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PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of detection methods for the reversed-phase HPLC determination of 3',4',5'-trimethoxyflavone in different phytopharmaceutical products and in human serum.

Quantitative determination of the major compound, 3',4',5'-trimethoxyflavone (1), in plant extracts, in tablets of Flos and of Radix Primulae veris and in human serum has been accomplished using reversed-phase HPLC with UV, fluorescence and mass spectrometric (MS) detection. Compared to UV detection, fluorescence detection showed greater selectivity, was 10-fold more sensitive and allowed the determination of 1 in human serum after sample pre-treatment by solid-phase extraction. MS detection of 1 using electrospray ionisation (ESI) interface could be improved by substituting trifluoroacetic acid with the more polar and less conductive additive acetic acid, giving rise to a 230-fold improvement in analyte detectability at the cost of an increase of only 45% in the peak width of the eluting peak at its half height. Further optimisation of the acetic acid concentration showed the highest signal intensity at 1.25% for HPLC-atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI)-MS and at 0.75% for HPLC-ESI-MS. The optimised MS method proved to be extremely selective, 50 times more sensitive than UV detection and 5 times more sensitive than fluorescence detection. Furthermore, fragment-ion spectra produced by collision induced dissociation-MS have been used as "fingerprints" for identifying compounds in the highly complex mixtures examine.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1979

The sensitizing capacity of naturally occurring quinones. Experimental studies in guinea pigs. II. Benzoquinones.

Experimental studies on the sensitizing capacity of naturally occurring benzoquinones, isolated from plants and woods have been carried out in guinea pigs of the Pirbright white strain. Seven compounds were available: primin, three dalbergiones, mansonia quinone (mansonone A), 2,6-dimethoxybenzoquinone and rapanone. With five of these substances (primin, mansonone A, three dalbergiones) guinea pigs could be sensitized. Primin, the allergen of Primula obconica Hance (primrose) proved to be the most effective one of all quinones tested in this and the preceding studies. As a similar but weaker sensitizer R-3, 4-dimethoxydalbergione from Machaerium scleroxylon Tul. (Pao ferro, Caviuna vermelha) could be identified. The results obtained with mansonone A, a sesquiterpenoid quinone from Mansonia altissima A. Chev. demonstrate that even naturally occurring orthoquinones are capable of inducing contact allergy. Allergic cross reactions could be obtained between all chemically related mansonones A-F. The results are in good accordance with the view that the sensitizing capacity of naturally occurring quinones depends on the fundamental quinoid structure and the length, position and configuration of the aliphatic side-chain.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Anxiolytic properties of botanical extracts in the chick social separation-stress procedure.

RATIONALE: The recent growth in sales of natural products labeled as dietary supplements in the United States has renewed scientific interest in the study of the therapeutic effects of multi-component botanical products. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to determine whether botanical extracts derived from the Rutaceae family, Acori graminei, the Magnoliaceae family, Alchemilla vulgaris and Primula veris, which had previously been identified in bioassays as having potential anxiolytic activity, were active in the chick social separation-stress procedure. METHODS: Eight-day-old chicks received IP injections of test articles 30 min before being tested in the presence of two social companions or in isolation for a 3-min observation period. Dependent measures were: a) latency to adopt a ventral recumbent posture to index sedation, b) number of vocalizations to index separation-distress and c) a composite pain score (comprised of footlift frequency and footlift duration in response to 50 microl of 0.10% formalin injected into the plantar surface of the foot) to index stress-induced analgesia. RESULTS: Proprietal extracts NPS00033 from the Rutaceae plant family and NPS00039 (Relora) from the Magnoliaceae plant family screened positive in this chick model without causing sedation. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that botanical extracts Relora and NPS00033 may be useful in modulating anxiety states.

Analgesia↗
PubMed2006

Antimicrobial activity of some endemic plants growing in the Eastern Black Sea Region, Turkey.

