Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Psychophysiologic Disorders”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Psychodermatology. Practical guidelines on pharmacotherapy.

BACKGROUND: The importance of emotional factors in dermatologic disorders has been recognized for several decades. However, there have been few reports on the management of psychodermatologic disorders. Meanwhile, there has been tremendous progress in the pharmacologic treatment of these conditions. This article describes major categories of psychodermatologic disorders and provides practical management guidelines, emphasizing the use of selected psychopharmacologic agents. OBSERVATIONS: Psychodermatologic conditions can be divided into three broad subgroups: psychophysiologic disorders in which the severity of primary cutaneous disease is influenced by the patients' emotions; primary psychiatric disorders in which the skin conditions are self-induced and reflect underlying psychopathologic conditions; and secondary psychiatric disorders in which the patients experience psychologic problems as a result of disfigurement associated with the skin conditions. There are many ways to manage these psychodermatologic conditions, including psychotherapy, behavioral therapy, and psychopharmacotherapy. To determine which pharmacologic agent is most appropriate, the nature of the underlying psychopathologic condition such as anxiety, depression, psychosis, and obsession/compulsion should be identified. Furthermore, there are nonpsychiatric disorders encountered by dermatologists in which psychopharmacologic agents may be more efficacious than conventional therapeutics. CONCLUSION: We conclude that psychopharmacologic agents provide a useful option to the management of psychodermatologic disorders.

Depressive Disorder↗
PubMed1987

Chronic schizophrenic disorder. I. Psychophysiological responses, laterality and social stress.

Bilateral palmar skin conductance and heart rate were measured throughout a series of psychological tests and during both sitting and ambulant social interactions in 14 right-handed men with chronic schizophrenic disorder and 12 healthy volunteers matched for age and handedness. Miniature radio telemetry equipment was used to collect the physiological data. The schizophrenic group was effectively unresponsive to 70-dB auditory stimuli, while all but one of the control group responded and habituated to a nil response by the tenth tone in sequence. The schizophrenic group showed some evidence of increased skin conductance activity at rest, and in socially demanding conditions skin conductance level and variability were increased in the right hand. The present group of electrodermal 'non-responders' was not in general autonomically under-active. Asymmetry of skin conductance activity during social interaction may be a characteristic of chronic schizophrenic disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Inhibition in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a psychophysiological study of the stop task.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the study was to investigate and identify abnormal brain activity, as revealed by event-related potentials (ERPs) concurring with deficient inhibitory control in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS: Performance and ERPs from 16 children with ADHD and 16 control subjects were compared in the stop-signal paradigm. RESULTS: The ADHD children showed a lower inhibition percentage and their (estimated) response time to the stop signal was disproportionally longer compared to the slowing of reaction times to primary-task stimuli. In normal control subjects, fronto-central positivity (100-400 msec) after the onset of the stop-signal was larger in case of successful inhibition, relative to failed inhibition; this was less so in ADHD children. A late positive wave (500-700 msec), maximal at Oz on failed inhibition trials, and possibly related to error-detection, was smaller in ADHD children. CONCLUSIONS: These results point to abnormalities in brain processes involved in motor inhibition and error-detection in ADHD children.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed1989

[Functional and organic diseases (a neurologic aspect)].

Interrelations between organic, psychogenic and functional disorders are under discussion. Two classes of nervous system diseases are distinguished: organic and psychogenic ones. Functional disorders manifest themselves in all pathology patterns. The basis of the organic patterns is formed by morphological and neurochemical derangements. Psychogenic diseases may be distributed into neurotic, psychosomatic and psychophysiological disorders. The neurological aspects are considered.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed1984

Polysomnographic and MMPI characteristics of patients with insomnia.

