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PubMedDate not supplied

A comprehensive cardiovascular waveform analysis program for IBM-compatible personal computers.

Computerized cardiovascular waveform processing has become a necessary and fundamental tool in the analysis of physiologic data. The availability of numerous commercial data-analysis programs has significantly enhanced the efficiency of waveform analysis. Many such programs come with their own programming language, which enables the researcher to create an application program suited to a specific series of calculations. Once written, an application program can significantly increase the efficiency with which data from a specific experiment can be analyzed. However, creating or modifying a program for each new experimental protocol can be time-consuming, especially in the error-detection and verification stages. Single-purpose programs also prove somewhat inflexible to unexpected changes in experimental formats. These problems suggested the need for a more flexible program, but one that is nevertheless specifically suited to the analysis of cardiovascular signals. This need led to the development of a program designed in collaboration with surgeons and physiologists. This program addresses some important analysis problems in cardiovascular research, and allows the user to survey and manipulate cardiovascular waveforms in an intuitive and spontaneous manner.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1989

[The physician and the computer. 22. Programming in the Prolog language].

A modern tool of interaction with the computer is the programming language Prolog. The authors discuss its position among other languages, emphasize its different character (declarative programming). They outline basic structures of Prolog and its type of function. They also give examples of creating data bases of patients and the possibility to use this language in the creation of expert systems in medicine.

Medical Informatics↗
PubMed1984

A comparison of LISP and MUMPS as implementation languages for knowledge-based systems.

Major components of knowledge-based systems are summarized, along with the programming language features generally useful in their implementation. LISP and MUMPS are briefly described and compared as vehicles for building knowledge-based systems. The paper concludes with suggestions for extensions to MUMPS that might increase its usefulness in artificial intelligence applications without affecting the essential nature of the language.

Computers↗
PubMed1991

Biological assays for irritant, tumor-initiating and -promoting activities. III. Computer-assisted management and validation of biodata generated by standardized initiation/promotion protocols in skin of mice.

The initiation/promotion standard protocol 28 (protocol 28), developed and used previously as an experimental model to verify the cancerogenic process of initiation/promotion in mouse skin, was revised in three aspects: (a) statistically it was shown sufficient to use, per promoter dose group, 16 colony-outbred female NMRI mice: (b) by weekly individual records of tumor response (and health status) of each mouse in a dose group, cumulative tumor incidences (and mean and extreme body weights) are determined; from these data the collective records (tumor response, health status), the only data accessible from protocol 28, may be generated in addition; (c) the details of dose groups and all data on tumor response and health status are processed by computer using the program package PAPILLOM. The latter was developed specifically for this purpose, is written in the programming language APL and designed for easy handling by staff of animal laboratories. The program package calculates, from the individual records per promoter dose group, cumulative tumor incidences (and survival data) with confidence limits for any one exposure time, and the package may be linked to programs for statistical validations. In addition, from the collective records it calculates the tumor rates, tumor yields and survival rates for any one exposure time. These data, obtained by either of the standard protocols (16 or 28), are fully comparable. For pure compounds they may be used to calculate semiquantitative tumor-promoting potencies. These values for more than 80 polyfunctional diterpenes of the tigliane, ingenane and daphnane type, scattered in or calculated from previous papers, together with their irritancies, were compiled. Within recent years, computer-assisted standard protocol 16 has been used to handle and evaluate about 1000 promoter dose groups. Protocol 16 allows one to extract and utilize more and better toxicological information on tumor response and health status from any one dose group, utilizing significantly fewer experimental animals than required by protocol 28. Thus, the computer-assisted standard protocol 16 optimizes the utility of the experimental model of mouse skin for the amount, quality and management of experimental data as well as for the requirements of animal protection.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Programmed instruction.

This report presents a description of the principles of programmed instruction and an explanation of all major components of a program. No attempt is made to review or critique all available speech and language programs, but certain programs are discussed in some detail in order to illustrate adequate application of programming principles.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1985

The facilitative effects of incidental teaching on preposition use by autistic children.

In a comparison of incidental teaching and traditional training procedures, three language-delayed autistic children were taught expressive use of prepositions to describe the location of preferred edibles and toys. Traditional highly structured training and incidental teaching procedures were used in a classroom setting, and generalization was assessed during free-play sessions. Results clearly indicate that incidental teaching promoted greater generalization and more spontaneous use of prepositions. These findings have important implications for language programming and teacher training, suggesting that incidental teaching should be included as a standard component of language development curricula for autistic and other developmentally delayed children.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1977

An interactive program on the PDP-11 for computing organ blood flow from data obtained using the radioactive microsphere technique.

