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Results for “Proactive Inhibition”

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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Adjusting to changes in the time of reinforcement: peak-interval transitions in rats.

Thirty rats received training on a peak-interval procedure, where a baseline with a 20-s time of reinforcement was interspersed among cyclic transitions to other reinforcement time values (10, 20, 30, or 40 s), each of which was either in force for only a single session or for 3 sessions. Peak times were close to the time of reinforcement on the 20-s baseline and tracked the new reinforcement times both closely (but not exactly) and very rapidly. Peak time during transitions was affected by the criterion value in force on the previous session, exhibiting a proactive interference effect. Analysis of individual peak times during a session showed that transitions from lower to higher reinforcement time values were usually characterized by abrupt jumps in peak time, whereas descending transitions were mostly smooth but rapid.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Interference in spatial memory.

Four experiments examined interference in human spatial memory. The first two tested for retroactive interference by varying the similarity between the interpolated task and the task that was learned originally. Retroactive interference was observed during relearning of a radial stylus maze and during relearning of the locations of pairs of playing cards in a concentration game. In the third and fourth experiments, proactive interference was tested during the relearning of the locations of pairs in a concentration game. Some proactive interference was observed when the number of proactive games was varied (Experiment 3), and substantial proactive interference was found when the similarity between the proactive and target tasks was the independent variable (Experiment 4). Although extensive evidence indicates that spatial memory differs from other types of memory, spatial memory is subject to interference effects, as are verbal memory, motor memory, visual discriminative memory in animals, and animal spatial memory.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Working-memory capacity, proactive interference, and divided attention: limits on long-term memory retrieval.

Two experiments examined how individual differences in working-memory capacity (WM) relate to proactive interference (PI) susceptibility. We tested high and low WM-span participants in a PI-buildup task under single-task or dual-task ("load") conditions. In Experiment 1, a finger-tapping task was imposed during encoding and retrieval of each list; in Experiment 2, tapping was required during encoding or retrieval. In both experiments, low spans showed greater PI than did high spans under no load, but groups showed equivalent PI under divided attention. Load increased PI only for high spans, suggesting they use attention at encoding and retrieval to combat PI. In Experiment 2, only low spans showed a dual-task cost on List 1 memory, before PI built up. Results indicate a role for attentional processing, perhaps inhibitory in nature, at encoding and retrieval, and are discussed with respect to theories of WM and prefrontal cortex function.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Comparisons between forms of amnesia: some deficits are unique to Korsakoff's syndrome.

Certain features of abnormal memory, which have figured prominently in theoretical treatments of the amnesic syndrome, were assessed in patients with Korsakoff's syndrome, in Case N.A., and in patients receiving electroconvulsive therapy. Patients with Korsakoff's syndrome differed from the other patients by (a) failing to exhibit release from proactive interference, and (b) being disproportionately impaired in the ability to make judgments about the temporal order of recent events. These deficits appear to be related to frontal lobe damage and are superimposed on a more basic memory disorder. Theories of amnesia should be founded on the basic memory disorder and not on deficits such as these, which have no obligatory relationship to amnesia. Dissociations between aspects of memory, revealed by the study of amnesia, can also shed light on the organization of memory in the brain.

Alcohol Amnestic Disorder↗
PubMed1987

Impairment of spontaneous alternation behavior in sequential test procedures following mammillary body lesions in mice: evidence for time-dependent interference-related memory deficits.

The experiments reported here examined the effects of either radio frequency or kainic acid lesions of the median mammillary nucleus (MM) on spatial spontaneous alternation (SA) in mice. Animals were tested in a T-maze with sessions of six to nine successive trials given at varying intertrial intervals (ITIs). In the first experiment, conducted with an ITI of 30 s, damaged animals exhibited normal rates of SA on the second trial of the session but were progressively impaired on subsequent trials compared with controls. This finding was interpreted as an increased vulnerability to proactive interference. The second experiment was designed to investigate the effect of the ITI, and the results indicated that the previously observed impairment was completely suppressed by reducing the ITI from 30 s to 5 s. In order to further test our interference hypothesis, a third experiment was designed to investigate whether providing the animals with an extrinsic cue on one trial (5th) would increase the rate of SA on the subsequent (6th) trial (release from interference). Unexpectedly, results from this experiment showed that performance dramatically improved as soon as the cue was provided (i.e., on the 5th trial). These results are discussed in relation to a possible role of the mammillary bodies in memory processes. Specifically, it is suggested that as for Korsakoff patients, MM damaged mice suffer from an impaired ability to make temporal order judgments. Thus changing the context serves to help the animal actively reconstruct the sequence of past events.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Cognitive impairment following frontal lobe damage and its relevance to human amnesia.

