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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Determining school programming needs of special population groups: a study of asthmatic children.

A study of the 4,382 children in the New Milford (Connecticut) Public School System was conducted to determine if upper respiratory conditions and other health problems may be related to school performance. Seven percent of the 4,036 respondents were found to be asthmatic. Correlations of school-related factors for 61 of 286 students who had high absenteeism did not appear to be dependent upon asthma for any identified health problem. As absenteeism increased, student grades decreased. Achievement testing in math and reading was related positively to IQ and appeared to be unaffected by absenteeism from school. On the basis of this study, special education programming was not recommended for the target population; however, parents and school personnel are much more aware of physical, emotional, and mental health problems and their possible implications for school performance.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1976

The Post-Mastectomy Rehabilitation Group program. Structure, procedure, and population demography.

Memorial Hospital, New York City, clinical section of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, has developed a Post-Mastectomy Rehabilitation Group (PMRG) which provides a comprehensive structure program to enable the mastectomy patient to regain functional use of her arm and shoulder on the affected side, and to adapt functionally, psychologically, and emotionally to the loss of her breast and the diagnosis of cancer in the shortest time possible. This first segment of an evaluation of the program outlines the PMRG structure and operating procedures and presents basic demographic data (age, type of mastectomy, preoperative activity status) for 863 of the 1,400 mastectomy patients who attended the program since inception in 1970. Additional reports will focus on the physical and psychologic aspects of recovery and readjustment.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

A computer program for survival comparisons to a standard population.

PROPHAZ is a computer program created for the analysis of survival data using the general proportional hazards model. It was designed specifically for the situation in which the underlying hazard function may be estimated from the mortality experience of a large reference population, but may be used for other problems as well. Input for the program includes the variables of interest as well as the information necessary for estimating the hazard function (demographic and mortality data). Regression coefficients for the variables of interest are obtained iteratively using the Newton-Raphson method. Utilizing large sample asymptotic theory, x2 statistics are derived which may be used to test hypotheses of the form C beta = 0. Input format is completely flexible for the variables of interest as well as the mortality data.

Computers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Broadening the base of a rare donor program by targeting minority populations.

Some red cell phenotypes are found exclusively in one race and may be of low frequency. Finding compatible blood for patients needing one of these rare types has been extremely difficult. A program was implemented to screen large numbers of donors for blood types found solely in their racial group. Implementation steps included obtaining broad community endorsement of the concept, educating blood service personnel, developing educational materials, enlisting the support of a knowledgeable physician from a minority group, developing a computer program to facilitate selection of donors to be tested, beginning the program and making the necessary adjustments, doing the laboratory testing to identify rare bloods, notifying the rare donors, and maintaining the enthusiasm of the entire blood service for the rare donor screening program. After 7706 black donors were typed, 1 Cr-, 5 Hy-, 24 U-, and 20 Js(b-) persons were found; one U- donor was also Js(b-).

Black People↗
PubMed1990

Practice of early diagnosis of breast and uterine cervix cancer in a northern Italian town.

We studied the practice of screening for breast and uterine cervix cancer in Torino where, currently, no kind of organized program exists and two projects of population screening programs, based on pap smear and mammography, have been developed. Fifty-two percent (95% confidence limits (C.L.): 47%-58%) of women 18-69 years old had had a pap test or colposcopy in the absence of symptoms during their lifetime. Among them 50% had had their last pap test within 18 months of the interview, 77% within 3 and 1/2 years, and only 14% was screened 5 and 1/2 years before or earlier. Thirty percent of never-screened women (95% C.L.: 25-35%) would not accept any of the proposed modalities for screening. Overall, 15% of women had had a mammography for screening purposes. Among women 50 to 59 years old, 23% (95% C.L.: 17-30%) had had at least one mammography for screening purposes in their lifetime, but only 18% (95% C.L.: 13-24%) had had at least 1 screening test at age 50 or after. Half of ever-screened women age 50-69 years had had the last mammography within 2 and 1/2 years. Among all respondents in the same age group this figure was 11% (95% C.L.: 7-15%). Forty-one percent of respondents reported to currently practice BSE (95% C.L.: 36-45%), but this proportion dropped to 10% in the age group 19-39 years and to 4% among women 40-69 years old when only those who had 10-13 examinations each year and judged their performance to be good were considered. Thirty-nine percent (95% C.L.: 34-44%) had had a physical examination of the breast performed by a medical doctor in the absence of symptoms within the last 18 months. Thirty-five percent (95% C.L.: 31-38%) of all women had never had a mammography, did not practice BSE, and had never consulted a physician for control in the absence of symptoms. Analysis by age, birth cohort, education, marital status and place of birth is presented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Clinical-epidemiologic assessment of pattern of birth defects associated with human teratogens: application to diabetic embryopathy.

