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PubMed1998

Pathological-radiological correlations: pathological and radiological correlation of endobronchial neoplasms: part II, malignant tumors.

The majority of lung neoplasms are malignant. Many of these are central and have an associated endobronchial component. Most such neoplasms are of surface epithelial origin; however, neoplasms of submucosal gland, mesenchymal, and lymphoreticular origin may also demonstrate an endobronchial component. Because of their endobronchial location and associated symptoms, these patients often present at an earlier stage than purely parenchymal lung malignancies. The radiographic features in such cases may be similar to those associated with benign endobronchial tumors; however, there are certain radiological signs that are more suggestive of a malignant process. Despite these circumstances, conservative management such as endoscopic excision are inappropriate in most instances. The clinicopathologic and radiological features of these lesions are detailed.

Bronchial Neoplasms↗
PubMed2003

Clinical services in interventional radiology: results from the national Medicare database and a Society of Interventional Radiology membership survey.

PURPOSE: To evaluate trends in evaluation and management (E & M) services performed by interventional radiologists. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Recent national Medicare physician utilization data (1997-2000) were analyzed for trends in E & M services provided by interventional radiologists. The results were evaluated in conjunction with a recent Society of Interventional Radiology (SIR) membership survey in which 165 interventional radiology (IR) practices answered questions about clinical service issues. RESULTS: Despite the perception of frequent clinical services by interventional radiologists, paid Medicare claims for E & M services have increased only minimally, from 9,472 to 9,662 (+2.0%), and have lagged behind non-E & M procedural services, which have increased from 2,283,111 to 2,527,323 (+10.7%). The relative value unit (RVU) impact of E & M encounters has increased from 14,422 to 14,893 (+3.2%) while the RVU impact of procedural services has increased from 2,262,991 to 3,723,486 (+64.5%). E & M services account for only 0.39% of all Medicare claims, 0.49% of service RVUs, and 0.68% of all reimbursable time spent by interventionalists. However, when surveyed, interventional radiologists perceived that E & M services are much more frequent: 92% provide clinical services and indicate that 6.6% +/- 5.4 of physician time is spent providing E & M services. CONCLUSION: Despite perceptions by interventional radiologists that E & M services are common, Medicare claims for such services are infrequent and growth lags behind that of IR services overall. These discrepancies may be explained in part by practice and billing infrastructures that do not effectively translate actual clinical services into successful claims.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1983

Radiological health; evaluation of radiation exposure in diagnostic radiology examinations; availability of draft recommendations--FDA. Notice.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announces the availability for public review and comment of draft recommendations on evaluation of radiation exposure in diagnostic radiology examinations, prepared by FDA's National Center for Devices and Radiological Health (NCDRH). In addition to the draft recommendations, FDA is making available background information, rationale, and NCDRH's response to comments that were received on a notice of inquiry regarding the need for and content of such recommendations. FDA is also encouraging private groups and individuals to join in the research efforts needed to develop further technique/exposure guidance and suggests a number of principles to be followed in these efforts so all interested parties may achieve consistent and useful results. Final recommendations, when developed, will be published as a technical report in NCDRH's radiation recommendation series.

Radiation Dosage↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Synthesis of radiological models and radiological invariants (constants). Part 1].

Work is devoted to synthesis of mathematical models (MM) which describe probability of appearance of radiation complication (ARC) in a tissue at the Klepper's fixed scheme of dose fractionation (FD) and Ellis's MM, which describes equivalent schemes FD for fixed value ARC. Creation of synthesized mathematical models(S) appears possible at some assumptions which require a check on the basis of the clinical information are necessary for definition of optimum dynamic conditions of an radiation of cancerous growths which include the optimum physical radiation plan and the optimum scheme its realization in time. The synthesis of MM leads to natural appearance of radiological invariants (constants) which can become a basis for construction of a new scientific direction of quantitative radiology.

Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Synthesis of radiological models and radiological invariants (constants). Part 2].