Whether frontal lobe pathology can account for some of the cognitive impairment observed in amnesic patients with Korsakoff's syndrome was investigated. Various cognitive and memory tests were given to patients with circumscribed frontal lobe lesions, patients with Korsakoff's syndrome, non-Korsakoff amnesic patients, and control Ss. Patients with frontal lobe lesions were not amnesic. Nevertheless they exhibited 2 deficits that were also exhibited by patients with Korsakoff's syndrome but not by other amnesic patients: (a) impairment on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and (b) impairment on the Initiation and Preservation subscale of the Dementia Rating Scale. Thus, frontal lobe pathology can explain some of the cognitive deficits observed in patients with Korsakoff's syndrome.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Proactive interference effects on short-term memory in rats: I. Basic parameters and drug effects.

An operant delayed-matching task was used to assess the role of proactive interference (PI) effects on short-term memory capacity of rats. Task performance was analyzed in terms of the influence of the sample positions and response choices on previous trials. PI was predominantly attributable to the influence of the immediately previous trial but not preceding trials and was abolished by increasing the intertrial intervals from 5 to 15 s. Nicotine induced a decline in choice accuracy only on trials in which the previous response had been to the side opposite the current sample and correct response, suggesting an increased susceptibility to PI. Physostigmine induced a mild, relatively nonspecific decline in response accuracy. Clonidine induced delay-dependent impairments irrespective of responses on previous trials. None of these drugs enhanced choice accuracy at any dose tested.

Aging↗
PubMed1990

Proactive interference effects on short-term memory in rats: II. Effects in young and aged rats.

Whether the short-term memory impairments of aged rats in an operant delayed-matching task is attributable to increased susceptibility to proactive interference (PI) was tested. Groups of young and aged rats were trained on the task, and the previously reported delay-dependent deficit of aged rats was replicated. The aged rats showed a significantly greater decline in performance on previous-response-opposite trials compared with previous-response-same trials than did young rats, when tested over the same range of delay intervals, suggesting a higher sensitivity to PI. However, this effect was established against a higher overall baseline performance of the young animals on both types of trial. When the young and aged animals were equated for performance on previous-response-same trials (by increasing the range of delay intervals used for testing the young animals), the interaction effect was abolished. Thus, the delay-dependent deficits of aged rats are independent of their sensitivity to PI.

Aging↗
PubMed1994

Forgetting in rats following medial septum or mammillary body damage.

This study examined the effects of medial septal (MS) and mammillary body (MB) radio-frequency lesions in an automated delayed-matching-to-sample (DMTS) procedure using lever-position stimuli and rats. Memory performance pre- and postsurgery was assessed with a negative exponential decay function fitted to bias-free measures of recognition. Part 1 showed that MS, but not MB or sham-control surgery, impaired DMTS performance. This impairment in the MS group was best characterized as an increase in the rate of forgetting. Part 2 examined the interaction between MS and MB lesion effects and proactive interference arising from responses made on the previous DMTS trial. The results indicated that proactive interference effects were similar for all groups. These results provide further support for the critical role of the MS region in memory function but indicate that damage to this brain region does not disrupt memory function through a heightened sensitivity to proactive interference.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Exposure to inescapable stress persistently facilitates associative and nonassociative learning in rats.

The present study examined the proactive effects of inescapable stress on aversive Pavlovian conditioning. Stressed rats were restrained and exposed to 90 1-mA tailshocks. Twenty-four hours later, all rats were exposed to 10 conditioned stimuli (CS; 350 ms of white noise at 85 dB). Rats then received either paired training in which the CS coterminated with a 100-ms, 0.7-mA periorbital shock or the same stimuli presented in an explicitly unpaired fashion. After the unpaired exposures, these rats were also exposed to paired training. Previously stressed rats exhibited persistent sensitization to the white-noise stimulus. Stressed rats exposed to unpaired stimuli, and no longer exhibiting a sensitized response, acquired the eyeblink conditioned response at a facilitated rate when these stimuli were presented in a paired fashion. These results also demonstrate that the effect of stress on classical conditioning is long-lasting, in excess of 48 hr.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1997

A stitch in time: self-regulation and proactive coping.

In a conceptual and temporal framework, derived from research on social cognition, social interaction, and stress and coping, the authors analyze the processes through which people anticipate or detect potential stressors and act in advance to prevent them or to mute their impact (proactive coping). The framework specifies five stages in proactive coping: (1) resource accumulation, (2) recognition of potential stressors, (3) initial appraisal, (4) preliminary coping efforts, and (5) elicitation and use of feedback concerning initial efforts. The authors detail the role of individual differences skills, and resources at each stage. They highlight the unique predictions afforded by a focus on proactive coping and the importance of understanding how people avoid and offset potential stressors.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

Local proactive interference in delayed matching to sample: the role of reinforcement.

Discriminability in delayed matching to sample was lower when the samples on consecutive trials differed compared with when samples on consecutive trials were the same. This local proactive interference occurred when correct choices on the previous trial were reinforced but not when correct choices on the previous trial were not reinforced. When the choice on the previous trial was incorrect, discriminability was higher on different consecutive trials than on same trials. These effects were amplified by varying the ratio of reinforcers for correct choices, as predicted by a model that attributes local proactive interference to an interaction between control by the sample on the current trial and the influence of reinforcers for correct choices on previous trials.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Simple predictions fueled by capacity limitations: when are they successful?

