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PubMed1976

Clinical and serologic responses of volunteers infected with phlebotomus fever virus (Sicilian type).

Twenty volunteers were inoculated with various doses of human serum containing Phlebotomus fever virus (Sicilian type) to determine their clinical and serologic responses as well as the human infectious dose50 of the virus. All infected subjects developed fever which varied in duration from 6 to 74 hours. The most common symptoms during sandfly fever were headache, anorexia, myalgia, photophobia, low back and retro-orbital pain. Infected individuals developed a marked leukopenia characterized by an initial lymphopenia followed by protracted neutropenia. Little complement fixing antibody was detected in convalescent sera but most subjects developed significant rises in hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies. All infected subjects developed specific neutralizing antibodies with titers ranging from 1:40 to 1:2,560. Of the three serologic tests performed, the plaque reduction neutralization method appears to be the most sensitive test for detecting antibodies to Phlebotomus fever viruses.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Studies on the epidemiology of sandfly fever in Iran. II. The prevalence of human and animal infection with five phlebotomus fever virus serotypes in Isfahan province.

Human and animal sera from an endemic area of sandfly fever in Iran were tested by plaque reduction neutralization method against five different Phlebotomus fever virus serotypes (Naples, Sicilian, Karimabad, Salehabad, and I-47). The overall prevalence of Naples, Sicilian, and Karimabad virus antibodies among the human population was 17%, 25%, and 66%, respectively. All sera were negative against Salehabad and I-47 viruses. Age-specific antibody rates suggested that Sicilian and Karimabad viruses were endemic in the study area but that Naples virus activity was sporadic. These observations were confirmed by isolations of Sicilian and Karimabad viruses from sandflies collected in the study area. Among the animal sera tested, evidence of Phlebotomus fever virus infection was detected only in gerbils. Of 38 Rhombomys opimus tested, 34% had neutralizing antibodies against Sicilian virus and 32% against Karimabad. These results indicate that gerbils are infected with these two viruses and possibly might serve as reservoirs or amplifying hosts. The serologic studies also suggest that the ecology of Sicilian and Karimabad viruses involves chiefly sandflies, gerbils, and man, an epidemiologic pattern previously demonstrated for cutaneous leishmaniasis in the same region of Iran.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Characterization of eight new phlebotomus fever serogroup arboviruses (Bunyaviridae: Phlebovirus) from the Amazon region of Brazil.

Eight new members of the phlebotomus fever arbovirus serogroup (family Bunyaviridae; genus Phlebovirus) from the Amazon region of Brazil are described. One serotype was recovered from a febrile patient, three from small wild animals and four from sand flies. A small serum survey carried out with the human isolate, Alenquer virus, suggests that it rarely infects man. Complement-fixation and plaque reduction neutralization tests were done, comparing the eight new viruses with other members of the phlebotomus fever serogroup. A close antigenic relationship was demonstrated between one of the new agents (Belterra) and Rift Valley fever virus. This finding is of considerable interest and deserves further investigation. Addition of these eight new viruses to the genus Phlebovirus brings to 14 the number of serotypes known to occur in the Amazon region and to 36 the total number reported worldwide. More detailed clinical and epidemiological studies should be conducted in Amazonia in order to define the public health impact caused by phleboviruses.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Refractory barriers in the sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) to infection with Leishmania panamensis.

The life cycle of Leishmania panamensis in Phlebotomus papatasi was studied to characterize barriers limiting parasite colonization, differentiation, migration, and attachment in an unnatural sand fly host. The insects were fed a suspension of L. panamensis-infected macrophages and human erythrocytes, and were examined up to 16 days post-infection by light and electron microscopy. Histologic examination of 401 flies showed the peritrophic membrane to be the first important barrier to parasite establishment in the gut lumen. In most flies, parasites were unable to escape from the closed peritrophic sac, which was either excreted or retained intact in the midgut. After five days, only 31% of the flies were infected; attached parasites colonized the pylorus-ileum and/or colon regions of the hindgut. Anterior migration into the cardia region of the midgut occurred in less than 1% of infected flies; no parasites colonized the foregut. In the bloodmeal and residual bloodmeal, five morphologic forms developed from ingested amastigotes: stumpy, spatulate, elongate, short nectomonad promastigotes, and paramastigotes. Abnormal retention of amastigotes in macrophages and delayed development of promastigote stages was observed. The primary form attached in the hindgut was a pear-shaped haptomonad promastigote. Differentiation of L. panamensis in Ph. papatasi appeared to be similar to that described in natural hosts, except that metacyclic infective forms were not observed, and some forms developed in unusual locations. Phlebotomus papatasi was a partly refractory biological host for L. panamensis. The peritrophic membrane adversely affected the infection rate; rare anterior migration and a lack of metacyclic promastigotes may preclude transmission by bite.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Phlebotomus of Senegal: survey of the fauna in the region of Kedougou. Isolation of arbovirus].

