Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “RAPE”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Rape: an Asian perspective.

Rape is one of the fastest growing violent crimes in many parts of the world. Rape laws have been amended in most countries in an attempt to cope with the proliferation of this crime. Even though the legal definition of rape and the procedural laws have been amended, rape remains a serious problem in both the developed and developing nations. In some countries the offence of rape carries severe punishment sometimes even the death sentence. In many jurisdictions the term 'sexual penetration' is being used instead of 'sexual intercourse'. Sexual penetration includes sexual intercourse, anal intercourse, cunnilingus, fellatio or any other intrusions involving any part of a human body or of any object into the genital or anal opening of a person's body. In many countries rape and other sexual offences have been replaced with a series of gender neutral and graded offences with appropriate punishments. Medical examination can provide independent, scientific, corroborative evidence that may be of value to the court in arriving at a judgement. Doctors should have a clear understanding of different rape laws in order to apprectiate the various issues involved. Special knowledge, skill and experience are essential to conduct a good-quality medical examination. There is a dearth of trained forensic physicians in many Asian countries. However, managing a rape victim (survivor) goes for beyond proving the case in a court of law. There should be an adequate rehabilitation programme available to the victims to help them cope.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

[Physiological and ecological effects of inter- and mixed cropping rape with milk vetch].

The investigation on the growth, yield and benefit of rape inter- and mixed cropped with milk vetch showed that comparing with sowing rape under zero tillage, the physiological and ecological characters of transplanted rape, including its height, leaf size, root diameter, opening degree and yield were obviously improved. Under zero tillage, mixed cropping had an obvious advantage than inter- and single cropping. After tillage, the yield of transplanted rape under mixed cropping was 11.9% more than that under single cropping with zero tillage. The benefit of transplanting rape under mixed cropping with tillage was the biggest, followed by single cropping rape with zero tillage. It could be concluded that the patterns of transplanting rape under mixed cropping after tillage and zero tillage had the best physiological and ecological effects, not only increasing rape yield and income, but also improving soil fertility.

Astragalus Plant↗
PubMed1978

Rape pollen allergy.

Rape plants are cultivated in southern and central Sweden. These partly wind pollinated plants have an exceedingly rich blooming period with pollinating times (for rape and turnip rape) from 10 May to 24 June (+/- 1--2 weeks). In a patient material from southern Sweden with bronchial asthma and other allergic manifestations, rape pollen allergy was found to occur quite frequently. In 366 consecutive patients positive intracutaneous skin tests to rape pollen extracts were found in 85 patients (23%). 54 patients with positive i.c. skin tests for rape pollen were provocated: 81% of them had positive provocation tests. Patients with symptoms of hay fever and/or bronchial asthma during the pollinating season in regions where rape and related species are cultivated should be examined for rape pollen allergy with i.c. skin tests or RAST.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Attitudes of African American adults toward treatment in cases of rape.

The attitudes of 155 African American adults toward the need for treatment in cases of rape were assessed. The relationship of these attitudes to sex, age, income, educational level, knowledge of the effects of rape, the influence of rape circumstances on attitudes, and expectations regarding interactions with treatment facilities and agencies were assessed. The results indicated that the ability to recognize rape in a variety of situations, perception of victim responsibility for the rape, and a knowledge of the short term reactions associated with rape had the greatest impact on respondents' attitudes toward seeking treatment. Participants generally endorsed the need for counselling following a rape and expressed positive attitudes regarding treatment outcomes.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2006

Incapacitated rape and alcohol use: a prospective analysis.

This study examined timing of alcohol-related sexual assaults (incapacitated rape) in relation to both alcohol consumption and alcohol-related negative consequences. The sample was drawn from a randomly selected pool of college students across three campuses (n=1238) followed over a three year time period. 91% of students never experienced an incapacitated rape, 2% reported an incapacitated rape prior to the first assessment point (n=30), and 6% reported one over the course of the study (n=76). Results indicated that incapacitated rape was associated with higher alcohol use and more negative consequences in the years prior to the assault. Incapacitated rape was also associated with higher alcohol use and more negative consequences during the year in which the rape took place and subsequent years, with highest rates measured for the year of the rape. These results suggest alcohol use can function as both risk factor and consequence of sexual victimization.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Male rape--the silent victims.

