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PubMed1999

School psychologists: strategic allies in the contemporary practice of primary care pediatrics.

Immense changes in the developmental/behavioral aspects of primary care pediatrics have resulted from revisions in special education laws, introduction of managed care, widened dissemination of information about disabilities to parents, and the changing character of American society. Challenges associated with contemporary pediatric practice can be diminished by routine collaboration with school psychologists. An alliance with school-based psychologists permits pediatricians access to children in their natural environments and potential collaboration for preventing illness and emotional/behavior problems. Further, school psychologists can provide a partner for assessing and treating both common and low-incident disorders without the constraints imposed by managed care.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed1990

Ethics of practice among Christian psychologists: a pilot study.

Christian psychologists have questioned whether the code of ethics proposed by secular psychology is sufficient for the practitioner who is a Christian. However, little descriptive data exist on the ethical beliefs and behaviors of Christian psychologists. Survey data were obtained from 69 Christian clinicians indicating the frequency with which they engaged in 83 behaviors and the degree to which they believed the behaviors were ethical. Responses were tabulated for each option and on each behavior. Of the 83 items, four occurred in the practices of over 90% of the respondents, while six never occurred, the latter being mostly sexually related items. Agreement on ethics was found with 13 of the items, while nine behaviors, several of which involved financial issues, proved to be difficult ethical judgments. The data indicate that Christian psychologists are effectively understanding and implementing the ethical guidelines of the American Psychological Association although guidance may be needed regarding finances and homosexuality.

Christianity↗
PubMed2004

Lay persons' versus psychologists' judgments of psychologically aggressive actions by a husband and wife.

Literature assessing knowledge of and attitudes toward social issues has demonstrated that mental health professionals and lay persons often differ greatly. To add to the normative information in the field of psychological abuse and to determine whether the differences previously found between mental health professionals and lay persons extend to this field, a sample from each group rated psychologically aggressive items by a husband toward his wife. For the 102 items, psychologists were more likely to label the behaviors as "psychological abuse," but this tendency was due to psychologists considering the behaviors as either "always" or "possibly" abusive, whereas lay persons demonstrated a bimodal response pattern of rating the behaviors as "always" or "never" psychological abuse. Lay persons were much more likely than psychologists to rate items high in terms of severity level, however. The two groups used different contextual factors for determining that a behavior was psychological abuse when they initially were uncertain that it was abusive.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

How well do physicians, pharmacists, and psychologists assess tardive dyskinesia movements?

OBJECTIVE: To measure and compare the tardive dyskinesia assessment ability of physicians, pharmacists, and psychologists prior to and after formal training. METHOD: One hundred twenty-two physicians, 82 pharmacists, and 78 psychologists participated in assessment training with the Dyskinesia Identification System Condensed User Scale (DISCUS). Participants were shown one of three videotapes as a pretest before training and as a posttest after training. Inter- and intraprofessional comparisons were made on total score, body area scores, and individual item scores. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used. If significant differences were found, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted. To identify where significant effects occurred, the Tukey test was used. RESULTS: The group as a whole improved from a pretest total point difference from criteria of 6.3 +/- 5.7 SD to a posttest difference of 2.8 +/- 2.8 SD (df = 2, f = 84.32, p < 0.001). This training effect occurred for six of the seven videotape testing sequences used. Physicians, pharmacists, and psychologists did not significantly differ from each other before or after training. All three professions significantly improved as a result of training. A subgroup of 39 psychiatrists within the physician group showed similar results. CONCLUSIONS: Untrained raters, regardless of profession, are not necessarily accurate in quantifying dyskinetic movements. Brief but formal training significantly improves accuracy.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1996

Professional ethics of psychologists and physicians: morality, confidentiality, and sexuality in Israel.

Clinical psychologists' and nonpsychiatric physicians' attitudes and behaviors in sexual and confidentiality boundary violations were examined. The 171 participants' responses were analyzed by profession, sex, and status (student, resident, professional) on semantic differential, boundary violation vignettes, and a version of Pope, Tabachnick, and Keith-Spiegel's (1987) ethical scale. Psychologists rated sexual boundary violation as more unethical than did physicians (p less than .001). Rationale (p less than .01) and timing (p less than .0001) influenced ratings. Psychologists reported fewer sexualized behaviors than physicians (p less than .05). Professional experience (p less than .01) and sex (p less than .05) were associated with confidence-violating behavior. Overall, 78% of the sample reported attitudes or behaviors associated with boundary violations. The behavior violations were correlated (r = .49). Actual violators rated vignette violators more leniently than did nonviolators (p less than .01).

Attitude↗
PubMed1997

Nonsexual relationships between psychotherapists and their former clients: obligations of psychologists.

This article examines the issue of nonsexual relationships between psychologists and their former therapy clients. What little research is available concerning nonsexual relationships with former clients suggests that psychologists have clear reservations about some of these relationships, especially personal ones and intentional social interactions. Relationships immediately following termination are seen as particularly suspect. Drawing on the literature dealing with multiple relationships in general, and sexual relationships with former clients in particular, a number of arguments are made outlining why psychologists should avoid significant nonsexual relationships with former clients for at least some period of time following termination.