Phlebotomine sand-flies were captured on a bimonthly basis from April 1995 to March 1996 in the Kedougou district of south-east Senegal. In all, 6,642 specimens were identified belonging to 25 species. Eleven species were captured in tree holes, 17 in termites hills, 19 in rodent burrows and 23 on grass. Sergentomyia buxtoni, S. clydei, S. dubia, S. squamipleuris et S. schwetzi were the most abundant. Species from the genus Sergentomyia accounted for 99.3% versus 0.7% for the genus Phlebotomus, Phlebotomus duboscqi, the leishmaniasis vector in Senegal, was very rare. The male of S. edentula and S. herollandi were recorded for the first time. The sand-fly population was observed to peak in April. The most populated resting sites were, in decreasing order, termite-hills, burrows and tree-holes. Thirty virus strains from 5 different viruses (Saboya, Chandipura, Tete, ArD 95737, ArD 111740) were isolated from 30,482 specimens tested.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Recent findings of Phlebotomus neglectus Tonnoir, 1921 in Italy and its western limit of distribution.

During the sand fly season of 2001, sand flies were collected in two different regions of Italy to investigate the northern distribution of Phlebotomus neglectus. The study areas were two provinces of northern Italy, Ivrea and Verona, in Piedmont and Veneto regions respectively. Sticky traps and CDC miniature light traps were used both inside and outside domestic and peri-domestic environments. Sand flies were also collected in domestic resting sites with mouth and electric aspirators. Of 1,295 sand fly specimens collected, 855 were from the Veneto region and 440 were from the Piedmont region. Five species of the genera Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia were identified. S. minuta (66.3%) was the most abundant sand fly followed by P. perniciosus (22.2%), P. neglectus (10.3%) and P. papatasi (1.2%). Only one specimen of P. mascittii was caught in Piedmont region. P. neglectus was found in 9 out of 15 (60%) of the sites where sand flies were found with a prevalence of 1.5% to 45.8%; the highest value was recorded in Piedmont region. P. neglectus was mostly associated with peridomestic and domestic sites. The results confirm previous observations on the presence of P. neglectus in northern Italy and suggest that this species is probably widespread in the area. From a review of all previous published and unpublished records of P. neglectus, it appears that this species is present in only two areas of the country, namely in the regions of Friuli Venezia Giulia, Veneto and Piedmont in northern Italy and the regions of Calabria, Apulia and Sicily in southern Italy. The apparent absence of P. neglectus in Central Italy is discussed and the resulting settlement through two probable migration routes from the East is analysed.

Altitude↗
PubMed1992

[Phlebotomus perniciosus Newstead, 1911 naturally infected by promastigotes in the region of Nice (France)].

The authors report the results of investigations in Nice from July, 16 to August, 3, 1991. The 2,098 phlebotomes captured represent three species: Phlebotomus perniciosus, Phlebotomus ariasi and Sergentomyia minuta. Two species: P. perniciosus and P. ariasi are infected with promastigotes. About 4% of dissected females are parasited. This is the first description in France of P. perniciosus infected.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Multifarious characterization of leishmania tropica from a Judean desert focus, exposing intraspecific diversity and incriminating phlebotomus sergenti as its vector.