This literature review examines the issue of male rape and the possible counselling strategies that may assist in recovery. There are several misconceptions surrounding male rape which can result in the under-reporting and secondary or sanctuary victimisation of the survivor. Men who have been raped may believe that it attacks the very essence of what it is to be masculine and male. Many may not seek help unless they perceive a need for immediate attention, such as physical trauma requiring medical assistance. The literature also reveals that when men do seek help they may be treated poorly. Secondary victimisation or sanctuary trauma results when there is a lack of empathy and understanding of the effect that rape can have on the survivor, such as rape-trauma syndrome. Training in this area is needed for the police, emergency department staff, nurses, general practitioners, and community health services. Management of survivors starts with examining our own beliefs about male rape. Many of the reported counselling strategies are based on therapists' observations, trauma theories, and research related to child abuse or sexual assault of females which may not be transferable to men who have been raped. Education and counselling of survivors' support networks must be considered as part of a holistic approach to management. Secondary prevention strategies aimed at the broader community are required to assist survivors to come forward without fear of further victimisation because of stereotyping.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2004

Evaluating stranger and acquaintance rape: the role of benevolent sexism in perpetrator blame and recommended sentence length.

In most jurisdictions, the law does not recognize the distinction between stranger and acquaintance rape. However, these two types of rape seem to elicit different responses from both lay observers and legal practitioners. Two studies investigating the role of benevolent sexism (BS) in accounting for participants' responses to acquaintance vs. stranger rape perpetrators are reported. Participants were presented with vignettes describing either an acquaintance rape or a stranger rape. As predicted, relative to low-BS individuals, participants who scored high in BS attributed less blame (Study 1) and recommended shorter sentences (Study 2) for the acquaintance rape perpetrator. Benevolent sexism was unrelated to reactions to the perpetrator in the stranger rape condition.

Attitude↗
PubMed1998

Blacks' and whites' perceptions of interracial and intraracial date rape.

The prevalence of rape myths contributes to victims' reluctance to report rapes. Black (n = 30) and White (n = 96) U.S. college students responded to the Rape Myth Scale (Burt, 1980) and read a scenario of an acquaintance rape; the race of the perpetrator and victim (Black or White) were varied. The respondents assessed the victim's and perpetrator's responsibility and evaluated the incident. As hypothesized, the respondents with strong beliefs in rape myths were more tolerant of the rapist and less tolerant of the victim than were those with weaker beliefs. There was limited support for the myth of the Black rapist and White victim; however, the myth of the Black rapist appeared particularly strong among the Black respondents. The women responded more negatively to the rapist and more positively to the victim than the men did. Such biases in attitudes toward rape could keep women from reporting rapes and accused rapists from receiving fair trials.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

An evaluation of a mixed-gender date rape prevention workshop.

A randomized, posttest-only experimental design was used to compare the date-rape attitudes of university students who were exposed to a mixed-gender date-rape workshop (n = 163) with those of students who were not exposed (n = 168). A previously validated instrument, the 25-item Date Rape Attitudes Survey (DRAS), was used as the criterion measure. Three hypotheses were tested, with the following results: (1) Men reported attitudes that were more tolerant of date rape than those reported by women (ie, the men were more likely to condone date rape); (2) students in the control group reported attitudes that were more tolerant of date rape than those reported by students in the treatment group; and (3) men exhibited a greater effect from the program than did women. Finally, the authors discuss implications of the study and offer recommendations for future research evaluating date-rape prevention programs.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Rape among African American women: sexual, psychological, and social correlates predisposing survivors to risk of STD/HIV.

The aim of this study was to examine the association of rape of adult African American women and sexual, psychologic, and social factors that predispose them to risks of sexually transmitted diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This cross-sectional study, conducted between February and December 1993, recruited 165 African American women, 18-29 years of age, from an African American community of low socioeconomic status in San Francisco, California. Women completed a face-to-face interview. The prevalence of adult rape (rape experienced after age 15) in this sample was 14%. Compared with women who did not report a history of adult rape, women who reported such a history were significantly more likely to report HIV-related sexual, psychologic, and social experiences. Specifically, adult rape survivors were nearly 6 times more likely to have had sex 10 or more times in the past 3 months, 3 times as likely to report never using condoms during the past 3 months, 3.3 times less likely to use condoms consistently during the past 3 months, to have used a condom at last intercourse, and to use condoms when intoxicated, nearly 3 times less likely to negotiate condom use, 11 times as likely to have a partner who was physically abusive, nearly 10 times more likely to believe that there were no eligible African American males with whom to establish a relationship, and more than 3 times as likely to believe that sex was unenjoyable. HIV-related social and behavioral interventions for women may be more effective if they address all sexual violence against women, including rape, and provide resources for women who are rape survivors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Flunitrazepam and its involvement in date or acquaintance rape.