Attitude↗
PubMed2000

Perceptions of confidentiality violations among psychologists.

This study explored psychologists' perceptions of confidentiality violations. One hundred ninety-five psychologists answered questionnaires about a vignette regarding a male therapist accused of violating the confidentiality of a female client. The vignette varied on the following variables: (a) Confidential information was conveyed to either an insurance company or another client, (b) the therapist's account of the violation included either an excuse or a justification, and (c) scapegoating was included or not included in the account. The insurance condition and excuse condition produced more lenient judgements of the violations. However, excuses elicited more negative judgments of the therapist. Scapegoating generally elicited more negative judgments. Differences in the recipient of confidential information and the accounts given for violations have an impact on psychologists' perceptions of confidentiality violations.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1989

It only takes one psychologist to demonstrate the impact of psychological assessment.

Evidence is needed in the field of psychological assessment of psychiatric patients to verify if test findings actually influence the clinical processes of diagnosis, treatment, case disposition, and outcome. Those who perform many assessments can conduct limited experiments to measure these effects. One such study is presented. It is a quasi-experiment in which the value of the psychologist's diagnostic recommendations to treating psychiatrists was measured. Diagnoses at admission, at subsequent psychological evaluation, and at discharge were compared among 70 patients referred to a clinical diplomate from the American Board of Professional Psychology (ABPP) for assessment. The psychiatrists who had referred the patient agreed with the psychologist's diagnosis in 94% of the cases. Agreement was high even when the psychologist had disagreed with the admitting psychiatrists' diagnoses. Despite imperfections in research design, the study demonstrates that solo practitioners can evaluate the impact of assessment. Other possibilities for study are presented, as are reasons for the significant findings of this study.

Humans↗
PubMed1999

United we stand, divided we fall: the education and training needs of clinical child psychologists.

Reviews efforts to delineate training needs for psychologists who are providing clinical services to children, adolescents, and families. In particular, this article (a) describes efforts of clinical child and other psychologists who work with children, adolescents, and families to develop education and training guidelines; (b) discusses the overlap among various child and adolescent providers within psychology; and (c) highlights several key competencies that have been identified as important for all psychologists in practice roles with children and adolescents. In particular, we emphasize the need for greater collaboration and integration among various psychological specialties that focus on children, adolescents, and families and for greater system-wide discussion of training needs and priorities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Perspectives of research participants, psychologist investigators, and institutional review boards.

This study investigated the views of 100 student research participants, 107 psychologist investigators, and 45 members of Institutional Review Boards (Human Subject Committees). Participants in these three groups responded to questions regarding the ethical parameters of a fictitious psychological research protocol. Psychologist investigators' endorsements are similar to those of Institutional Review Board members when the debriefing procedure of the protocol and its potential benefits to others are questioned. The views of psychologist investigators are similar to those of students when the topic of risks to participant is at issue. Implications of these findings for review of research proposals in psychology by Institutional Review Boards are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Degree-granting institutions and characteristics of psychologists with both diplomate and fellow status in counseling psychology.

Psychologists (44 men, 6 women) were identified as individuals who received both Fellow status from Division 17 of the APA and ABPP Diplomate status in Counseling Psychology. Years of postdoctoral experience acquired prior to gaining the credentials averaged 13.1 (SD = 6.1) for the Division 17 Fellow and 9.8 (SD = 4.7) for the ABPP Diplomate. 25 different degree-granting institutions provided training for the 50 whose careers exemplify the scientist-practitioner approach to their work. Columbia graduated 9 of these psychologists, whereas Ohio State and Minnesota graduated 5 each. In regard to degree specialty, 37 (74%) gained their degrees from counseling or counseling psychology programs, whereas 11 (22%) gained their degrees from other types of psychology programs. These psychologists tended to work in academic institutions and to publish an average of 57 journal articles per year.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Jehovah's Witnesses' child-rearing advice and potential psychologists' bias.

This study examined agreement with and potential bias toward child-rearing advice provided in publications of Jehovah's Witnesses. A sample of 750 APA member psychologists with Ph.D.s were randomly selected and assigned to one of three groups: (1) those informed about the source of the child-rearing advice, (2) those partially informed about the source of the advice, and (3) those uninformed about the source of the advice. Each group was provided identical materials except for identifying information about the specific source. Analyses show that psychologists report high agreement with the child-rearing advice provided by Jehovah's Witnesses through their publications, primarily The Watchtower and Awake! magazines. In general, however, psychologists expressed lower agreement with advice pertaining to early dating, premarital sex, and sports participation. Significantly lower participation was found in the group who were fully informed about the source of the advice. Implications of these findings are discussed and directions for research given.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Practical use of informal services and cooperation with psychologists under the long-term care insurance].

