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Abandoning the retentionist model: family and marriage change among the East Indians in rural Trinidad.

East Indian family life in rural Trinidad is usually analyzed within the framework of the retentionist model, which holds that the East Indians have successfully retained the basic institutions of their home culture. A restudy of Felicity village demonstrates that the model underestimates the impact of social and economic developments on family and marriage life in this community because it focuses mainly on ideal patterns of culture.

Culture↗
PubMed1987

Recent change in prevalence of parent-child co-residence in Japan.

"Co-residence of parents and grown-up (especially married) children has been one of the most important factors that affect the trends in household formation in recent Japan. This article reports the proportion co-residing...using a nation-wide large-sample household survey data set containing about 300,000 persons in each year.... The proportion of parents who co-reside with children...had remarkably decreased during the period 1975 to 1985, especially for younger elders regardless of their marital status.... On the contrary, the proportion co-residing of married children aged 20-39 with their parents had been constant or slightly rising...during the same period. These two opposite trends can be interpreted as follows: though the preference for co-residence has declined both for parents and for children, the child availability for parents has barely changed and the downward trend in preference has directly appeared [in] the proportion co-residing; while the parent availability for children has increased owing to the decrease in number of siblings to be balanced with the decreasing preference." (SUMMARY IN JPN)

Age Factors↗
PubMed1989

[[Changes in Japanese households between five-year intervals]].

The author examines recent changes in Japanese household type in 5-year intervals. The data come from the Demographic Survey of Family Life Course and Household Change conducted in 1985 by the Institute of Population Problems. Major results are as follows: 1) "Single" type households are very frequently established and broken up, especially in the early stages of household formation. 2) In changing household type, most households passed through the "couple and their children" type as a transit state. 3) The sojourn time of "couple and their children" state is relatively long. That type of household is relatively stable. 4) In households changing from "couple and their children" to other types, the change to "3-generation family" accounts for 19%, the change to "couples only" accounts for 62%, and the change to "single" accounts for 11%. 5) The change to "3-generation family" from any other type of household accounts for nearly 20% of all changes in every household type.

Asia↗
PubMed1991

Marriage and family systems in Nigeria.

"The study focuses on traditional marriage and family patterns in Nigeria and consequences of change for Nigeria. The study identifies directions of change, rate of change, and the causes of change in marriage and the family. An attempt is made to point out that recent changes in the [status] of Nigerian women may recast marriage and the family in new and different molds. It appears the Nigerian family is moving slowly towards the western nuclear family model."

Africa↗
PubMed1991

The family in Tanzania.

"The article starts by defining the terms and basic characteristics of the family institution. Then it moves to explain and analyze the changing roles and relationships in the Tanzania context. The article stresses...the impact of the foreign cultures and ideologies. Specifically, the role of family in [the] socialization process has been minimized due to the introduction of formal education. With regard to the demographic variables, it is noted that while death rates might be reduced due to the general improvement of health facilities, birth rates will increase....Polygamy...is [likely] to decrease due to socio-economic reasons like the level of education among the women and the economic difficulties in running large families." A trend toward smaller families is noted. The study is based on the author's recent research in Tanzania.

Africa↗
PubMed1991

Marriage and conjugal roles in Swaziland: persistence and change.

"This paper examines one set of relationships central to the Swazi household--marriage and conjugal roles--and how those relationships have changed over the last half century. Information has been analyzed on such topics as types of marriages contracted, the age at marriage, choice of spouse, attitudes towards and participation in polygyny, the nature of conjugal roles, and the question of divorce. This study has drawn upon a wide range of sources including (1) an analysis of civil records from the office of the District Commissioner in Manzini, Swaziland; (2) data collected previously by other social scientists; and (3) survey data gathered especially for this study. The study concludes that while changes have occurred, many traditional patterns of marriage and family continue to be important in contemporary Swazi society."

Africa↗
PubMed1986

An experimental analysis of the origins of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the dentate gyrus of the rat.