This report represents the polysomnographic aspects of sleep and the psychological characteristics of a large series of patients with insomnia classified according to the diagnostic system of the Association of Sleep Disorders Centers. The findings for patients in the various diagnostic categories were compared to those of symptomatic patients with no objective findings. 9 specific diagnoses were made, but 4 diagnoses accounted for the majority of patients. The 4 most prevalent were psychophysiological disorders (15%), psychiatric disorders (17%), nocturnal myoclonus and restless legs (18%), and no objective findings (19%). Patients of a sleep disorders center are a select population and may not be representative of the general population of patients with insomnia complaints. The psychological characteristics of the different diagnostic groups were assessed by computing the number of elevations on the MMPI. Patients with a psychiatric diagnosis exhibited the highest number of MMPI elevations, as might be expected. Patients with nocturnal myoclonus had the lowest number of elevations. The other groups did not significantly differ from the group with no objective findings. Polysomnographic measures of sleep differed considerably among the diagnostic groups. The groups with medical disorders, respiratory impairment, atypical polysomnographic features, and nocturnal myoclonus had similar short sleep latencies to those of the group with no objective findings. With longer wake times before sleep and significantly different from patients with no objective findings were the psychophysiological disorder, psychiatric disorder and drug and alcohol groups. Patients with a circadian rhythm disturbance had the longest latencies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Circadian Rhythm↗
PubMed1998

Frontal, temporal and lateralized brain function in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a psychophysiological and neuropsychological viewpoint on development.

This article considers deficits in the selective aspects of perception underlying symptoms of impaired attention and impulsivity in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity syndrome (ADHD) in terms of frontal and temporal lobe function and cerebral asymmetry. Tomographic studies suggest a disturbed fronto-striatal function, but have neglected limbic contributions under activating conditions and are equivocal on the nature of apparent lateralized differences. Neuropsychological and psychophysiological studies suggest that early and late stages of information processing are affected in both the frontal and temporal lobes and imply impaired intercortical dialog. Given the evidence for a normal specialization in global processing in the right and the processing of details in the left hemisphere, the lateralized impairment may progress from situational ADHD (impaired selective aspects of perception on the right) to pervasive ADHD (additional impairment in decision-making on the left). Accordingly some ADHD children may experience an early negative neurodevelopmental influence that only appears as the brain region matures while others show a delayed development of CNS function.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed2005

Behavioral headache treatment: history, review of the empirical literature, and methodological critique.

Theoretical developments and burgeoning research on stress and illness in the mid-20th century yielded the foundations necessary to conceptualize headache as a psychophysiological disorder and eventually to develop and apply contemporary behavioral headache treatments. Over the past three decades, these behavioral headache treatments (relaxation training, biofeedback, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and stress-management training) have amassed a sizeable evidence base. Meta-analytic reviews of the literature consistently have shown behavioral interventions to yield 35% to 55% improvements in migraine and tension-type headache and that these outcomes are significantly superior to control conditions. The strength of the evidence has lead many professional practice organizations to recommend use of behavioral headache treatments alongside pharmacologic treatments for primary headache. The present overview was prepared as a companion article to and intended to provide a background for the Guidelines for Trials of Behavioral Treatments for Recurrent Headache also published within this journal supplement. This article begins with a synopsis of key historical developments leading to our current conceptualization of migraine and tension-type headache as psychophysiological disorders amenable to behavioral intervention. The evolution of the behavioral headache literature is discussed, exemplified by publication trends in the journal Headache. Leading empirically-based behavioral headache interventions are described, and meta-analytic reviews examining the migraine and tension-type headache literatures are summarized, compared, and contrasted. A critique of the methodological quality of the clinical trials literature is presented, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses in relation to recruitment and selection of patients, sample size and statistical power, the use of a credible control, and the reproducibility of the study interventions in clinical practice.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1977

New trends in psychosomatic research.