An estimated 1 in 4 women in the United States will be raped in their lifetimes. Approximately 75% of all rapes are date or acquaintance rapes. Recently the illegal use of flunitrazepam (Rohypnol), a benzodiazepine, as a prelude to the assault has been reported. Flunitrazepam readily dissolves, and once in solution, is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. The predominant clinical manifestations are drowsiness, impaired motor skills, and anterograde amnesia. Due to the amnestic effects of flunitrazepam, historical clues of the rape event are difficult to obtain. Patients with a complaint of sexual assault who appear intoxicated or have anterograde amnesia should be suspected of unknowingly ingesting flunitrazepam. In addition to adhering to standard rape protocols, a urine specimen should be analyzed for flunitrazepam metabolites using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. If the hospital, local, or forensic laboratory is unable to analyze for flunitrazepam, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., the manufacturer of Rohypnol, should be contacted. Hoffmann-La Roche has a mechanism for definitive testing for flunitrazepam, at no cost, for health care providers, rape treatment centers, and law enforcement agencies. A network of organizations is attempting to reduce the abuse of flunitrazepam in association with date rape.

Anti-Anxiety Agents↗
PubMed1991

Assault characteristics and posttraumatic stress disorder in rape victims.

A diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) encompasses several of the symptoms associated with the response to rape. The object of this study was to determine the incidence of PTSD among 51 rape victims and to compare the groups with and without PTSD with respect to the characteristics of the assaults. The results showed that 70% of the victims had PTSD and further suggested that PTSD was likely to be a long-term problem for these women. The results supported the view that psychological treatment approaches to rape victims should take into account the posttraumatic nature of the response. The incidence of rapes by strangers, of physical force being used, of weapons being displayed and of injuries being sustained by the victim were all higher in the group of women who had PTSD. These are all features that can be readily identified in the initial assessment of the rape victim and may help to identify the victims at risk of developing long-term psychological sequelae after rape. Appropriate therapeutic action taken early may influence the prognosis for a significant proportion of rape victims.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1981

Difficulties in follow-up of rape victims.

It has been generally recognized that it is important to do follow-up counseling with rape victims, not only for good clinical care but also to establish a research data base on the long-term effects of rape. In our study we had difficulty achieving ongoing follow-up on many of the victims. Although our sample was small, it seems representative of certain populations of rape victims previously described in the literature and in crime statistics. Several factors inherent in the trauma of rape make follow-up difficult--the victim's defenses of denial and suppression, the characteristics of some women who are more vulnerable to rape, the response of some victims to change their phone numbers and addresses following a rape, and anger at the assailant being projected on to the "assault" of the follow-up. In working with rape victims it is important to be aware of these inherent difficulties in follow-up and try to devise methods of dealing with them.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

Men who commit statutory rape: how are they different from other rapists?

From an original cohort of 63 rapists serving prison sentences for rape in Singapore, two subgroups were identified, one subgroup who raped females 14 years and younger (an offence that is termed 'statutory rape' or 'SR') and another who raped females 14 years and above (which we term 'non-statutory rape' or 'NSR'). The two subgroups were compared across a broad range of variables. Those who committed SR tended to be older, married, Malay men who were more likely to commit rape in their home or in the home of their victims, and who rated the quality of their sexual relationships more unfavourably than the NSRs. The NSRs were more likely to be single men but with concurrent relationships with different females. NSRs were more likely to report dysfunctional family backgrounds, early conduct problems and were more likely to rape their victims outdoors and late into the night. Although in both subgroups the majority of the victims were known to the rapists, relatives (i.e. step-daughters or daughters) were by far the most common victims of the SR rapists.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Rape reporting after reforms: have times really changed?