The goal of this work was to synthesize a mathematical model (MM) on the basis of Klepper and Lyman MMs, which describe the probability of post-radiation complications (PRC) in tissue subjected to radiation therapy with given scheme of dose fractionating (DF), and the LQ-model, which describes equivalent DF schemes for a fixed PRC value. Construction of synthesized MMs (SMMs) becomes possible only on the basis of several assumptions requiring further clinical validation. Synthesized MMs can be used for determination of the optimal dynamic conditions of irradiation of malignant tumors. These conditions include the optimal physical plan of irradiation and the optimal time scheme of its implementation. Synthesis of MMs leads to determination of radiological invariants (constants), which can become a basis for a new branch of medical science, quantitative radiology.

Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation↗
PubMed1989

[Non-vascular interventional radiology nonvascular interventional radiology of the urinary tract].

Several kinds of nonvascular interventional radiology of the urinary tract are reviewed. Transurethral balloon dilation of the prostate (TU-DP) is a newly developed nonsurgical treatment for benign prostate hyperplasia, which is performed under local anesthesia with minimal morbidity and requires no hospitalization. The TUDP technique involves dilating the prostatic urethra and bladder neck to 75 F for 10 minutes under fluoroscopic control using a high-pressure dilating balloon. Long-term follow-up studies are required. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) and transurethral ureterolithotomy (TUL) have signified a revolution in stone surgery of upper urinary tract. Indications for these treatments, endoscopic manipulation, complications and their clinical features are presented. The procedure of PNL consists of 3 steps, puncture for nephrostomy tract, tract dilation and stone removal. Among these steps the most important is the puncture and it should be effected through the calyx. During the operation, if there is too much bleeding, it can be discontinued at any time while keeping the track open. It is no longer necessary for the kidney to be free of stones at the end of the operation. TUL is performed with a rigid or flexible ureterorenoscope. Dilation of the ureteral orifice and the intramural ureter is necessary for passing the scopes. When they have been sufficiently dilated, the ureterorenoscope can be passed to the level of the renal pelvis through the urethra. Calculi have been removed successfully at a higher rate in lower ureter. Endopyelotomy may be performed safely as an initial procedure to correct congenital obstruction of the ureteropelvic junction. Recent advancements have permitted an approach to percutaneous resection for renal pelvic tumor in a solitary kidney or bilateral synchronous disease. There are great expectations for continuing important innovations in the field of interventional radiology.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[Profitability of the radiological examination of the thorax. Development of thoracic radiology, administered dose, quality control and role of the clinic].

The considerable spreading of chest X-ray (about 50% of all radiological examinations--WHO official report No. 698), and its biological and economic high cost, make interesting the cost/benefit evaluation of this simple and world-wide X-ray examination. The evaluation, highly important although very complex, is concerned with many different problems. The different problems, such as the development of radiological diagnosis in pulmonary diseases, dose of exposure, quality assurance and clinical role are analyzed.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed1995

[Nonvascular interventional radiology in the treatment of post-liver transplant complications. The clinico-radiological correlations and technical considerations].

Eleven patients, included in a series of 105 orthotopic liver transplant recipients, underwent interventional radiologic procedures for post-operative complications. Seven patients had obstructive jaundice, three patients had sepsis, and one patient was bleeding from the T-tube. Cholangiography, performed in 9/11 patients, demonstrated stenosis of the anastomosis in six cases, stenosis of the intrahepatic biliary tree in one case, and stenosis of both tracts in the remaining two cases. Four patients were treated with bilioplasty (from 1 to 5 sessions), using balloon catheters (8-10 mm) followed by stones removal in one case, and by the placement of a metallic stent in another case. The follow-up ranged from one to three years: no biliary stasis occurred, during that period, in these patients. Another patient with recurrent cholangiocarcinoma of the biliary anastomosis, treated with Carey-Coons endoprosthesis and brachytherapy, died four months later without jaundice. In the three patients with sepsis and in the patient with bleeding from the T-tube, intra- or extra-hepatic (in one case) multiple abscesses were demonstrated. The conservative treatment with the placement of percutaneous drainage catheters, associated with internal biliary drainage in two cases, allowed complete symptoms resolution. The technical success obtained in all patients confirmed the effectiveness of interventional radiology in the treatment of biliary complications after liver transplant, thus avoiding the need of surgical reintervention.