The concepts of sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value can be used to assess patterns of birth defects associated with human teratogens. Although sensitivity of any single defect is generally low for many known teratogens, the presence of specific defect combinations is usually predictive of the teratogen. To evaluate the patterns of birth defects associated with diabetic embryopathy, a sensitivity-specificity analysis was performed on 4929 infants with major defects ascertained by the population-based Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program between 1968 and 1980. By reviewing hospital records, maternal insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus was confirmed in 26 infants. Patterns of defects were evaluated among infants born to mothers with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and compared with the rest of the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program case population. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to assess defect combinations that predict for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Of 26 infants, 8 had multiple defects. However, most defects and their combinations were poorly sensitive and predictive for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The predictive value for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus was greatest for the combination of vertebral and cardiovascular anomalies (6.5%). Also, several pathogenetic mechanisms were noted among patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, such as cell migration defects, cell death events, deformations, and cardiac flow lesions. The inability to find a clear-cut phenotype for diabetic embryopathy may be due to several etiologic factors and mechanisms associated with diabetic embryopathy.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1989

Screening using National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines in a population of urban Hispanic mothers.

We measured serum total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides and calculated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in 217 urban Hispanic mothers. On the basis of total cholesterol values, as recommended by the Expert Panel of the National Cholesterol Education Program, 6 subjects (2.8%) had high blood cholesterol (greater than or equal to 240 mg/dl), 27 (12.4%) had borderline-high blood cholesterol (200-239 mg/dl), and 184 (84.8%) had desirable blood cholesterol (less than 200 mg/dl). One of the 27 with borderline-high total cholesterol had two other coronary risk factors. Thus 7 of the 217 (3.2%, 95% confidence interval 1.4 to 6.8%) met Expert Panel criteria for lipoprotein measurement. Six of the seven had high-risk low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (greater than or equal to 160 mg/dl). Four additional subjects with borderline-high total cholesterol, not identified by this sequential screening strategy, also had high-risk low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Thus a total of 10 of 217 (4.6%, 95% confidence interval 2.4 to 8.6%) met Expert Panel criteria for high-risk low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and initiation of cholesterol-lowering treatment. None of these 10 had been previously identified as having high-risk low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Two years later subjects with high or borderline-high total cholesterol were rescreened. Seven of 22 subjects completing the second screening were classified differently with regard to having high-risk low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, illustrating the potential for misclassification of individuals on the basis of a single measurement. The prevalence of women with high-risk low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was not significantly different at the two screenings.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

The use-effectiveness of two contraceptive methods in a Navajo population: the problem of program dropouts.

Navajo Indian intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) and oral contraceptive users between 1966 and 1971 were followed up to estimate life table rates of complications and continuation. Because of high rates of dropping out, 41.6 per cent of 291 oral contraceptive users and 18.2 per cent of 534 IUD users, a 26 per cent sample survey of the dropout population was used to collate the dropout population data into the life table analysis. Estimates of the IUD continuation rates for one, two, and three years are similar to rates published elsewhere; however, continuation rates for the oral contraceptive are clearly lower than those for other populations, which only 33 per cent continuing after one year, 23 per cent after two years, and 12 per cent after three years. The IUD user is two to three times more successful than the oral contraceptive user in this population.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Population-based dementia screening program in Kuopio: the effect of education, age, and sex on brief neuropsychological tests.

