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PubMed2003

B.F. Skinner and the auditory inkblot: The rise and fall of the verbal summator as a projective technique.

Behaviorist B.F. Skinner is not typically associated with the fields of personality assessment or projective testing. However, early in his career Skinner developed an instrument he named the verbal summator, which, at one point, he referred to as a device for "snaring out complexes," much like an auditory analogue of the Rorschach inkblots. Skinner's interest in the projective potential of his technique was relatively short lived, but whereas he used the verbal summator to generate experimental data for his theory of verbal behavior, several other clinicians and researchers exploited this potential and adapted the verbal summator technique for both research and applied purposes. The idea of an auditory inkblot struck many as a useful innovation, and the verbal summator spawned the tautophone test, the auditory apperception test, and the Azzageddi test, among others. This article traces the origin, development, and eventual demise of the verbal summator as an auditory projective technique.

Equipment and Supplies↗
PubMed2006

Use of pseudo-sample extraction and the projection technique to estimate the chemical rank of three-way data arrays.

Determining the rank of a trilinear data array is a first step in subsequent trilinear component decomposition. Different from estimating the rank of bilinear data, it is more difficult to decide the significant number of component to fit the trilinear decompositions exactly. General methods of rank estimation utilize the information contained in the singular values but ignore information from eigenvectors. In this paper, a rank estimating method specifically for trilinear data arrays is proposed. It uses the idea of direct trilinear decomposition (DTLD) to compress the cube matrix into two pseudo sample matrices which are then decomposed by singular value decomposition. Two eigenvectors combined with the projection technique are used to estimate the rank of trilinear data arrays. Simulated trilinear data arrays with homoscedastic and heteroscedastic noise, different noise levels, high collinearity, and real three-way data arrays have been used to illustrate the feasibility of the proposed method. Compared with other factor-determining methods, for example use of the factor indication function (IND), residual percentage variance (RPV), and the two-mode subspace comparison approach (TMSC), the results showed that the new method can give more reliable answers under the different conditions applied.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1977

Vision with isoluminant colour contrast: 1.A projection technique and observations.

An optical technique is described for projecting two-colour pictures with controlled brightness contrast, which may be set to zero-at isoluminance. Colour registration is maintained without adjustment or special setting up. It is suggested that colour-and brightness-contour registration in the visual channel is a problem which may be solved neurally be master brightness signals locking slave colour signals. The projection apparatus allows the supposed master brightness signals to be removed-at isoluminance-when contour disturbances should occur. Observation of this kind are reported.

Color Perception↗