.0 MPa and a frequency of 54 Hz. Using finite difference software called REGEN3.1, developed at NIST, and recent experiment results, we optimized a series of regenerators based on dimensions, materials and screen packing. The values used for calculating the thermal conduction through stacked screens by REGEN3.1 were based on recent experimental results from NIST. The regenerator tubes were designed using 316 stainless steel and titanium materials. The regenerator matrices investigated were 400-mesh and 500-mesh stainless steel screen. The valve settings for both orifices were adjusted to minimize the no-load temperature for all regenerators. A cooling capacity curve from 0 to 3 W was also determined. The performance of the pulse tube refrigerator using the different regenerators is discussed. The experimental results from the various regenerators are evaluated and compared with their corresponding numerically calculated coefficient of performance (COP) and regenerator design as determined by REGEN3.1.

Equipment Design↗
PubMed1976

Glucose concentrations and glycogen levels in the aqueous humor of fresh and refrigereated bovine eyes.

Glucose concentrations in the aqueous humor and its incorporation into epithelial glycogen were measured by adding glucose uniformly labeled with radioactive carbon to the anterior chamber of both fresh and stored bovine eyes (24 hours at 5 degrees C). Concentrations of exogenous glucose in the aqueous humor were higher in refrigerated eyes but declined as rapidly as those in fresh eyes. Furthermore, the epithelium retained the ability to incorporate the exogenous glucose into glycogen after 24 hours of storage at 5 degrees C. Addition of glucose to the aqueous humor of human eyes after refrigeration may increase epithelial retention on donor corneal buttons.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Preservation of mithun (Bos frontalis) semen at refrigeration temperature.

The objective of the present study was to investigate the possibility of preserving mithun (Bos frontalis) spermatozoa at refrigeration temperature using tris-egg yolk diluent. Semen samples were collected from four adult mithun bulls through rectal massage method. Good quality semen samples (n=30) were preserved at 4 degrees C using tris-egg yolk diluent for 72 h. Progressive motility, live spermatozoa count and morphological abnormalities were evaluated every 12 h until 72 h of preservation. The colour, consistency and mass activity of fresh semen samples were found to be creamy white, medium and 3+ to 4+ (5+ scale), respectively. The average (mean+/-S.E.) volume (ml), pH and spermatozoa concentration (10(6) ml(-1)) of fresh semen samples were found to be 0.6+/-0.01, 6.8+/-0.03 and 425+/-48, respectively. Progressive motility and live spermatozoa count were found to be less than 30% (P<0.01) after 48 h of storage. Head (P<0.05), midpiece (P<0.05), tail (P<0.01) and total (P<0.01) abnormalities were found to be increased significantly over the time of storage. It was observed that progressive motility and live spermatozoa count remained above 30% and 40%, respectively, until 36 h of storage. Simultaneously the percentage of morphologically abnormal spermatozoa was found to be significantly low until 36 h of storage. The results indicate that it is possible to preserve mithun spermatozoa at refrigeration temperature in tris-egg yolk diluent, which can be further used for artificial insemination within 36 h of storage.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

The use of a supercooling refrigerator improves the preservation of organ grafts.

Current medical transplantation confronts major problems such as the shortage of donors and geographical restrictions that inhibit efficient utilization of finite donor organs within their storage lives. To overcome these issues, expanding organ preservation time has become a major concern. We investigated whether a strategy which best preserves organ grafts can be achieved by the use of a newly developed refrigerating chamber, which is capable of establishing a supercooled and unfrozen state stably by generating an electrostatic field in its inside. When adult rat organs such as heart, liver, and kidneys were stored in the supercooled conditions, the levels of major biochemical markers leaked from the preserved organs were significantly lower than in the ordinary hypothermic storage. No apparent tissue damages were observed histologically after the supercooled preservation. Our results suggest that the use of this supercooling refrigerator improves organ preservation and may provide an innovative technique for human organ transplantation.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Adaptation of Salmonella spp. in juice stored under refrigerated and room temperature enhances acid resistance to simulated gastric fluid.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the acid resistance of Salmonella spp. adapted in juices stored under refrigeration and room temperatures to simulated gastric fluid (SGF, pH 1.5). Five Salmonella serovars, Agona, Gaminara, Michigan, Montevideo, and Poona were used in this study. Apple, orange, and tomato juices inoculated with five serovars were stored at refrigeration (7 degrees C) and room temperature (20 degrees C) for 24 h for adaptation. Acid resistances of serovars adapted in juice were determined in SGF at 37 degrees C. All acid-adapted Salmonella serovars in juices displayed enhanced survival time compared to non-adapted controls. Among serovars, S. Poona adapted in apple at 20 degrees C and orange juices at 7 and 20 degrees C showed >2.0 log cfu/ml survivors, while the other serovars decreased to non-detectable level or <2.0 log cfu/ml for 100 s in SGF. Unlike apple and orange juices, all serovars adapted in tomato juice survived with >2.0 log cfu/ml for 100 s. For D-values, all Salmonella serovars adapted in apple and tomato juice enhanced their acid resistances compared to orange juices. S. Agona adapted in tomato juice at 7 degrees C and S. Poona in apple juice at 20 degrees C had the highest D-values with 82.9 and 82.5s, respectively. Results showed that the adaptation in juice increased acid resistance in SGF and varied by serovar, juice type, and adaptation temperature. Therefore, this study indicates that the introduction of Salmonella spp. to an acidic juice environment during processing can enhance their ability to survive in a human stomach, possibly increasing the risk of a Salmonella outbreak by juice.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2000