Using data from the National Violence Against Women Survey, the authors examine whether rapes committed after reforms were more likely to be reported to police than those committed before reforms. The authors also consider whether the gap between the reporting of simple versus aggravated rape has narrowed. They find that rapes committed after 1990 were more likely to be reported than rapes occurring before 1974. Aggravated rape continues to be more likely to be reported than simple rape, however, and this effect is stable over time. The authors conclude by discussing the implications of these findings for evaluating the success of rape reform statutes.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Writing about rape: use of the passive voice and other distancing text features as an expression of perceived responsibility of the victim.

The hypothesis that the passive voice is used to put the actor in the background and the acted-upon person in the focus of discourse is tested in the realm of sexual violence. German university students (N = 67) watched a silent video segment depicting a rape whose circumstances, depending on condition, could or could not be easily interpreted in terms of rape myths. Then they wrote down what they had seen, judged the responsibility of assailant and victim, and completed a rape-myth acceptance scale. Participants used the passive voice more frequently to describe the rape itself vs. other actions they had watched. When circumstances of the rape were easily interpretable in terms of rape myths, use of the passive voice correlated positively with rape-myth acceptance and perceived responsibility of the victim, and negatively with perceived responsibility of the assailant. The language of headlines that participants generated for their reports also reflected judgments of assailant and victim responsibility. Implications for the non-reactive assessment of responsibility attributions and directions for future research are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Date-rape drugs scene in Poland.

Since the beginnings of twenty-first century in Poland increasing number of reports about the drug-facilitated sexual assaults have been observed. Many drugs have been identified as so-called "date-rape drugs", because of their pharmacological properties, especially inducing amnesia. These drugs are used for the purpose of "drugging" unsuspected victims and than raping them. In a typical scenario, the perpetrator surreptitiously adds "date-rape drug" to the alcoholic or non-alcoholic beverage of an unsuspecting person, who is subsequently sexually assaulted while under the influence of this substance. Many victims do not report the incident until several days after the event or even do not report it at all. They report the incident so late after the events because they often have problems with remember the course of incident. It causes that victim is not reliable witness for justice. Detection of "date-rape drugs" in biological fluids is unequivocal evidence of perpetration. Analysis of biological fluids collected from victims of rapes for presence of drugs was rare in Poland up to now. The aim of this study is to show the use of "date-rape drugs" in Poland. Materials for this study were from the routine casework elaborated at the Institute of Forensic Research in Kraków. APCI-LC-MS methods were applied for screening of biological fluids (blood and/or urine) for amphetamine and its 6 analogues, for 12 substances from benzodiazepine group and for quantification of the detected drugs. HPLC-DAD was used as a screening method for wide range of medicinal drugs, and NCI-GC-MS methods for determination of ketamine and tetrahydrocannabinols (delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, 9THC) and its metabolite (11-nor-carboxy-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, THCCOOH). In 2000-2004, the biological fluids taken from 33 persons, both sexually assaulted or perpetrators were analysed. In 2000 and 2002 not any case of this type was registered, in 2001 only two cases were recorded. After 2003 significant increase in the number of these cases was observed. Eleven and twenty cases involving "date-rape drugs" were submitted to the Institute in 2003 and 2004, respectively. The most common substances detected in analysed materials were amphetamine (in concentrations ranged from 10 to 85 ng/ml) and 9THC (0.36-1.4 ng/ml). Alcohol (0.27-2.3% per hundred), MDMA (8-201 ng/ml), benzodiazepines (oxazepam, nordazepam, estazolam), propranolol and lidocaine were also found in blood and urine specimens.

Amphetamine-Related Disorders↗
PubMed1991

Construct validity of two heterosocial perception skill measures for assessing rape proclivity.

Rape-supportive attitudes and self-reported rape proclivity (using a measure by Malamuth, Haber, & Feshbach, 1980) were negatively correlated with decoding accuracy of women's negative cues (measured by the TRAC-D; McDonel, McFall, Schlundt, & Levenson, 1985) in an unselected sample of male college students. Better decoders of negative female cues on the TRAC-D, as well as subjects expressing fewer rape-supportive beliefs and less rape proclivity, were more conservative in their estimates of a man's justification in continuing to make sexual advances in the face of a woman's negative cues on the Heterosocial Perception Survey (HPS; McDonel, 1986). Ability to decode men's interpersonal cues was not correlated with responses on the HPS or rape attitude and proclivity measures, suggesting that specific rather than global decoding deficits were useful predictors of rape correlates. These results support the construct validity of the two social perception measures, the TRAC-D, and the HPS, as measures of rape proclivity.

Adult↗