The Eastern Black Sea Region has an extensive flora because of ample rainfall lasting all year. In this study, antimicrobial effects of 74 crude extracts of 22 endemic plants were investigated. Among the 30 active crude extracts, water-insoluble crude extracts from Betula medwediewii, Heracleum platytaenium, Primula longipes, Anthemis cretica ssp. argaea and Centaurea helenioides were the prominent ones with their MIC values.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2004

Identification of unusual fatty acids of four alpine plant species from the Pamirs.

Fatty acid composition and structure in total lipids from the green above-ground parts of four alpine plants, Oxygraphis glacialis, Primula macrophylla, Rhodiola pamiroalaica, and Swertia marginata, were established by GC and GC-MS. A total of 55 fatty acids was detected, and 48 of them were identified. Ubiquitous palmitate, linoleate, and linolenate predominated in the lipids accounting for about 72-90% of the total fatty acids. At the same time, the latter contained numerous species, which were unusual for higher plants and included saturated odd-numbered n-acids (six C15-C25 species, 0.26-1.40%), saturated even-numbered very-long-chain n-acids (six C20-C30 species, 1.00-2.49%), iso-acids (nine C15-C26 species, 0.64-1.53%), anteiso-acids (four C15-C20 species, 0.08-1.57%), certain uncommon mono- and dienoic acids, as well as 16:3omega3, 18:3omega6, and 18:4omega3 acids that are absent from the most higher plants. Nine fatty acids were found here for the first time in higher plants and two may be new to science. The evidence on the unusual fatty acids is discussed with respect to their distribution in living organisms, pathways of biosynthesis, and chemotaxonomic role.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1999

Induction of steroidal hydroxylase activity by plant defence compounds in the filamentous fungus Cochliobolus lunatus

We investigated the hypothesis that the endogenous role of the commercially important inducible steroid hydroxylase cytochrome P450s of fungi was in defense against plant toxophores/secondary metabolites. Two plant defense compounds, the aglycones tomatidine and solanidine, the steroidal glycoalkaloid alpha-tomatine and the triterpene saponin beta-escin were tested as inducers of 11beta/14alpha-steroid hydroxylase in the filamentous fungus Cochliobolus lunatus. The extracts of saponins from the roots of Primula veris and green oat leaves were also tested as inducers of 11beta/14alpha-hydroxylation activity in progesterone biotransformation with the same fungus. Induction of steroid hydroxylase and inhibition of activity in some cases support our hypothesis that their endogenous function is in biochemical defence against secondary metabolites. 4-Pregnene-3,11,20-trione was added as a substrate for biotransformation with C. lunatus. We isolated from culture broth 14alpha-hydroxy-4-pregnene-3,11,20-trione, and the hitherto unreported compounds, 7alpha,14alpha-dihydroxy-4-pregnene-3,11,20-trione and 7alpha-hydroxy-pregna-4,8(14)-diene-3,11,20-trione.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Evaluation of modulations in heart rate variability caused by a composition of herbal extracts.

The purpose of this prospective, placebo-controlled, randomized double-blind study was the examination of changes of the basic vegetative rhythms due to Cardiodoron, a composition of extracts of blossoms from Primula officinalis and Onopordon acanthium and from the herbs of Hyoscyamus niger. In its clinical use it is known as a modulating medicine in the treatment of functional disturbances of the cardiovascular system. With use of Holter monitoring, 24-h ECG recordings were obtained from 100 healthy subjects of whom 50 took the composition and 50 a placebo. Heart rate variability was evaluated from the 24-h ECGs by means of a power spectral analysis based on the Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT). Regulative influences on the rhythmic system due to the medicine were found. After four weeks of medication half of the verum group showed a tendency to an increased variability in the low and high frequency range at night (LFn: 0.04-0.15 Hz, HFn: 0.15-0.4 Hz) in contrast to the placebo group. The mean heart rate at night (HRn) showed a tendency towards a normalization in the verum group: in subjects with a low HRn the heart rate was increased and in subjects with a high HRn the heart rate was decreased. This effect could not be observed in the placebo group. After two further weeks without any medication this difference between verum and placebo was abolished.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Profiles in genetics: George Wells Beadle and the origins of the gene-enzyme concept.