An interactive, BASIC-PLUS language program is described for computation of various parameters of blood flow in research animals from data obtained using the radioactive microsphere technique. This program used in conjunction with the PDP-11 computer gives the following output for a variable number of organs studied simultaneously: (1) descriptive statistics on counts per minute; (2) total blood flow to an organ; (3) blood flow to an organ per unit weight; (4) resistance to flow in that organ; (5) total systemic arterial resistance; (6) cardiac output; and (7) percent of cardiac output distributed to each organ. Further, separate outputs can be generated when a series of different isotopes are used in the same animal to study different experimental conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Modifying the verbal expression of a child with autistic behaviors.

The Bell and Howell Language Master was used in conjunction with the Monterey Language Program to modify the verbal expression of a nine-year-old boy with autistic behaviors. The goal was to train the child to correctly name up to 10 pictures presented individually. Two training modes were used. For one, the therapist spoke at the time (live voice). For the other, she presented a tape recording of her voice via a Language Master. The results suggested that the child's responses to the Language Master were as good as, if not better than, his responses to the live-voice presentations. In addition, observation indicated that he responded more readily to the Language Master presentations. His spontaneous speech was also noted by independent observers to improve in his classroom and in his home. Possible reasons for the improvement in verbal expression are considered.

Auditory Perception↗
PubMed1979

Software development of the EMI head scanner.

A method has been developed to run the general purpose operating system RDOS on the same disc of the head scanner computer as is used for scanner software and data. This made it possible to develop additional software in high level programming language for image processing, based on original image data on the disc. All new images produced by the program are stored on the disc in the same format as the original images. This makes it possible to handle processed images exactly as the original ones and to do multiple operations. The following processing has been included in the program so far: subtraction, smoothing, density profiles, vertical reconstructions, magnification and labelling. A set of operator commands has been developed which are very similar to the ordinary commands for the scanner, which makes the program to appear being a direct extension of the standard scanner software.

Computers↗
PubMed1975

[Ultrasound in obstetrics. Marking sheets, documentation, programming of summative data. Translation of code into full text (author's transl)].

Report on system of documentation and electronic data analysis of results of ultrasound examinations as used for 5 years at the obstetric department of Bonn University. Special marking sheets were used for primary data collection. Storage and analysis were handled with the author's own programming language SEQAS (Voigt, 1971). The system has worked well. 4 types of sheets used for coding are shown and program examples given.

Computers↗
PubMed1992

Software for analysis and manipulation of genetic linkage data.

We present eight computer programs written in the C programming language that are designed to analyze genotypic data and to support existing software used to construct genetic linkage maps. Although each program has a unique purpose, they all share the common goals of affording a greater understanding of genetic linkage data and of automating tasks to make computers more effective tools for map building. The PIC/HET and FAMINFO programs automate calculation of relevant quantities such as heterozygosity, PIC, allele frequencies, and informativeness of markers and pedigrees. PREINPUT simplifies data submissions to the Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH) data base by creating a file with genotype assignments that CEPH's INPUT program would otherwise require to be input manually. INHERIT is a program written specifically for mapping the X chromosome: by assigning a dummy allele to males, in the nonpseudoautosomal region, it eliminates falsely perceived noninheritances in the data set. The remaining four programs complement the previously published genetic linkage mapping software CRI-MAP and LINKAGE. TWOTABLE produces a more readable format for the output of CRI-MAP two-point calculations; UNMERGE is the converse to CRI-MAP's merge option; and GENLINK and LINKGEN automatically convert between the genotypic data file formats required by these packages. All eight applications read input from the same types of data files that are used by CRI-MAP and LINKAGE. Their use has simplified the management of data, has increased knowledge of the content of information in pedigrees, and has reduced the amount of time needed to construct genetic linkage maps of chromosomes.

Alleles↗
PubMed1989

A programmable system for acquisition and reduction of respiratory physiological data.

A portable software package (TIDAL--Tools for Intelligent Data Acquisition in the Laboratory) for acquiring and analyzing respiratory physiological data is described. TIDAL supports flow-, volume-, and concentration-measuring devices, and any other instruments that produce linear analog outputs. The system allows users to specify the names and types of channels to be sampled, and the calculations involved in reducing samples to breath-to-breath values. The specification of channels and calculations is given in EDL, an Experiment Description Language designed for respiratory physiology. EDL comprises a set of internal functions (primitives) which can be combined into arbitrarily complex expressions. To simplify EDL programming, TIDAL includes a macro processor and a standard macro library; the library contains definitions for a wide variety of respiratory variables. Examples are inspiratory and expiratory times and total volumes, mean inspired and expired gas volumes and concentrations, and end-tidal concentrations. Variables that are derived from these primary data, such as respiratory quotient, are also easily specified. TIDAL is written entirely in the C programming language, with special attention to portable coding practices. The code is organized in a modular structure that eases porting to multiple hardware/compiler/operating system environments.