Home care of patients is mainly performed by visiting nurses. To adequately perform the care, many type of knowledge are needed. Especially psychological approaches can minimize the pain to the patients and their family and shortening its duration and raising the efficacy of the treatment. Cooperation with clinical psychologists can be effective. We present three cases who were difficult to help by nurses alone Thus, Nurses provided in cooperation with the psychologists. First case was a 27-year-old man with cerebral palsy. Second case was a 55-year-old man with lung cancer, terminal stage. Third case was a 60-year-old man with amyotrophic lateral sclepsis. Through these different cases, we recognized the difficulties of medical care at home and also the importance of cooperation with psychologist. With the aging of society, the amount and type of home care needed will increase. Under long term insurance, the various type of knowledge, especially, psychological approaches is important. At the same time, training and education in this field for visiting nurses is required.

Community Health Nursing↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Smoking cessation and exercise promotion counseling in psychologists who practice psychotherapy.

PURPOSE: Little is known about health promotion within the context of psychotherapy. The present study assessed a sample of psychologists' attitudes and behavior with their psychotherapy clients regarding smoking cessation and exercise promotion counseling. DESIGN: This is a cross-sectional survey study. SETTING: Surveys were mailed. SUBJECTS: Licensed psychologists (1000) in Massachusetts were randomly selected to receive surveys. Psychologists practicing psychotherapy at least 5 h/wk were invited to participate. Out of 496 responses, 328 completed surveys were analyzed. MEASURES: Two parallel surveys were developed for smoking (N = 154) and exercise (N = 174) assessing health promotion behaviors and attitudes. RESULTS: Approximately 43% of respondents inquire about smoking and 53% inquire about exercise with new clients. Over 45% advise smoking clients to quit and 50% advise sedentary clients to exercise. Over 80% of respondents felt smoking and exercise should be addressed in psychotherapy; however only 41% of smoking and 65% of exercise respondents felt confident in their counseling abilities. Lack of confidence, beliefs about relevance of smoking and exercise to psychological functioning, and beliefs that such personal choices should not be addressed in psychotherapy significantly predicted smoking cessation and exercise promotion behaviors. CONCLUSION: Many respondents are engaging in health promotion with their psychotherapy clients. Exercise promotion is occurring more frequently and is viewed more favorably compared with smoking cessation counseling. Health promotion attitudes are associated with counseling behaviors. Limitations include self-selection bias and small sample size.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2003

Support for children following traumatic brain injury: the views of educational psychologists.

PURPOSE: For many years, neuroscientific research appeared to support the view that the young brain was more resilient and better able to withstand damage than the mature brain. More recent neuroscience research has questioned this view. Nevertheless, the view that 'younger is better' continues to be accepted by many medical practitioners. The present study sought to establish whether the training and experience of educational psychologists has made them aware that young children are particularly vulnerable to long-term effects of brain injury. METHOD: Educational psychologists were asked to estimate the need for additional social/family and educational support, and how long such additional support would be needed, in four fictitious but clinically-based case studies which differed only in the reported age of the child/adolescent at the time of the injury. RESULTS: Educational psychologists consistently rated young children with brain injuries as needing more additional social/family support for longer than adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that there is an appreciation of the additional needs of young children who have sustained brain injuries within our educational system.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2003

[What is expected of psychologists in palliative care mobile teams? Their role and missions].

The present development of palliative care structures has led to the organisation, in institutes and also in the home, of multi-disciplinary teams destined that contribute to the care and accompanying of persons at the end of their life. The multiplication of these mobile teams invites us to gain further knowledge on the respective role of each professional and in particular that of the clinical psychologist in a function that is often ignored by the institutions. This study is aimed at providing a better definition of the role and missions of a psychologist working in a mobile team. The psychologists' clinical activity is specified with regard to interventions with the patients and their families and also their intervention among the medical and care professionals who look after these patients. The choice of working in a interdisciplinary group leads to a collaboration of quality and the dynamics of such collaboration guarantee the global approach of the patients in their physical, mental, social and spiritual suffering.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

The psychologist's contribution to primary care: a reappraisal.

Developments over the past few years necessitate a reappraisal of the way in which clinical psychologists can best contribute to primary care. Up until now, psychologists have concentrated on those problems which are their concern within psychiatric hospitals. In addition, they have largely adopted a specialist model of service which may not be in the best interests either of primary care or of clinical psychology. If their manner of working is to change, it will be important for psychologists to overcome the developing stereotype of their role. This might involve explicitly negotiating project-orientated commitments which respond to particular priorities in different settings.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed1980

[On the practice of cooperation between physician and psychologist in the psychiatric hospital (author's transl)].

The increasing employment of graduates in psychology (Diplom-Psychologen) in psychiatric hospitals not only expands therapeutical facilities as a result of cooperation between psychologists and physicians; it also entails structural re-organisation both formally and in terms of contents, of behavioural rituals which have become routine practice within the entire hospital. The relationship between the physician and the psychologist decides on the success or failure of the activities of the psychologist in dealing with patients, nurses and institutions which are relevant for the hospital. The article reports on three years' experience in medico-psychological teamwork.

Cooperative Behavior↗