The predominant sand fly species collected inside houses in Kfar Adumim, an Israeli village in the Judean Desert that is a focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis, was Phlebotomus papatasi, which was also caught attempting to bite humans. Phlebotomus sergenti, which is rarely seen inside houses, constituted the predominant sand fly species in caves near the village. Leishmania isolates from Ph. sergenti and humans typed as Leishmania tropica. Sand fly and human isolates produced similar small nodular cutaneous lesions in hamsters. Isolates produced excreted factor (EF) of subserotypes A(9) or A(9)B(2), characteristic of L. tropica and reacted with L. tropica-specific monoclonal antibodies. Isoenzyme analysis consigned the strains to the L. tropica zymodemes MON-137 and MON-275. Molecular genetic analyses confirmed the strains were L. tropica and intraspecific microheterogeneity was observed. Genomic fingerprinting using a mini-satellite probe separated the L. tropica strains into two clusters that were not entirely congruent with geographic distribution. These results support the heterogeneous nature of L. tropica and incriminate Ph. sergenti as its vector in this Judean Desert focus.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Experimental efficiency of Phlebotomus papatasi in maintaining development of four species of Leishmania.

Experimental infections were carried out to evaluate the capability of 3 species of Phlebotomus to acquire and allow development of 4 species of Leishmania. The sand-flies were allowed to feed on infective blood by a membrane feeding technique and infected vertebrate hosts. The species of Phlebotomus experimented with were P. papatasi (Egyptian and Indian strains), P. dubosqi (Sinegal strain), and P. perniciosus (French strain). The species of Leishmania used were L. tropica (Afganistanian strain) in blood and L. major (Egyptian strain) in blood, in volunteer patient and in hamster, L. major (Morocco strain) in Meriones shawi, L. infantum (French strain) in dog and L. enrietti (Brazilian strain) in Guinea-pig. The results showed that Egyptian P. papatasi was the most suitable species for Egyptian L. major in blood followed by P. dubosqui. On the other hand, P. dubosqui was the most suitable species for L. tropica in blood followed by Indian P. papatasi. On the other hand, Egyptian P. papatasi acquired L. major from hamster (38.2%) and L. enrietti from Guinea pig (1.9%), but not L. major from the patient. Indian P. papatasi acquired L. major from Meriones (5.6%), L. infantum from dog (1.09%) but not L. enrietti from Guinea pig. Generally speaking, L. major was more engalfed by P. papatasi (2 strains) from the artificial source (blood) than from the vertebrate hosts.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Bionomics of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) in an endemic focus of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in central Iran.

Following an epidemiological survey of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) in several villages of Badrood, a rural district north of the city of Natanz, central Iran, Phlebotomus (Phlebotomus) papatasi Scopoli were found to be naturally infected with Leishmania (Leishmania) major zymodeme MON-26. Sand flies were collected and dissected biweekly from rodent burrows from May to October 2001. Leptomonad infection rates varied between 6.7% and 22.0%, being greatest in September, coinciding with peak activity of P. papatasi, two-three months before the highest incidence of ZCL human cases in November-December. The leptomonad infection rate was 1.1% of the 94 P. papatasi captured indoors. In ELISA testing of 520 P. papatasi blood meals during Sept. 2001 and Aug. 2002, the proportion giving positive reactions for human, sheep, cow, goat, rodent, and bird were 31.2%, 69.6%, 63%, 38.8%, 24.7%, and 21.8%, respectively. This report thus incriminates P. papatasi as the vector of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in this part of Iran.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Laboratory estimation of degree-day developmental requirements of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae).

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is one of the most important vector-borne endemic diseases in Turkey. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of temperature on the developmental rates of one important vector of leishmaniasis, Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli, 1786) (Diptera: Psychodidae). Eggs from laboratory-reared colonies of Phlebotomus papatasi were exposed to six constant temperature regimes from 15 to 32 degrees C with a daylength of 14 h and relative humidity of 65-75%. No adult emergence was observed at 15 degrees C. Complete egg to adult development ranged from 27.89 +/- 1.88 days at 32 degrees C to 246.43 +/- 13.83 days at 18 degrees C. The developmental zero values were estimated to vary from 11.6 degrees C to 20.25 degrees C depending on life stages, and egg to adult development required 440.55 DD above 20.25 degrees C.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

On Phlebotomus perniciosus Newstead, 1911 (Diptera, Phlebotomidae) in the Province of Almeria in southeastern Spain.