A neuropsychological screening battery including the Mini-Mental State Examination and four other brief cognitive tests (Russell's Adaptation of the Visual Reproduction Test, Trail Making Test, Verbal Fluency Tests on letters and category, and the Buschke Selective Reminding Test) was administered to a randomly selected population sample of 403 subjects aged 68 to 77 years to evaluate the effect of education, age, and sex on test scores. The difference in neuropsychological screening tests between various education groups (3 years or less, 4 to 6 years, 7 years or more) was statistically highly significant, even after the adjustment for the effect of age. The subscores and total scores were lowest in the minimal education group on every neuropsychological test. Education correlated more strongly than age with all neuropsychological test scores and subscores. The effect of sex on test results was seen only in some subscores of brief neuropsychological tests but not in a single item of the Mini-Mental State Examination. On the basis of our results, the effects of education, age, and sex have to be evaluated before using brief neuropsychological tests in population-based dementia screening.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1988

Improved thermoregulation caused by forced water intake in human desert dwellers.

Residents of the Negev desert in Israel sustain a mild state of dehydration. Low, concentrated urine outputs, high incidence of kidney diseases and high hematocrit ratios characterize this population. Educational programs to increase the awareness of the population to the dangers of dehydration have undoubtedly failed. It was our purpose to see whether forced increased drinking will affect the above variables. Ten healthy subjects were asked to double their normal voluntary water intake without (phase II) and with salt supplements (50 mM NaCl, 20 mM KCl) (phase III), for one week. After phases II and III significant increases in body masses, decreased concentrations of serum proteins, hemoglobin, hematocrit ratios and serum osmolalities were found. No significant changes were found in the concentrations of sodium and potassium in the serum. At the end of each phase, the subjects were asked to exercise on a bicycle ergometer for 60 min at 50% VO2max in a heated chamber at 45 degrees C, and 30%-50% relative humidity. Experiments were terminated if and when heart-rates exceeded 180 bpm or the rectal temperature increased to 39 degrees C. After both experimental phases, subjects increased their tolerance to heat, extending the exercise periods by 25% and 30%. Compared with their starting levels, hematocrit ratios, serum proteins and hemoglobin concentrations increased in phases II and III while no changes were recorded in the control period (phase I). It is suggested that spontaneous voluntary water drinking in desert dwellers is not enough to achieve a true state of "euhydration".

Adult↗
PubMed1991

A three-step approach combining Bayesian regression and NONMEM population analysis: application to midazolam.

NONMEM, the only available supported program for population pharmacokinetic analysis, does not provide the analyst with individual subject parameter estimates. As a result, the relationship between pharmacokinetic parameters and demographic factors such as age, gender, and body weight cannot be sought by plotting demographic factors vs. kinetic parameters. To overcome this problem, we devised a three-step approach. In step 1, an initial NONMEM analysis provides the population pharmacokinetic parameters without taking into account the demographic factors. Step 2 consists of individual bayesian regressions using the measured drug concentrations for each subject and the population pharmacokinetic parameters obtained in step 1. The bayesian parameter estimates of the individual subject can be plotted against the demographic factors of interest. From the scatter plots, it can be seen which are the demographic factors that appear to affect the pharmacokinetic parameters. In step 3, the NONMEM analysis is resumed, and the demographic factors found in step 2 are entered into the NONMEM regression model in a stepwise manner. This method was used to analyze the pharmacokinetics of midazolam in 64 subjects from 714 plasma concentrations and 11 demographic factors. CL (elimination clearance) and V1 were found to be a function of body weight. Age and liver disease were found to decrease CL. Of the 11 demographic factors recorded for each patient, none was found to influence VSS or intercompartmental clearance.

Adolescent↗