The effect of ex vivo refrigerated storage and cell preservation solution (Cyto-Chex II) on CD11b expression and oxidative burst activity of dog neutrophils.

The expression of CD11b and oxidative burst activity of dog neutrophils undergoing ex vivo refrigerated storage was studied using flow-cytometry . Additionally, the effect of a proprietary cell stabilization reagent (Cyto-Chex) on the expression of CD11b and oxidative burst activity was studied. Expression of CD11b was very high (>90% positive) on dog neutr ophils isolated from peripheral blood. Dog neutrophils showed a rapid and sustained increase in CD11b antigen density (P<0.01) during refrigerated storage, this increase was prevented by treatment with Cyto-Chex but was not completely blocked on the first day. There were no significant differences in mean antigen density between any days in the non-preserved group or between Days 1 to 4 in the Cyto-Chex treated group. The non-treated group showed significantly greater mean antigen density at all time points when compared to the preservative treated group (P<0.0001). Treatment with Cyto-Chex did not interfere with measurement of oxidative burst function on the first 2 days. Alterations of both resting oxidative activity and stimulated response were observed over time in both treated and untreated blood samples. Cyto-Chex treated samples showed a dramatic, significant decline in stimulated response after the third day of storage (P<0.001), while non-treated cells showed steadily increasing, but non-significant differences in stimulated response. Cyto-Chex was demonstrated to be a useful reagent for stabilization of dog neutrophil membrane antigens during storage, however this reagent is not recommended for preservation of cells for functional assays.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Isolation and characterisation of Bacillus cereus from pasteurised milk in household refrigerators in The Netherlands.

The incidence and some characteristics (carbohydrate metabolism, growth profiles, haemolysin production and enterotoxin production) of Bacillus cereus, in pasteurised, low-fat (1.5%) milk, in household refrigerators in the Netherlands was investigated. In 247 (74%) of the 334 milk samples analyzed, the mesophilic aerobic counts were between 50 and 5000 per millilitre. B. cereus could be isolated from 133 (40%) of the samples. In general the B. cereus counts were low; numbers of less than five per millilitre were observed in 258 (77%) of the samples. As expected, both the mesophilic aerobic counts and levels of B. cereus increased with increasing storage temperatures in the refrigerator and prolonged storage times. In total, 143 presumptive B. cereus colonies were isolated. According to the ISO confirmation tests and the carbohydrate patterns (API 50 CHB) 134 (94%) of these isolates were confirmed to be B. cereus. Of these 134 isolates 20% fermented lactose and 53% of the 106 strains tested were able to grow at 7 degrees C. These percentages are much higher than expected for strains isolated from non-dairy products, suggesting that strains can adapt to environmental conditions in milk. All 106 strains tested, produced haemolysin, 27% showed the discontinuous haemolytic pattern characteristic for haemolysin BL, possibly a virulence factor. Of the 37 B. cereus isolates tested for enterotoxin production 27 (73%), 28 (76%) and 26 (70%) were found to be enterotoxigenic (as determined by the Western immunoblot technique, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Vero cell assays, respectively). Isolates unable to ferment lactose, produced less enterotoxin in comparison with those able to utilize lactose. Although only a few outbreaks of food poisoning caused by B. cereus in milk (products) have been reported, most strains isolated from these products are able to produce enterotoxins and may represent a health hazard.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Inhibition of microbial growth in chub-packed ground beef by refrigeration (2 degrees C) and medium-dose (2.2 to 2.4 kGy) irradiation.