Beadle's success in establishing biochemical genetics on a firm foundation was due to a combination of several circumstances. These include the following: 1. Apt timing of his work, which Garrod's work clearly lacked, was important. Geneticists were receptive to his ideas and conclusions. As Beadle (1967, 1974) himself acknowledged, much ground was prepared earlier by Garrod and Haldane, who discussed gene action in terms of biochemical reactions, although it was largely ignored. The physiology of gene action was discussed and speculated on to a great extent in the preceding years by Bridges, Goldschmidt, Muller, and Wright. 2. Beadle's selection of Neurospora was most appropriate. It was a haploid organism (with no complications of dominance and recessivity) that could be grown and manipulated easily for isolating mutants to study their segregation and recombination within a short time. Its cytogenetics and the method of growing on chemically defined media were already worked out. It was devoid of the long generation time and more complex sex cycle (among other problems) that complicated the biochemical study of higher plants (e.g., Primula), which Haldane and Scott-Moncrieff had attempted earlier. 3. Beadle's striking ability to shift from one organism to another--from corn to Drosophila to Neurospora--must be acknowledged. He saw the limitations of existing methods and had the courage and skill to move on to more successful methods: from conventional breeding to tissue transplants to microbiological techniques. 4. Beadle's own curiosity about the biochemical nature of gene action and his good fortune in having had such outstanding teachers as Emerson, as well as his ability to collaborate with Ephrussi and Tatum, contributed largely to his success.

Enzymes↗
PubMed1980

Eosinophil chemotactic factor (ECF) in blister fluid of dermatological diseases.

The occurrence of low molecular weight (less than 500 dalton) eosinophil chemotactic factor (ECF) was studied in the blister fluid of patients with various dermatological diseases by an in vitro chemotaxis method. After chromatographic separation of the test substance on a small Sephadex G 25 column, ECF was demonstrated in blisters of five patients with bullous pemphigoid, in three patients with systemic drug reactions and in one patient with blisters are contact with primula. ECF was not found in blisters of patients with epidermolysis bullosa and herpes gestationis or in DNCB-induced blisters. Fluid obtained from suction blisters was negative in normal controls and in unaffected skin of patients with atopic eczema, but contained ECF in eczematous areas. The demonstration of ECF in tissue fluid suggests that this factor plays a role in the local accumulation of eosinophils at sites of certain inflammatory reactions.

Blister↗
PubMed2006

Breeding system variation, genetics and evolution in the Turneraceae.

We review the genetics and evolution of breeding systems in the Turneraceae. Distyly occurs in seven of 10 genera and 81% of species. The remaining species are homostylous. Polyploid evolution has been significant in Turnera. Approximately 60% of species are polyploid ranging from diploid through decaploid. No relationship between breeding system and polyploidy is evident. The genetics of distyly involves a one-locus two-allele system (S and s). Evidence from crosses with homostylous species and mutants is consistent with the possibility that a "Primula-type" supergene underlies distyly but does not prove this to be the case. A polygalacturonase, and an alpha-dioxygenase specific to the transmitting tissue of short-styled plants both exhibit morph-limited expression in concert with predictions from an evolutionary model. The function of the proteins in distyly, if any, is unknown. We have begun constructing a fine-scale genetic map of Turnera. Two genetic markers lie within 0.2 cm of the distyly locus. This should provide a starting point for positional cloning of the distyly locus and reveal the genetic architecture and molecular basis of distyly.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed1990

Primin standard patch testing: 5 years experience.