Cholangiography↗
PubMed1975

[Modern viewpoints of hip joint dysplasia, clinical and radiologic. III. Radiologic follow-up].

Dysplasia of the hip-joint can unequivocally be recognized at the age of 7 weeks as proved by further developments. Defects in the acetabular angle remain in spite of abductionsplints which may have to be continued until the acetabular roof including its angle have become normal. It must not be abandoned when the PDW has returned to normal. One ought to demand that treatment should be started before this stage has been reached i.e. before the 7th week of life. 1. Clinical and radiologic observations in the first 3 months prove that dysplasia of the hip-joint can be well recognized at this early stage. A diagnosis beyond the 3rd month is a late diagnosis. 2. Essential radiologic signs are: wedge-segments, delayed ossification of the acetabular angel, "Tailliation" at the angle, subchondral sclerosis of the acetabular roof, double contour of the angle in radiographs and, in severe cases, steep PDW. 3. The averages and standard deviations of the Tonnis statistics have proved too large for the radiographs of the first 2 months of life and useless as shown in follow-up. 4. The dysplastic acetabulum is not immature but pathologic. 5. The common mild dysplasias cannot be recognized with PDW but only when searching for structural and contour changes at the acetabular roof.

Acetabulum↗
PubMed1997

[The effect of composition and structure of radiological equivalent materials on radiological equivalent].

Morphology of inorganic material powders before and after being treated by ultrafine crush was observed by transformite electron microscope. The length and diameter of granules were measured. Polymers inorganic material powders before and after being treated by ultrafine crush were used for preparing radiological equivalent materials. Blending compatibility of inorganic meterials with polymer materials was observed by scanning electron microscope. CT values of tissue equivalent materials were measured by X-ray CT. Distribution of inorganic materials was examined. The compactness of materials was determined by the water absorbed method. The elastic module of materials was measured by laser speckle interferementry method. The results showed that the inorganic material powders treated by the ultrafine crush blent well with polymer and the distribution of these powders in the polymer was homogeneous. The equivalent errors of linear attenuation coefficients and CT values of equivalent materials were small. Their elastic modules increased one order of magnitude from 6.028 x 10(2) kg/cm2 to 9.753 x 10(3) kg/cm2. In addition, the rod inorganic material powders having rod granule blent easily with polymer. The present study provides a theoretical guidance and experimental basis for the design and synthesis of radiological equivalent materials.

Calcium↗
PubMed2001

Parameters of radiologic care: An official report of the American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology.

The American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology developed these Parameters of Care to provide national guidelines for the use of radiographs prescribed for the diagnosis of disease, treatment planning, and follow-up care of patients with abnormalities of the oral and maxillofacial region. The Parameters cover radiographic techniques, imaging of the temporomandibular joint, imaging of diseases of the jaws, and imaging of dental implant sites.

Dental Caries↗
PubMed1993

Radiology information systems help radiology departments operate more efficiently.

Many department managers identify radiology information systems (RIS) as one way to increase efficiency and reduce expenses. Ms. Rowe explains various ways that an RIS can help you compete in an increasingly competitive marketplace, handle higher patient volume and fulfill requirements for recording and transferring patient information.

Efficiency↗
PubMed1995

AHRA (American Healthcare Radiology Administrators) survey. Trends in radiology 1994: Part I.

Departments of medical imaging and therapy must balance the need to improve delivery and efficiency with the need to lower costs by finding better ways to deliver their services. As each department struggles to find its way, new trends will develop. In October, 1994, the AHRA surveyed its membership to determine those trends in hospital and nonhospital facilities. This article presents data and analysis for equipment acquisition and maintenance; operations; staffing and professional coverage; education programs; competition; marketing and new programs. Demographic information and comparisons with AHRA Trends Surveys conducted in 1985, 1987, 1989 and 1991 are included. Editor's Note: Part II of this article will review trends in exam volume, charges and volume from referral sources. Also, data from hospital departments will be analyzed by bed size groupings. Part II will be published in the summer, 1995, issue of Radiology Management, 17(3).