Advances in physiological psychology and neuroendocrinology, together with epidemiological studies, have added new dimensions to psychosomatic research. Psychological influences still are accepted as exacerbators or trigger mechanisms, if less often as causes. Theories of psychosomatics which connected specific personality profiles with specific psychosomatic illnesses have lost favor, and multifactorial explanations, which include heredity, environment, social class, life stress, endocrines, brain areas, neurohormones, and immunological mechanisms, are new areas of research. Research methods have become more sophisticated scientifically, particularly in the selection and size of samples tested, and the variety of situations investigated. Psychological reactions to illness in general, terminal disease, and death, and psychological experiences of pain, in addition to variable effects of psychotherapeutic methods and psychotherapists' personality, are identifiable but unquantified influences which seem acceptable as contributors to, if not causes of, psychophysiological disorders.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Psychological problems in an industrial setting.

A study was undertaken to identify psychological problems reported by workers in an industrial setting and the degree to which these problems (1) affected an individual's ability to carry out work and home responsibilities and (2) were related to physical and psychophysiological disorders. In addition, an analysis was made of various medical-psychiatric services that were needed to provide comprehensive understanding of individual health problems and good case management.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The psychophysiology of anxiety disorder: fear memory imagery.

Psychophysiological response to fear memory imagery was assessed in specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder with agoraphobia, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and healthy controls. Heart rate, skin conductance, and corrugator muscle were recorded as participants responded to tone cues signaling previously memorized descriptor sentences. Image contents included personal fears, social fears, fears of physical danger, and neutral (low arousal) scenes. Reactions to acoustic startle probes (eyeblink) were assessed during recall imagery and nonsignal periods. Participants were significantly more reactive (in physiology and report of affect) to fear than neutral cues. Panic and PTSD patients were, however, less physiologically responsive than specific phobics and the socially anxious. Panic and PTSD patients also reported the most anxiety and mood symptoms, and were most frequently comorbidly depressed. Overall, physiological reactivity to sentence memory cues was greatest in patients with focal fear of specific objects or events, and reduced in patients characterized by generalized, high negative affect.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2002

Dimensional and categorical approaches to hypochondriasis.

BACKGROUND: The DSM-IV definition of hypochondriasis is contrasted with hypochondriacal dimensions as provided by the Whiteley Index (WI) and Illness Attitude Scales (IAS). METHODS: Exploratory factor analysis was conducted on self-report data from 570 patients with mental and psychophysiological disorders. Of these, 319 were additionally diagnosed according to DSM-IV by structured interviews. RESULTS: The three 'classic' factors of the WI labelled disease phobia, somatic symptoms and disease conviction were confirmed. The IAS consisted of two dimensions indicating health anxiety and illness behaviour. The overall scores of both instruments were highly correlated (0.80). Optimal cut-off points for case identification yielded sensitivity/specificity rates of 71/80% (WI) and 72/79% (IAS). The IAS was superior to the WI when patients with hypochondriacal disorder were to be discriminated from non-hypochondriacal somatizers. Largest group differences were found for scales related to affective components (health anxieties), smallest for illness behaviours. Affective components of hypochondriasis explained more variance of diagnostic group membership than somatization symptoms. The subscales of disease phobia (WI) and health anxiety (IAS) were most sensitive to treatment-related changes. CONCLUSIONS: The self-rating scales are valid for screening, case definition and dimensional assessment of hypochondriacal disorder, including the differentiation between hypochondriasis and somatization. The existence of distinguishable affective and cognitive components was confirmed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Behavioral and psychophysiological markers of disordered attention.