From 1 November 1984 to 1 November 1989. 3075 patients (1949 female and 1126 male) were patch tested with the European standard series, including primin 0.01% pet. 57 positive reactions were obtained (1.8%). About 95% of the patients with positive patch tests were female. 60% of the patch-test-positive patients were above age 60 and 35% above 70 years. The test was negative in all under the age of 20 and rarely positive under the age of 35 years. Only 2 patients had probable patch test sensitization observed 8 and 14 days after application of the test material. 41% of the patients with positive reactions had current primula dermatitis at the time of patch testing. The frequency and high degree of current relevance justify inclusion of primin in the standard series, at least in certain geographical regions. The patch test concentration of 0.01% pet. seems to be correct.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Structure-activity relationships in allergic contact dermatitis (I). Studies on the influence of side-chain length with derivatives of primin.

Primin (2-methoxy-6-pentyl-1,4-benzoquinone) is a naturally-occurring strong sensitizer from Primula obconica (Primulacease). To determine the effect of side-chain length on sensitizing potency, 15 analogues with linear side chains from C1 to C15 and 4 C6-analogues with branched side chains were prepared synthetically and devoted to experimental sensitization in guinea pigs. The results showed an increase of the sensitizing capacity with increasing length of the alkyl side chain from C1 to C10, reaching a maximum at C11 and C12. On further elongation, the sensitizing potency decreased beyond C13, reaching values which finally were as low as those of the C1 and C3 derivatives. The results mirror findings which formerly have been obtained with other non-quinonoid compounds like catechols, phenols, hydroquinones and gallates. In the plant kingdom, compounds approximating an "ideal allergen" consisting of a quinonoid ring with a 10 or 11 carbon-membered side chain have been identified only once: 2,3-dimethoxy-geranyl-1,4-benzoquinone, a remarkably strong sensitizer found in Wigandia caracasana (Hydrophyllaceae).

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Immediate skin and mucosal symptoms from pot plants and vegetables in gardeners and greenhouse workers.

Short-lived occupational skin symptoms of irritant or urticarial nature were commonly reported among 253 attendants in a clinical study on occupational dermatitis in Danish gardeners and greenhouse workers. Aimed prick or scratch-patch testing for immediate skin and mucosal symptoms was performed in 105 persons with plants as is. 35 persons (33%) had at least 1 positive reaction and a family history of, or personal, atopy was significantly more prevalent among these compared to attendants with negative reactions. Positive histamine release tests made immunologic etiology probable in Schlumbergera cacti, Stephanotis floribunda, Euphorbia pulcherrima and Gerbera reactions. Other new species implicated in immediate-type reactions included Ficus pumila, Gardenia jasminoides, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Campanula, Columnea, Epipremnum aureum, Pelargonium and Primula vulgaris. Because of the high prevalence of short-lived skin symptoms and because contact urticaria may present itself as a dermatitis, it is recommended that one supplement patch tests with tests for immediate reactions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Systematic review of clinical data with BNO-101 (Sinupret) in the treatment of sinusitis.

BACKGROUND: The herbal formula BNO-101 (containing Gentianae radix, Primulae flos, Rumicis herba, Sambuci flos and Verbenae herba; ratio 1:3:3:3:3) has been widely employed as a 'mucoactive' agent in Germany for 70 years for the symptoms of respiratory infections. This paper reviews the clinical evidence of BNO-101 in sinusitis. METHODS: The systematic search identified 22 studies with BNO-101. Out of these, 6 controlled trials on sinusitis were reassessed according to predefined criteria. 4 trials had almost identical designs and could be examined by meta-analysis. RESULTS: The database comprised approximately 900 patients, mostly young adult males. After 2 weeks of treatment, verum was significantly superior to placebo (2 RCTs, 159 vs. 160 patients, both add-on to antibacterial treatment). The benefit regards the patients' assessment ('cured': verum = 61.1%, placebo = 34.5%), reduction of drain obstruction, headache and radiological signs (all p < 0.05). Comparing BNO-101 to ambroxol (2 RCTs, 151 vs. 150 patients, add-on to antibacterials in 13% of the cases) the patients' assessment after 2 weeks showed no difference, although it favoured BNO-101 in chronic cases ('cured' BNO-101 = 37.1%, ambroxol = 12.5%; p < 0.05). It also favoured BNO-101 concerning pyorrhoea and headache (p < 0.05). No significant differences were reported in 2 open randomised trials vs. N-acetyl-cysteine and vs. the herbal product Myrtol std. CONCLUSIONS: BNO-101, combined with standard antibacterial therapy, significantly reduces the acute symptoms and signs of sinusitis. The effects are of the same order of magnitude as observed with other mucoactive agents. In the trials investigated BNO-101 had a favourable risk/benefit ratio, with an incidence of adverse events similar to placebo.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1978

