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PubMed1980

Efficacy of propoxur insecticide strip use in a laboratory animal facility.

A non-fumigant, controlled-release, impregnated strip (insecticide strip) was evaluated for effectiveness against cockroaches (Blatella germanica) in a conventional animal facility. A substantial initial roach mortality was observed in treated rooms. Continued use of the insecticide strip assisted in the control of the cockroach population and did not affect plasma cholinesterase levels of exposed laboratory animals.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Maternal hair--an appropriate matrix for detecting maternal exposure to pesticides during pregnancy.

The detection of exposure of pregnant women to toxicants in the environment is important because these compounds can be harmful to the health of the woman and her fetus. The aim of this study was to analyze for pesticides/herbicides in paired maternal hair and blood samples to determine the most appropriate matrix for detecting maternal exposure to these compounds. A total of 449 pregnant women were prospectively recruited at midgestation from an agricultural site in the Philippines where a preliminary survey indicated significant use at home and on the farm of the following compounds: propoxur, cyfluthrin, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, pretilachlor, bioallethrin, malathion, diazinon, and transfluthrin. Paired maternal hair and blood samples were obtained from each subject upon recruitment into the study (midgestation) and at birth and were analyzed for the above compounds, as well as lindane and DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2-2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethane], and some of their known metabolites by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The highest exposure rate was seen for propoxur and bioallethrin and maternal hair analysis provided the highest detection rate for these two compounds, compared to blood, at both time periods: (1) At midgestation, 10.5% positive for propoxur in hair compared to 0.7% in blood (P<0.001) and for bioallethrin, 11.9% positive in hair compared to 0% in blood (P < or = 0.001), and (2) at birth, 11.8% positive for propoxur in hair compared to 4% in blood (P < or = 0.001) and for bioallethrin, 7.8% in hair compared to 0% in blood (P < or = 0.001). A small number of maternal hair samples were also positive for malathion, chlorpyrifos, pretilachlor, and DDT. Only a few of the pesticide metabolites were detected, principally 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, malathion monocarboxylic acid, and DDE [1,1,dichloro-2-2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene], and they were mostly found in maternal blood. There was a significant association between the use of the home spray pesticide, Baygon, and propoxur in maternal hair at birth (P=0.001) and between the use of a slow-burning mosquito coil and the presence of bioallethrin in maternal hair at midgestation and at birth (P=0.001, P < or = 0.041, respectively). There is significant exposure of the pregnant woman to pesticides, particularly to pesticides that are used at home. Our study demonstrates the advantages of analyzing maternal hair as a readily available biologic matrix for studying maternal exposure to toxicants in the environment, compared to blood. For propoxur, there was a 3- to 15-fold higher detection rate of the pesticide in maternal hair as compared to blood. As for the other pesticides, bioallethrin, malathion, chlorpyrifos, and DDT were exclusively found in maternal hair compared to blood. On the other hand, pesticide metabolites were infrequently found in maternal hair or maternal blood. Pesticides in blood most likely represent acute exposure, whereas pesticides in hair represent past and/or concurrent exposure. The high sensitivity, wide window of exposure, availability, and ease of hair collection are distinct advantages in using hair to detect exposure to pesticides among pregnant women. However, pesticides in maternal hair may also be secondary to passive exposure and therefore not truly representative of the internal pesticide dose. Finally, the analysis of maternal hair for pesticides as an index of maternal exposure to pesticides in the environment allows the institution of measures to prevent further exposure during pregnancy.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Possible mechanisms of organophosphorus and carbamate insecticide resistance in German cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattelidae) from different geographical areas.

The resistance status of 14 strains of Blattella germanica (L.) from four countries was determined for chlorpyrifos and propoxur compared with a standard reference susceptible strain. Thirteen strains were resistant to chlorpyrifos; 12 strains were resistant to propoxur. Resistance ratios for chlorpyrifos ranged from 8- to 462-fold at LC90; for propoxur, resistance ratios ranged from 4- to 46-fold. One cockroach strain from Denmark had negative cross-resistance to chlorpyrifos, and one strain from the United States had negative cross-resistance to propoxur. Slopes of probit regressions indicated that all resistant strains were heterogeneous for resistance to both chlorpyrifos and propoxur. Synergist studies with piperonyl butoxide indicated that multifunction mono-oxidases are probably involved in resistance to chlorpyrifos in six strains and in resistance to propoxur in seven strains. Esterase activity was elevated in 10 strains; of these strains, two had only slightly elevated esterase activity as measured with the substrates 1- and 2-naphthyl acetate. The remainder had higher levels of elevated esterase activity to both substrates. Strains with elevated esterase activity were resistant to a broad spectrum of organophosphates, pyrethroids, or both. Increased levels of glutathione S-transferase activity were found in four strains. Another two strains had a low frequency (1%) of individuals with high glutathione S-transferase activity. Elevated glutathione S-transferase activity was not correlated with the observed levels of organophosphate or carbamate resistance. One strain from Dubai had an altered acetylcholinesterase-based mechanism that conferred broad-spectrum resistance to a range of organophosphates and carbamates.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Biochemical characterization of hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes in insecticide resistant and susceptible strains of the German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae).

We have identified resistance mechanisms in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.), for propoxur and chlorpyrifos in strains of cockroaches that display multiresistance to several organophosphate and carbamate insecticides. The resistance mechanisms involve the combined effects of increased oxidative and hydrolytic metabolism and both strains are resistant to chlorpyrifos and propoxur. Experiments designed to test for similarity in metabolic enzymes suggest that, although the mechanisms involve similar processes, the enzymes responsible for insecticide detoxification are different in the two strains. Both resistant strains exhibited enhanced activity toward alpha-naphtholic esters relative to a standard susceptible strain; however, analysis of the progeny from resistant X susceptible crosses suggests that this general esterase activity is inherited differently than propoxur or chlorpyrifos resistance. Hybrids of the propoxur-resistant strain displayed the highest activity of all cockroaches tested, in contrast to hybrids of the chlorpyrifos-resistant strain, which were similar to the susceptible strain. Native gel electrophoresis of cytosolic preparations provided further evidence for differences in the pattern of hydrolytic enzymes and inheritance of resistance in the two strains. Analysis of components of the cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase system and activities toward model substrates indicate that the two resistance mechanisms also involve different oxidative processes. The propoxur-resistant strain displayed significantly higher levels of total cytochrome P450, but no other components were correlated with resistance. In contrast with the chlopyrifos-resistant strain, which was similar to the susceptible strain in all parameters measured, activity toward model substrates was higher in the propoxur-resistant strain than in any of the other strains and hybrids tested.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