Data Collection↗
PubMed2004

Synchrotron radiation in radiology: radiology techniques based on synchrotron sources.

The characteristics of synchrotron X-ray sources--quite different from those of conventional sources--are exploited by several new imaging techniques. These techniques expand the capabilities of conventional radiology and find interesting application in special cases. We briefly review the basic principle, applications and limitations of the most important of them: monochromatic mammography, two-wavelength digital subtraction angiography, phase-contrast/edge-enhancement imaging, diffraction-enhanced imaging and microtomography.

Angiography↗
PubMed2002

Translating molecular imaging research into radiologic practice: summary of the proceedings of the American College of Radiology Colloquium, April 22-24, 2001.

The American College of Radiology (ACR) convened a "think tank" of experts on aspects of molecular imaging. The purposes of the colloquium were to develop scenarios about how molecular imaging would develop in the future and to make recommendations to the ACR about how to prepare radiologists for this important set of technologies. The ACR provided participants with background materials, as well as a set of possible questions to keep in mind while reading the materials, prior to the meeting. Subjects covered included the science and technology, regulation and diffusion, training and certification, turf and competition, and a survey of current activities in the realm of molecular imaging in which radiologists are involved. This article presents the observations devolving from the colloquium and recommendations to the ACR.

Diagnostic Imaging↗
PubMed1998

The RSNA-AUR-ARRS introduction to research program for 2nd year radiology residents: effect on career choice and early academic performance. Radiological Society of North America. Association of University Radiologists. American Roentgen Ray Society.

PURPOSE: To evaluate graduates of the first 5 years of the Introduction to Research program, sponsored by the Radiological Society of North America, Association of University Radiologists, and American Roentgen Ray Society, to determine if they more frequently entered and demonstrated early success in academic careers than did nonparticipants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 1997, the authors surveyed all 396 program participants for the 1990-1995 period and 2,047 nonparticipants who were in the same residencies as the participants during that period. Career plans, research participation, and academic achievements were compared. RESULTS: The survey was completed by 321 participants (81%) and 1,153 nonparticipants (56%). More than a third of participants thought the program had a strong effect on their initial career decision. Forty-one percent of participants who completed training (n = 192) were currently in academia versus 26% of nonparticipants (n = 676; P = .001). Of the 321 participants, 35% believed they would spend most of their careers in academia and 15% thought research would be their major focus versus 19% and 8% for the 1,153 nonparticipants (P < .001). Participants had higher levels of academic achievement earlier in their careers than did nonparticipants. CONCLUSION: The Introduction to Research program is encouraging the development of successful research careers. However, the results may be influenced by the self- or departmental selection of participants who were oriented toward research independent of program participation.

Achievement↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Informatics in Radiology (infoRAD): radiology report entry with automatic phrase completion driven by language modeling.

Keyboard entry or correction of radiology reports by radiologists and transcriptionists remains necessary in many settings despite advances in computerized speech recognition. A report entry system that implements an automated phrase completion feature based on language modeling was developed and tested. The special text editor uses context to predict the full word or phrase being typed, updating the displayed prediction after each keystroke. At any point, pressing the tab key inserts the predicted phrase without having to type the remaining characters of the phrase. Successive words of the phrase are predicted by a trigram language model. Phrase lengths are chosen to minimize the expected number of keystrokes as predicted by the language model. Operation is highly and automatically customized to each user. The language model was trained on 36,843 general radiography reports, which were consecutively generated and contained 1.48 million words. Performance was tested on 200 randomly selected reports outside of the training set. The phrase completion technique reduced the average number of keystrokes per report from 194 to 58; the average reduction factor was 3.3 (geometric mean) (95% confidence interval, 3.2-3.5). The algorithm significantly reduced the number of keystrokes required to generate a radiography report (P <.00005).

Algorithms↗