[Polyvalent contact allergy in a florist].

A female florist, who ran a flowershop from 1954 to 1966 had to quit her job because of her known contact allergy due to chrysanthemums and primrose. Though in the meantime 12 years had passed she suffered occasionally from redness of the pharynx and stomachache after ingestion of tea prepared from yarrow and camomile. Cleaning off her garden from weeds and frequently followed by swelling of her face and pruritus. After epicutaneous testing she developed positive reactions to chrysanthemum as well as cross reactions to sunflower, arnica, camomile, yarrow, tansy, mugwort and frullania (this lichen does not occur in the Northern part of Germany). Patch test with primin revealed the persistence of the highgrade hypersensitivity to Primula.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Occupational allergy caused by ornamental plants].

The problem of allergy to decorative plants is still poorly known. Reports on occupational allergy to flowers are scarce and usually concern gardeners, greenhouse workers and florists. The handling, smelling and caring of flowers may cause rhinoconjunctivitis, asthma, urticaria and also contact dermatitis. Plants of the Compositae family that includes many different species have been frequently described. Chrysanthemum flowers, the strongest sensitizer among ornamental Compositae plants, especially contribute to the development of contact dermatitis. Allergy to Liliaceae, mostly to tulips, hyacinths, lilies and crocuses has quite often been reported as well as sensitization to rose pollen in rose planters. Occupational sensitization to flowers of other families, among which spathe flowers, primulas, weeping fig or Stephanotis floribunda should be mentioned, is less frequent. Exposure to ornamental flowers is common in the general population. Persons occupationally involved in cultivation of flowers and who demonstrate allergic symptoms are often forced to change their jobs. Candidates to these occupations with diagnosed atopy should be informed about the risk of developing allergy to flowers, which could make them unable to perform the job.

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The incidence of occupationally-induced allergic skin diseases in a large flower market].

150 questionnaires as well as epicutaneous tests in 56 individuals from a total of 675 persons cultivating and selling ornamental plants at the largest German flower market revealed that half of those investigated were suffering from allergic contact dermatitis. The leading plant species with sensitizing properties was found to be the chrysanthemum, followed by tulips and Alstroemeria cultivars. Allergic reactions to daffodils and primulas were rarely observed. Most of the reactions obtained with other Compositae species such as arnica, marguerite, sunflower, tansy and yarrow must be interpreted as cross-reactions due to the fact that cross-reactivity predominates within the sesquiterpene lactone constituents of the various Compositae species.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Mechanism of the contraceptive action of the triterpene glycosides from the rock jasmine Androsace septentrionalis L].

The sum of triterpene glycosides of Androsace septentrionalis L. (a plant of genus Primula) was shown to change the concentrations of lutropin and follitropin in the hypophysis and plasma and the ratio of these hormones in the blood plasma in the active phase of the cycle. This leads to the change of the ovarian hormonal activity in the direction of predominance of the estrogenic action and an increase of the uterine contractile activity that can be of certain significance in manifestation of the contraceptive effect.

Animals↗