Two studies were conducted to monitor microbial growth in chub-packed ground beef. In the first study, the effect of storage temperatures (2 and 7 degrees C) on chubs was examined for up to 18 days. Storage of chubs at 2 degrees C slowed microbial growth such that total counts exceeded 7.5 log10 cfu/g within 10 days compared to within 4 days for chubs stored at 7 degrees C. Microbial counts > or = 7.5 log10 cfu/g were associated with off-odors and samples were considered spoiled. The predominant microbes were homofermentative lactococci, although a gas-producing bacterium, Hafnia alvei, was prevalent in one of three trials. In the second study, medium dose (2.2 to 2.4 kGy) X-ray irradiation extended the shelf-life of chub-packed ground beef at 2 degrees C by approximately 14 days. Microbial counts on irradiated ground beef did not exceed 7.5 log10 cfu/g during 34 days of storage, while this level was reached in non-irradiated chubs by day 13. The predominant microbes on both non-irradiated and irradiated chubs were homofermentative lactococci; H. alvei was not isolated in the second study. These data indicated that refrigerated (2 degrees C) storage significantly delayed microbial spoilage in chub-packed ground beef, and that spoilage was further delayed when refrigerated (2 degrees C) ground beef chubs were exposed to medium dose irradiation.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Histologic and temperature alterations induced by skin refrigerants.

The histologic alterations induced by spray refrigerants independent of and in combination with dermabrasion were studied with the use of the domestic pig as a model. Tissue injury was found to be a function of spray duration and freeze intensity. Both preabrasion freezing and postabrasion refreezing could produce damage additive to that of mechanical planing. Skin surface and intradermal temperature variations during refrigeration were recorded. The possible implications of these findings as they pertain to clinical dermabrasion are discussed.

Aerosol Propellants↗
PubMed2002

Chemical and sensory changes in Mediterranean hake (Merluccius merluccius) under refrigeration (6-8 degrees C) and stored in ice.

Fresh Mediterranean hake (Merluccius merluccius var. mediterraneus), a species mainly caught off the shores of Spain, was stored at usual temperatures: in ice (commercial chain) and under refrigeration (home). Sensory and chemical analyses were performed throughout the storage time to determine the changes that took place and evaluate the effect of the storage temperature. Storage in ice resulted in a slight accumulation of volatile and biogenic amines in hake. When it was stored at 6-8 degrees C, a significant production of both trimethylamine and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) was observed, and biogenic amines were formed. Sensory analysis revealed that hake stored in ice was inedible after 29 days, the figure for refrigerated hake being 20 days. There was a nonsignificant correlation (p > 0.05) between TVB-N values and sensory score in hake stored at 0 degrees C. In all other cases, a significant correlation (p < 0.001) between volatile parameters and sensory analysis was found.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Salt intake, cured meat consumption, refrigerator use and stomach cancer incidence: a prospective cohort study (Netherlands).

OBJECTIVE: Many case-control studies have reported that salt and cured meat intake are positively, and refrigerator use is inversely, associated with stomach cancer risk. In the current prospective study these associations were evaluated. METHODS: The Netherlands Cohort Study consisted of 120,852 men and women ages 55-69 years at baseline in 1986. Salt exposure was measured by calculating mean daily sodium intake (dietary salt) from 150 food items and by specific salt questions. After 6.3 years of follow-up, 282 incident stomach cancer cases were available for analyses. Case-cohort analyses were based on the 282 cases and 3123 subcohort members. RESULTS: In multivariate analyses adjusted for age, sex, smoking, education, stomach disorders, history of stomach cancer in the family, rate ratios (RR) for increasing quintiles of energy-adjusted intake of dietary salt were 1.00, 1.49, 1.03, 1.54 and 1.18, respectively (p trend = 0.43). An inverse association was found between stomach cancer and salt added at the hot meal (p trend = 0.04). For salt added to home-made soup, use of salt at the table, salt preference and duration of refrigerator use, no associations were observed. Positive associations were found for bacon (RR highest/lowest intake = 1.33; 95% CI = 1.03-1.71) and other sliced cold meat (RR highest/lowest intake = 1.29; 95% CI = 0.96-1.72), but not for smoked sausage, total cold meats, rashers/bacon, boiled ham and smoked beef/pork loin roll. Separate analyses among subjects with self-reported stomach disorders revealed higher RR of stomach cancer for dietary salt and several types of cured meat. CONCLUSION: The present findings suggest that intake of dietary salt and several types of cured meat were weakly positively associated with stomach cancer risk.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

A quantitative PCR-ELISA for the rapid enumeration of bacteria in refrigerated raw milk.