In previous studies, fibers demonstrating somatostatin-like immunoreactivity were observed in the outer half of the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus in the rat and monkey. They occupy the same region as those of the perforant pathway that originates in the entorhinal cortex. Numerous somatostatin immunoreactive neuronal cell bodies were also observed in the hilar region, though stained axonal profiles could not be followed from these cells into the molecular layer. In the present study, several experimental procedures were employed to determine the origin of the somatostatin-positive fibers in the molecular layer. Transection of the perforant path fibers resulted in such characteristic changes as shrinkage of the molecular layer and sprouting of AChE-positive fibers. There was no apparent decrease, however, in the density of somatostatin-positive fibers. In fact, since the stained fibers occupied a narrower band in the shrunken molecular layer, their density appeared greater. Injections of kainic acid into the hilar region produced a lesion of hilar neurons, including those positive for somatostatin. In the region of cell loss, there was a marked reduction of somatostatin-immunoreactive fibers in the ipsilateral molecular layer, with no detectable changes in the homotopic contralateral molecular layer. The distribution of AChE fibers, which presumably have an extrinsic origin, was not altered by the treatment. In a final series of experiments, the retrograde tracer wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) was injected into the hilar region and sections were prepared for the simultaneous demonstration of the tracer and of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity. Somatostatin-positive neurons demonstrating WGA-HRP reaction product were observed primarily in the ipsilateral hilar region, but a few double-labeled cells were also seen in the same area of the contralateral side. These studies indicate that a population of intrinsic neurons located in the polymorphic layer of the dentate gyrus projects to the outer half of the ipsilateral molecular layer. A similar, but very much smaller, projection also extends to the contralateral dentate gyrus. Taken together, these projections appear to account for much of the somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Age related changes in the human plastron: a roentgenographic and morphologic study.

Characteristic changes that can be demonstrated on roentgenograms occur with increasing age in the plastron (chest plate) of humans. These alterations include progressive ossification in the costal cartilages (located characteristically in the sternal rib end, centrichondrally, and peristernally--often with sex and age distinctive patterns), maturation of the newly formed bone with trabeculation formation, loss of the smooth contour of the costo-manubrial junction, cupping of rib ends, osteoporotic changes, and arthritic changes in the sternal head of the clavicles. The sequence of development of these alterations has been examined by X-ray of 1965 cadavers of 15 years of age or over and correlated with the gross bone and cartilage morphology changes in many cases. This technique allows for age determination within 5 years of real age in 55% of cadavers and within 25% of real age in 95% of all cadavers. The greatest departures from real age are in the over-60-year groups. The same roentgenograms can allow for correct sex prediction in 99% of the population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Differential sensitivity of human breast cancer cell lines to the growth-inhibitory effects of tamoxifen.

In eight estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer cell lines (including three sublines of MCF-7) and five ER-negative breast lines, the action of the nonsteroidal antiestrogen, tamoxifen, was studied, and the concentrations of ER and antiestrogen binding site were measured. The concentration of antiestrogen binding site was significantly [P less than 0.005] greater in ER-positive cells [236,600 +/- 29,900 (SE) sites/cell] than in ER-negative cell lines [66,600 +/- 16,800 sites/cell]. In ER-positive cell lines, a cell cycle phase-specific growth-inhibitory effect, 20% inhibitory dose less than 0.1 to 1.0 microM, was seen which was shown for some representative cell lines to be estrogen reversible. Within this group of cell lines, the degree of tamoxifen-induced inhibition of growth correlated with control population doubling time, but not ER or antiestrogen binding site concentration. The changes in cell cycle kinetic parameters characteristic of all ER-positive lines were a decrease in percentage of S-phase cells and a corresponding increase in percentage of G0-G1 cells. In all cell lines, 5 to 12.5 microM tamoxifen caused cytotoxicity, and this was shown to be estrogen-irreversible in 3 representative cell lines; moreover, estradiol synergistically enhanced the cytotoxic effects of tamoxifen under some experimental conditions. The cell cycle effects of tamoxifen in three ER-negative cell lines (Hs0578T, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-330) were decreased proportions of G0-G1 cells with an increase in percentages of S and G2+M cells. These results implied that the mechanism of tamoxifen cytotoxicity may differ in ER-positive and ER-negative breast cancer cells. However, although the ER-negative BT-20 line was much less sensitive to tamoxifen than were the ER-positive cells, growth inhibition and cytotoxicity in this line were associated with a slight decrease in percentage of S-phase cells. These results confirm that ER-positive breast cancer cells are more sensitive (4- to greater than 75-fold) than ER-negative breast cells to the growth-inhibitory effects of tamoxifen and demonstrate that, in all ER-positive cells, growth inhibition and cytotoxicity are accompanied by characteristic changes in cell cycle kinetic parameters. In contrast, different mechanisms may be involved in the effects of tamoxifen on different ER-negative cell lines.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1985

[Effect of hypobaric hypoxia on motor behavior in rats].