Several studies of Phlebotomine sandflies in the province of Almería (Southeastern Spain) showed Phlebotomus perniciosus to be the most abundant and wide-ranging number of the genus Phlebotomus. Samples collected during an entire year showed a population curve characterized by two peaks. Morphological examinations of males revealed marked variability to the peneane valves, and the existence od specimens with intermediate features between P. perniciosus and P. longicuspis. Dissections of females detected 24 specimens out of 522 (4.59%) infected with Leishmania sp.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of the irrigation and reclamation transformation of the Karshi Steppe on burrow sandflies of the genus Phlebotomus--vectors of the causative agent of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis].

Studies of land irrigation effect on Phlebotomus sandflies, carriers of Leishmania major (a zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis causative agent)--were performed for 15 field work periods, from 1967 to 1981, at 18 sites in various natural areas of the Karshi Steppe (Uzbek SSR). Over 43500 sandfly specimen were caught and identified. Regularities in sandfly number changes, first of all, that of Ph. papatasi, after irrigation were determined, with respect to various proximity of great gerbils' settlements, where sandflies breed in the irrigated fields. Well-drained sites situated higher than irrigated fields are practically unaffected by irrigation, sandflies number and specific composition being practically unchanged. At the sites situated either on the same level with irrigated fields or 3-5 m lower the number of sandflies changes usually in 2 stages: 1) short-term increase in Ph. papatasi number at the very beginning of the irrigation period; 2) formation of stably high or low Phlebotomus numbers due to stabilization of hydrothermal regime in the holes of great gerbils.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1989

[Eco-epidemiology of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Arab Republic of Yemen. III. Inventory and dynamics of Phlebotomus].

The systematic inventory and annual following of Phlebotomus population is established by the authors in a transmission area of visceral (human and canine) and cutaneous (human) leishmaniasis in the Yemen Arab Republic (province of Taez). Seven species of Phlebotomus and nine species of Sergentomyia are thus identified. Among them, four are considered as potential vectors: on the one hand, P. orientalis (s.g. Larroussius) and, probably P. arabicus (s.g. Adlerius) for L. infantum and L. donovani, in the other, P. sergenti and P. saevus (s.g. Paraphlebotomus) for L. tropica.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

The karyotype of Phlebotomus perniciosus with some observations on cytogenetics of Phlebotominae in relation to the other Psychodidae.

The karyotype of Phlebotomus perniciosus has been described. This consists of five pairs of chromosomes and includes a pair of heterosomes of XY type. Some observations on the karyotypic structure of Phlebotominae based on the comparison between Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia and between Phlebotominae and Psychodinae have been made, taking into account the taxonomical and karyological situation of the two groups.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

[Ecology of leishmaniasis in south France. 17. Sampling of Phlebotomus by the method of adhesive traps. Comparison with the technic of capture on human bait].

In the analysis of the ecology of foci of leishmaniasis in the South of France, a comparison was made of two methods of sampling the vector: the technique of oiled paper traps and of hand-catching off human bait. The techniques, used in parallel in a rural site (Cévennes) and in an urban site (built up areas in Marseilles) gave comparable results. In the Cévennes focus of visceral leishmaniasis, Phlebotomus ariasi Tonnoir, 1921 is the dominant sandfly; in the urban focus, it is replaced by Phlebotomus perniciosus Newstead, 1911. The analysis of captures shows that, in the South of France, in general, the method of sampling by oiled papers can be used instead of man-biting catches. The former method is easier and permits work over a wide area at many places simultaneously.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Some aspects of Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli) in greater Cairo, Egypt.

Exogenous and indigenous cases of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis are reported in several Egyptian Governorates particularly those in the Nile Delta, Phlebotomus paptasi (Scopoli) is the only proven insect vector. This paper was intended to study the seasonal abundance, nocturnal activity and breeding sites as well as other relevant behaviour aiming to throw some light on this insect vector. The results showed that: (a) the seasonal activity started in April and ended in November or beginning of December. (b) female outnumbered male indoors (7.4:1) and V.V. outdoors (0.14:1). (c) blood fed females were 97.7% indoors and 29.4% outdoors. (d) the nocturnal activity ranged between 6 p.m. to 6 a.m. indoors and 8 p.m. to 6 a.m. outdoors. (e) the immature stages of Phlebotomus were successfully recovered from rodent burrows and poultry sheds.

Animals↗