We have developed a quantitative PCR-ELISA for the rapid enumeration of bacteria in refrigerated raw milk using primers designed from conserved regions in the 16S ribosomal RNA gene (rRNA). The designed primers permitted the amplification of a 147 bp DNA fragment from a wide selection of bacteria which may grow in milk at refrigeration temperatures. Amplified PCR products generated using a digoxigenin-labelled primer were heat-denatured before being quantified by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A biotinylated probe immobilized onto streptavidin-coated microplates was used to capture the digoxigenin-labelled fragments that were detected with a peroxidase anti-digoxigenin conjugate. Subsequent enzymic conversion of substrate gave distinct absorbency differences when assaying milk samples containing bacteria in the range 10(3)-10(7) cfu ml-1. The detection threshold for the PCR-ELISA assay developed in this work is 103 cfu ml-1.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Optimal leukocyte removal from refrigerated blood with the IBM 2991 blood cell processor.

One hundred forty-six units of two to five-day-old refrigerated blood were washed with the IBM Blood Cell Processor. The ABO and Rh types of the units varied according to available inventory. This study was designed to select the best protocol from the 42 possible combinations utilizing the machine's variable red blood cell override (RCO). A one liter wash program was used. The two parameters selected for study were the per cent red blood cell recovery and the per cent white blood cell removal. The protocol of choice uses a RCO of four seconds in the first and second steps of the program. This protocol yields a washed unit with a mean red blood cell recovery of 82 per cent and a mean white cell removal of 93 per cent. Our studies indicate that the IBM Blood Cell Processor can be used to wash two to five day old refrigerated blood for the preparation of leukocyte-poor blood that would meet the Standards of the AABB.

Blood Preservation↗
PubMed1996

Oxidative stability and alpha-tocopherol retention in turkey burgers during refrigerated and frozen storage as influenced by dietary alpha-tocopheryl acetate.

1. The effect of vitamin E (alpha-tocopheryl acetate) in turkey diets on the oxidative stability of raw and cooked turkey burgers and on the retention of alpha-tocopherol during refrigerated (4 degrees C) or frozen (-20 degrees C) storage was investigated. One hundred and two, one-day-old T-8s turkey poults were divided at random into 3 groups of 34 animals each and fed on either a basal diet (normal commercial turkey diet) supplemented with 20 mg alpha-tocopheryl acetate/kg (control) or fed an alpha-tocopherol supplemented diet containing 300 (E300) or 600 (E600) mg alpha-tocopheryl acetate/kg for 21 weeks. 2. Dietary supplementation with alpha-tocopheryl acetate significantly reduced TBARS numbers in both raw and cooked burgers during refrigerated and frozen storage. 3. The mean values of alpha-tocopherol in raw and cooked burgers stored at 4 degrees C did not change during storage. 4. In the case of both raw and cooked samples stored at -20 degrees C, the alpha-tocopherol values decreased from 5.67 to 3.54 and from 3.56 to 2.30 micrograms/g in the raw burgers from turkeys from the E600 and E300 treatments, respectively, after 4 months storage. The values decreased from 5.60 to 2.88 and from 3.29 to 1.85 micrograms/g in cooked burgers from turkeys from the E600 and E300 treatments, respectively, after 5 months storage.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Changes in nitrate and nitrite content of four vegetables during storage at refrigerated and ambient temperatures.

The nitrate and nitrite contents of four kinds of vegetables (spinach, crown daisy, organic Chinese spinach and organic non-heading Chinese cabbage) in Taiwan were determined during storage at both refrigerated (5 +/- 1 degrees C) and ambient temperatures (22 +/- 1 degrees C) for 7 days. During storage at ambient temperature, nitrate levels in the vegetables dropped significantly from the third day while nitrite levels increased dramatically from the fourth day of storage. However, refrigerated storage did not lead to changes in nitrate and nitrite levels in the vegetables over 7 days.

Food Contamination↗
PubMed2003

Methemoglobinemia induced by refrigerated vegetable puree in conjunction with supraventricular tachycardia.

UNLABELLED: We report on a case of methemoglobinemia in conjunction with supraventricular tachycardia. A 6-mo-old infant was admitted to hospital with perioral cyanosis three hours after eating a refrigerated mixed-vegetable puree. The patient developed supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) and had a heart rate of 230 beats/min. The arrhythmia resolved spontaneously. A chemical analysis showed oxygen saturation of 85% and a methemoglobin level of 25%. The infant was treated with oxygen and referred to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. The patient had two additional short episodes of SVT, which were resolved spontaneously without treatment. She received oxygen for 8 h until the methemoglobin level dropped to 1%. CONCLUSION: Long-term storage of refrigerated vegetables can cause methemoglobinemia in infants. Methemoglobinemia can appear in conjunction with SVT, but it is also possible that in a child with a tendency to develop SVT, methemoglobinemia involved hypoxemia, which then triggers SVT.

Female↗