Counterintuitively, Y. Kareev, I. Lieberman, and M. Lev (1997) found that a lower short-term memory capacity benefits performance on a correlation detection task. They assumed that people with low short-term memory capacity (low spans) perceived the correlations as more extreme because they relied on smaller samples, which are known to exaggerate correlations. The authors consider, as an alternative hypothesis, that low spans do not perceive exaggerated correlations but make simpler predictions. Modeling both hypotheses in ACT-R demonstrates that simpler predictions impair performance if the environment changes, whereas a more exaggerated perception of correlation is advantageous to detect a change. Congruent with differences in the way participants make predictions, 2 experiments revealed a low capacity advantage before the environment changes but a high capacity advantage afterward, although this pattern of results surprisingly only existed for men.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Blockade of central cholinergic receptors impairs new learning and increases proactive interference in a word paired-associate memory task.

Experimental data and computational models suggest that blockade of muscarinic cholinergic receptors impairs paired-associate learning and increases proactive interference (E. DeRosa & M. E. Hasselmo, 2000; M. E. Hasselmo & J. M. Bower, 1993). The results presented here provide evidence in humans supporting these hypotheses. Young healthy subjects first learned baseline word pairs (A-B) and, after a delay, learned additional overlapping (A-C) and nonoverlapping (D-E) word pairs. As predicted, when compared with subjects who received the active placebo glycopyrrolate (4 microg/kg) and subjects who were not injected, those who received scopolamine (8 microg/kg) showed (a) overall impairment in new word paired-associate learning, but no impairment in cued recall of previously learned associates; and (b) greater impairment in learning overlapping (A-C) compared with nonoverlapping (D-E) paired associates.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Enhanced release from proactive interference in nonamnesic alcoholic individuals: implications for impaired associative binding.

Proactive interference (PI) occurs when previously learned information reduces the ability to acquire new, related information. Given that PI is modulated by the cholinergic system in rats (E. De Rosa & M. E. Hasselmo, 2000) and that chronic alcohol dependence disrupts cholinergic function in rats and humans, associative properties of PI in patients with alcoholism were examined. It was hypothesized that normal PI contingencies would be disrupted in alcoholic participants. When tested with a paired-associate simultaneous discrimination paradigm, analogous to that used in the rat model, alcoholic participants showed significantly less PI than controls yet performed comparably on a control response reversal task. The absence of PI in alcoholic participants may reflect impaired configural binding of paired-associate stimuli while sparing the elemental ability to process each stimulus component.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed2006

Individual differences in executive processing predict susceptibility to interference in verbal working memory.

Recent theories have suggested that resistance to interference is a unifying principle of executive function and that individual differences in interference may be explained by executive function (M. J. Kane & R. W. Engle, 2002). Measures of executive function, memory, and perceptual speed were obtained from 121 older adults (ages 63-82). We used structural equation modeling to investigate the relationships of these constructs with interference in a working memory task. Executive function was best described as two related subcomponent processes: shifting and updating goal-relevant representations and inhibition of proactive interference. These subcomponents were distinct from verbal and visual memory and speed. Individual differences in interference susceptibility and recollection were best predicted by shifting and updating and by resistance to proactive interference, and variability in familiarity was predicted by resistance to proactive interference and speed.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Spiders crawl easily through the bottleneck: visual working memory for negative stimuli.

The special status of spiders in the attentional bottleneck and visual working memory (VWM) was studied. 23 spider-fearfuls (SF) and 23 non-anxious controls (NACs) participated in a serial VWM-task. Each trial showed a 4 x 4 matrix of images and 5 of these were subsequently cued for 150 ms each. Afterwards, one of the 16 displayed images was hidden and probed. The spider image was included in the string of 5 cued images, among the 11 uncued items, or not at all. For both groups, memory was better for cued spiders than for other cued items. SFs also showed improved memory for uncued spiders. The relevance of the results for theories of attention and cognitive models of phobias are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

An emotion-induced attentional blink elicited by aversively conditioned stimuli.

The current study examines whether aversively conditioned stimuli can modulate attention to such a degree that they impair the perception of subsequently presented nonemotional targets. In the initial phase of this study, participants viewed 3 categories of photographs, 1 of which was paired with an aversive noise. Following conditioning, participants searched for a target embedded within a series of 17 rapidly presented images on each trial. Critically, a conditioned or unconditioned item from the initial phase appeared 200 ms or 800 ms before the target. At 200-ms lags but not 800-ms lags, the conditioned images impaired target detection relative to the other distractors. Thus, temporary visual deficits can be induced by otherwise neutral distractors whose aversive associations have only recently been learned.

Acoustic Stimulation↗