Hypobaric hypoxic exposure for 18 h (pO2 8.7 kPa) effects characteristic changes of motoric behaviour in adult rats. We observed a posthypoxic increase of spontaneous locomotion and of open-field activity. 24 h after hypoxic exposure the locomotion stimulated by dopaminergic agonists apomorphine or amphetamine was strengthened. Dopaminergic nuclei showed a different sensitivity to unilaterally applied dopamine after hypoxic exposure. Rotational behaviour was facilitated in the nucleus accumbens but significantly decreased in the substantia nigra. In the nucleus caudatoputamen we could not prove changes in comparison to controls. These results indicate that central dopaminergic processes are influenced by hypobaric hypoxic exposure. Besides the sensitization of dopaminergic receptor populations these changes of motoric behaviour may be connected with interactions between different transmitter systems or displacement of central regulation systems.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed1994

[Comparison of four different methods for respiratory determination of the anaerobic threshold in normal people, and heart- and lung patients].

We analyzed 128 cardiopulmonary exercise tests (CPX), performed in normal subjects (n = 31), in patients with coronary artery disease (n = 41), with chronic heart failure before (n = 14) and after (n = 14) application of oral PDE-inhibitors and in patients with HIV-infection on a bicycle-ergometer in semi-supine position using a ramp-program (dependent on study-population with 15, 20 or 35 Watt/min increases) with respect to the ability to determine the respiratory anaerobic threshold non-invasively, using the main criteria described by Wasserman et al.: the V-slope-method according to Beaver, the increase of the ventilatory equivalent for O2 (VE/VO2), the increase of the end-tidal PO2 (PETO2) and the increase of the respiratory quotient (RQ) during exercise. In the different study-populations we calculated the detection rates of the AT for each criteria separately. The typical changes in the end-tidal PO2 (124/128 = 96.9%) and the V-slope-method (119/128 = 92.9%) were the most reliable parameters to detect the anaerobic threshold. The characteristic changes of the ventilatory equivalent for O2 (VE/VO2) and of the respiratory quotient (RQ) we found in 100/128 (= 78.1%) and in 107/128 (= 83.6%) of the tests respectively. 86/128 tests (67.2%) showed typical changes in all four mentioned criteria. In another 24/128 tests (19.8%) three of four criteria were fulfilled. Therefore, our investigations showed that in 110/128 cases (85.9%) the AT could be determined by typical changes by means of at least three of the four described parameters. In 15/128 (11.7%) tests only two of four criteria were fulfilled.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Anaerobic Threshold↗
PubMed1993

Multivesicular bodies in HEp-2 cells are maturing endosomes.

Conventional fluorescence microscopy of fixed HEp-2 cells as well as video microscopy of living cells incubated with transferrin-Texas Red (Tf-TxR) for < 60 min revealed distinct punctuate endosomal structures. Quantitative ultrastructural analysis using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and cationized gold as tracers showed that spherical multivesicular bodies (MVBs) were the predominant endocytic compartments in HEp-2 cells and that MVBs within 60 to 90 min matured into lysosomes still containing internal vesicles. The number of labeled MVBs increased continuously from 2.5 min to 30 min of tracer incubation. However, when the cells were pulsed for 5 min followed by 10 or 25 min chases, the number of labeled MVBs corresponded to that obtained after 5 min of continuous incubation. The diameter of labeled MVBs was largely constant with time, but the number of internal MVB vesicles increased. Thus, early or newly formed MVBs contained few internal vesicles, whereas late MVBs, that is to say, MVBs that have existed for some period of time, contained numerous internal vesicles, and finally a mixture of membranous material or myelin figures and vesicles. It is thus in principle possible to distinguish between early and late MVBs in HEp-2 cells on the basis of morphology. However, the difference in number of internal vesicles applies only to the entire MVB population; after only 2.5 to 5 min of incubation, MVBs with numerous internal vesicles could also be reached by internalized tracer. Concomitant with the gradual changes in morphology, the MVBs also showed a characteristic change in content of marker proteins as detected by immunogold labeling on ultracryosections. Hence, early MVBs with relatively few internal vesicles and typically reached by internalized tracers within 5 min contained transferrin receptors (TfRs). By contrast, MVBs with many internal vesicles and labeled after 60 min of incubation contained mannose-phosphate receptors (MPRs), and the MVBs with distinct membranous material or myelin figures in addition to the internal vesicles were enriched in the lysosome membrane protein lamp-1. Thus, there seems to be a gradual maturation of MVBs in HEp-2 cells.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