Behavioral and psychophysiological assays provide the most sensitive indication of whether a presumed neurotoxin has a deleterious effect on the nervous system. The effects of lead on the nervous system are strongly suggestive that this agent can produce disturbances in attention; moreover, there are clinical reports of such effects. The action of lead is also manifest in behaviors described as "hyperactive," or reflecting "minimal brain damage." The core symptom in both disorders is probably impairment in attention. The recent Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-III) of the American Psychiatric Association uses the term Attention Deficit Disorder to replace such terms as hyperactivity and minimal brain damage. Prior studies of the behavioral toxicity of lead may have used inadequate or incomplete assays of attention; this could in part account for the variability in outcomes. Recent research on attention suggests that it is a complex behavior consisting of a number of elements or components, each of which may be in part dependent upon a different region of the central nervous system. Behavioral assays should examine the components of attentive behavior using tests which are sensitive to the different elements. It is recommended that psychophysiological assays (using cognitive event-related potentials), although more difficult and costly to implement, be used as well. These assays may provide a more dynamic view of altered information processing in the brain and help to localize and characterize the behavioral impairment.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Conversion reaction. Differential diagnoses in the light of biofeedback research.

The criteria for differentiating between psychophysiological disorder and hysterical neurosis, conversion type, have been reviewed in the light of recent biofeedback research. The data strongly support the view that a single process, instrumental learning, can explain functional disorders mediated by either the voluntary or autonomic nervous systems, so that a differential diagnosis should probably not be based on the autonomic/voluntary dichotomy. On the contrary, both biofeedback findings and a case history support the definition of conversion reaction broadened to include fantasied bodily sensations that develop into either behavioral or physiological dysfunctions. It is a central consideration that instrumental learning depends on a system of rewards, and that, in clinical observations of conversion reactions, it also is apparent that the conversion sympton is rewarding: the sympton provides the patient with a relatively gratifying adaptation to a frustrating stressful life experience. Classification of many, if not most, functional disorders mediated by the autonomic nervous system as conversion reactions has the advantage of emphasizing the primary and secondary gain characteristics of these symptoms. Thus, the use that the patient makes of his illness becomes salient in the therapeutic process at the same time that the diagnosis is established.

Addison Disease↗
PubMed1976

Minimal brain dysfunction: a hydraulic parfait model.

A Venn diagram shows the overlap of MBD, behavior disorders, and learning disorders. A hydraulic parfait model illustrates a concept of symptom production by additive accumulation of pathology from various etiologies. This implies a psychophysiologic disorder. It also implies a multidimensional spectrum of etiologies which could be important for treatment plans in individual cases. A similar hydraulic parfait illustrates a concept of diagnosis-triggering by cumulative pressure from various symptoms. Diagnosticians form a spectrum of "trigger pulls", from "hair trigger" to "on safety." A useful research effort might be to find a convenient means of developing etiological profiles for individual patients, perhaps by correlation with symptom spectra.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed1981

Toward integrating psyche and soma: psychoanalysis and neurobiology.

The brain is the "key organ" for understanding mind/body/illness relationships. During the past two decades neurobiological research has generated a plethora of new data and concepts which have increased tremendously our knowledge of the functioning brain. As a result the psychoanalytic view of the relationship between mind and brain may seem at risk of becoming outmoded. Yet while psychoanalytic theory may no longer be wholly tenable, psychoanalysis continues to offer interesting and heuristically valuable isomorphic models of cortical function. On the other hand neurobiology provides a corrective influence on psychoanalytic concept-building, causing theory to be refined as it is tested against the results of research. One possible result of interdisciplinary cross-fertilization is that a revised theory of the function of dreams and fantasy may throw light on the vicissitudes of somatic experience, and the pathogenesis of psychophysiological disorder.

Brain↗
PubMed1979

MMPI results of male candidates for transsexual surgery.

The MMPI was administered to a group of 27 male transsexual candidates for sex change surgery, and their test results were compared with those of 24 male kidney transplant surgical candidates and 26 males suspected of having a psychophysiological disorder. The data revealed a notable absence of psychopathology among the transsexuals as well as the kidney patients, while the psychophysiological patients showed the expected elevations in the Hypochondriasis, Depression, and Hysteria scales. The results were in keeping with previous research of male-to-female sex change candidates that reject the notion that transsexuals invariably suffer major emotional disturbance.

Adult↗