Expert Systems↗
PubMed1984

A probit analysis program for the personal computer.

Application software for economical and convenient calculation of median effective doses, confidence limits, potency ratios and slopes of quantal dose-response curves using a microcomputer is presented. The PASCAL language program is stored on diskette and it is compatible with many commercially available microcomputer systems. The program will simultaneously calculate the parameters for up to 20 different treatments and a total of 100 doses. Comparisons between the results of calculations of the LD50 of thiopental in mice using the PASCAL program, a modem-accessed commercially available probit analysis program and three, widely accepted manual calculation methods are made. The results of calculations of parallelism and the potency ratio between thiopental and phenobarbital-induced death in mice are shown.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Interactive control of graphic output devices.

A software package for the support of graphic output was developed. The main feature is the capability to draw graphs in a Cartesian coordinate system. With up to 60 variable parameters, it is problematic to change them interactively. Classical program languages do not support interaction. Subroutines for various kinds of input had to be written. Most important are other subroutines for reading, writing or erasing datasets at runtime, the name of which need not be known before starting a program. According to the problems, different appropriate methods of dialogue were used: the simple sequential dialoque, command languages and, for more complex input, a syntax analyser. The resulting dialogue is very simple and self-explanatory. The users need not have previous experience with computers; the package was accepted quickly and is now in extensive use.

Computers↗
PubMed1982

Computer programs for the analysis and the management of DNA sequences.

A program package is described for the management and the analysis of DNA sequence data. The programs - with the exception of a few Fortran routines - are written in the programming language APL. They are best used interactively although batch processing is possible. The package has been in constant use for about 3 years and contains programs for most of the routine problems presently found in a DNA sequencing laboratory.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1984

Languages, DBMSs, and expert systems. Software for nurse decision making.

This article sheds some light on the task of selecting software for decision making by nurse administrators. The basics of software are described, defining and distinguishing software, firmware, programs, languages, and systems (including database management and expert systems). A discussion of evolving trends and a short discussion of how to go about selecting software systems to meet your needs are included.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMed1991

NOTIS: an operating theatre information system.

Solutions to straightforward resource management problems need not always involve the use of complex, specialised and expensive software solutions. Commercially available 'off the shelf' packages have increased in flexibility and ease of use, and are usually an order of magnitude cheaper than their custom designed counterparts. In response to a request for a low cost database suitable to be used on a stand-alone microcomputer system, the widely available integrated software package Smart was used. The program specification required quantification and analysis of the workload in a medium sized operating theatre suite (at 6,000 cases/year) to be undertaken. In addition to providing Database, Spreadsheet and Wordprocessor modules, each with rapid and easy exchange of data from one module to another, Smart incorporates its own programming language. This may be used to build up complex series of instructions for data manipulation, to generate menus and create a naive user front end to the finished program. Although an adequate knowledge of database construction and basic programming are necessary, professional programming skills are not required. NOTIS, the Newham Operating Theatre Information System, is a menu driven program designed to be used by clerical staff, and accepting patient data derived from within the operating theatre. At the end of each month a set of predetermined reports are produced. These reports are designed to provide information on the workload, case type and medical personnel involvement applicable to theatre managers, anaesthetists and surgical staff.

Information Systems↗
PubMed1991

VTM--an image-processing system for measuring ocular torsion.

This paper reports a new, fast, accurate realization of an image-processing method of measuring ocular torsion (rotation of the eyeball around the visual axis) called Video Torsion Measurement (VTM). The method is to cross-correlate the two grey-level distributions of an arc of the iris from two separate images using a fast image processor card interfaced to an IBM-AT compatible computer. The card (Matrox MVP-AT) is supplied with a library of low-level functions for controlling the hardware operations of the board and the VTM system software, which is written in the C programming language, incorporates these low-level functions to interface with the MVP-AT board as well as carrying out the data-acquisition and processing algorithms. These programs: acquire an image of an iris illuminated by a single infrared (IR) light source; threshold this image in order to identify the pupil; calculate the pupil area and locate the centre of the pupil using a centre-of-gravity algorithm; record the grey-level distribution along an arc 256 pixels long at a selected radius from the pupil centre; carry out an FFT on this (interpolated) grey level distribution; store the parameters of this reference FFT and cross-correlate the comparable iral grey-level distribution from other test images of the same eye in order to determine the amount of torsional rotation of the test images relative to the reference image. This system is interactive and is designed for operation in a clinical testing situation with a minimum of operator intervention. The VTM system has a resolution of the order of 0.1 deg depending on the arc radius used and it has been validated in two ways: by using it to measure known torsional rotations of an artificial iris-like pattern and also by direct simultaneous comparison of measures on the same human iris images from VTM and those from the standard 35 mm photographic procedure of measuring torsion.

Eye Movements↗