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Results for “Primary Affects”

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PubMed2006

[Factors affecting primary care referrals to specialised care in the community of Madrid].

OBJECTIVE: Identification of the variables relative to the population characteristics and the primary and specialised care services provision which determine the referral rates between both levels. DESIGN: Cross-sectional ecological study. SETTING: Basic health zones (BHZ) of the Community of Madrid (CAM), Spain, 2001. PARTICIPANTS: Population of the CAM. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Dependent variable: population referral rate (PRR) (referrals per BHZ in 2001 divided by BHZ population). INDEPENDENT VARIABLES: population and their characteristics (income, unemployment, educational level, elderly and dependence level, marital status, immigrant rates); need of services (care frequency index and standardised mortality rate); primary care provision characteristics (number of doctors, distribution by age and sex, organisational model, number of years in primary care; specialised care provision characteristics (number of laboratory specialists, ratio of radio-diagnostic and clinical services doctors). RESULTS: The average PRR is 31.9 (0.87) per 100 inhabitants, with a tendency for similar values to group into three clusters. Five components which explain 81.87% of the variation have been identified: total population, demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, need of services, and social mobility. In the regression analysis (R2=0.18), the last 3 reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: The PRR is greater in the BHZ with higher levels of need of services and lower levels of socioeconomic status and social mobility. There is no relationship with either the provision or the organisation of primary care and specialised care. These variables should be included in the planning of the provision of services.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Evidence for genetic inheritance of primary affective disorder in adoptees.

Offspring of psychiatrically disturbed and normal biologic parents, adopted away at birth, were followed up as adults. The psychiatric status of the adoptees was determined by adoptive parent and adoptee interviews. The incidence of depression was significantly higher in the affective-parented adoptees (3 depressed of 8 adoptees) than in the remaining adoptees whose biologic parents had other psychiatric conditions or were apparently psychiatrically well (8 depressed of 118). The results suggest a genetic factor in affective disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Clouds and silver linings: positive experiences associated with primary affective disorders.

Clinical psychiatry has focused almost entirely on the psychopathology of the affective disorders. The authors studied responses of 61 patients (35 bipolar. 26 unipolar) to questions about perceived short- and long-term benefits (increased sensitivity, sexuality, productivity, creativity, and social outgoingness) they attributed to their affective illness. Bipolar patients strongly indicated positive experiences associated with manic-depressive illness; few unipolar patients perceived their disorder in such a way. Significant sex differences emerged in the attributions made by bipolar patients.

Achievement↗
PubMed1983

Circadian rhythms of hormones in primary affective disorders.

The study of circadian rhythms of hormones in PAD reveals impairments in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, GH, PRL, TSH and melatonin secretion. Twenty-four hour cortisol curves show increased number of secretory episodes, increased duration of each episode, increased amount of total cortisol secretion for each episode and of cortisol secretion per minute. Moreover, secretory bursts appear in the late afternoon-evening, when in normal subjects secretion is blunted. In some cases the acrophase is phase-advanced by 1-4 h. GH nocturnal peak is often blunted. PRL nocturnal secretion may also be low, especially in bipolar patients, or the acrophase is 6-8 h phase-advanced. Melatonin nocturnal peak may be blunted and abnormal diurnal peaks are sometimes observed. TSH secretion is normal in bipolar patients; in unipolars, the nocturnal peak, the mean 24-h secretion and the ratio sleep/wakefulness are reduced. The acrophase may be advanced.

Circadian Rhythm↗
PubMed1982

Intellectual function in primary affective disorder.

The possible effects of clinical depression on intellectual function were investigated in unipolar and bipolar patients. Ninety-six hospitalized depressed patients completed the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) on admission and 34 were retested on remission. The high average full scale IQs found remained relatively stable throughout, consistent with earlier studies indicating a limited relationship between intellectual function and clinical severity of depression. No evidence was found for retarded psychomotor activity in bipolar groups or increased psychomotor activity in unipolar groups on three WAIS subtests of psychomotor function, but full scale IQ increased slightly in hypomania.

Affective Disorders, Psychotic↗
PubMed1996

Life events and primary affective disorders. A one year prospective study.

BACKGROUND: Unipolar and bipolar patients with a chronic illness pattern were investigated to determine whether they experienced a higher number of life events prior to the onset of recurrent affective episodes. METHOD: The study participants consisted of 27 recovered bipolar patients, 24 recovered unipolar patients and 26 healthy control subjects. Life events and psychiatric status were assessed by bimonthly interviews over the period of one year using the Inventory for Recent Life Events and the Research Diagnostic Criteria. RESULTS: In both unipolar and bipolar patients, analyses revealed no significant differences in the number of life events experienced, irrespective of whether the patients had presented with a depressive episode of at least minor intensity during the study (all P > 0.1). Specifically, an increase in marital problems was observed in bipolar patients prior to the onset of recurrent hypomanic and manic episodes (P = 0.06). CONCLUSION: The causal association between life events and the onset of depression, shown to be relevant in non-chronically depressed subjects, does not apply in chronic affective disorders. In addition, our results suggest that marital events have an impact on the onset of recurrent hypomanic and manic episodes.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

To refer or not to refer: Factors that affect primary care provider referral of patients with cancer to clinical treatment trials.

BACKGROUND: Despite breakthroughs in experimental cancer treatment, relatively few patients participate in cancer clinical treatment trials (CCTTs). Primary care providers (PCPs) have a strong influence on patients' decisions to participate in a CCTT. METHODS: To determine factors that influence PCP referral of patients to CCTTs, we conducted a descriptive survey of 571 Michigan PCPs. RESULTS: Attendance at CCTT educational sessions consistently predicted referral. Provider attitudes regarding CCTT perceived knowledge, access, and comfort with responsibilities when patients were in a CCTT also predicted referral. CONCLUSIONS: Findings support allocating funds to provide CCTT education to PCPs to increase numbers of patients willing to participate in CCTTs.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The auxin-insensitive bodenlos mutation affects primary root formation and apical-basal patterning in the Arabidopsis embryo.

In Arabidopsis embryogenesis, the primary root meristem originates from descendants of both the apical and the basal daughter cell of the zygote. We have isolated a mutant of a new gene named BODENLOS (BDL) in which the primary root meristem is not formed whereas post-embryonic roots develop and bdl seedlings give rise to fertile adult plants. Some bdl seedlings lacked not only the root but also the hypocotyl, thus resembling monopteros (mp) seedlings. In addition, bdl seedlings were insensitive to the auxin analogue 2,4-D, as determined by comparison with auxin resistant1 (axr1) seedlings. bdl embryos deviated from normal development as early as the two-cell stage at which the apical daughter cell of the zygote had divided horizontally instead of vertically. Subsequently, the uppermost derivative of the basal daughter cell, which is normally destined to become the hypophysis, divided abnormally and failed to generate the quiescent centre of the root meristem and the central root cap. We also analysed double mutants. bdl mp embryos closely resembled the two single mutants, bdl and mp, at early stages, while bdl mp seedlings essentially consisted of hypocotyl but did form primary leaves. bdl axr1 embryos approached the mp phenotype at later stages, and bdl axr1 seedlings resembled mp seedlings. Our results suggest that BDL is involved in auxin-mediated processes of apical-basal patterning in the Arabidopsis embryo.

Animals↗