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PubMedDate not supplied

Histochemical demonstration of adrenergic fibers in the fascia periosteum and retinaculum.

Adrenergic nerve fibers were demonstrated in the fascia, periosteum and retinaculum using the formaldehyde method of Falck--Hillarp and the recently developed glyoxylic acid method. A typical adrenergic plexus was seen around the vessels. The arteries and arterioles received a dense adrenergic nerve supply. The veins had a sparse adrenergic innervation and the venules and capillaries were apparently without adrenergic innervation. These distribution patterns of adrenergic fibers were fundamentally similar to those seen in various organs. A difference in the pattern of innervation was seen, however, in the arterioles betweeen the fascia, and periosteum and retinaculum. Furthermore, chemical sympathectomy induced by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine resulted in the disappearance of noradrenaline fluorescence and marked vasodilation in the fascial vascular bed, and a moderate vasodilation in the periosteum and retinaculum. These findings suggest that the role of adrenergic fiber is vasoconstrictor and these fibers regulate the circulation in the fascia, periosteum and retinaculum.

Adrenergic Fibers↗
PubMed1995

[The periosteum: the "umbilical cord" of bone. Quantification of the blood supply of cortical bone of periosteal origin].

The Periosteum or periosteal membrane is a continuous composite fibroelastic covering membrane of the bone to which it is intimately linked. It consists of multipotent mesodermal cells (11, 15). Although the bone cortex is the main beneficiary of the principal anatomical and physiological functions of the periosteal membrane, the behaviour of the entire bone remains closely influenced by the periosteal activity. These principal functions are related to the cortical blood supply, osteogenesis, muscle and ligament attachments. Through its elastic and contractile nature, it participates in the maintenance of bone shape, and plays an important role in metabolic ionic exchange and physiological distribution of electro-chemical potential difference across its membranous structure. It has also been suggested that the periosteum may have its own specific proprioceptive property. This presentation will study the histo-anatomy and physiology of the periosteum and will discuss in detail its main functions of cortical blood supply and osteogenesis (fig. 1 and 2). It will also present the third intermediary report on a current study of the quantification of cortical vascularisation of femoral bone via the periosteum, using an isotonic salt solution of 85Strontium. The afferent-efferent (arterio-venous) flows of this solution in the thigh vascular system of guinea pigs were measured by gamma spectrometry after a series of selective macro and micro injections of radioactive salt into the femoral arterial system were carried out. Each vascular territory was meticulously selected and the injections were made according to size, starting with the larger vessels, with or without ligatures of neighbouring vessels, going progressively to smaller and smaller vessels not exceeding 100m in diameter.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Treatment of intractable diseased tissue in the maxillary sinus after endoscopic sinus surgery with high-pressure water jet and preservation of the periosteum.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a new high-pressure water jet (HPWJ) treatment to remove intractable diseased mucosa persisting in the maxillary sinus several months after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) while preserving the periosteum. DESIGN: A retrospective review of HPWJ treatment in 45 consecutive patients with at least 12 months follow-up. SETTING: A private surgicenter in Japan. PATIENTS: Patients (25 male and 20 female) ranged in age from 8 to 59 years. All patients had diffuse intractable lesions in the opened maxillary sinus after the initial ESS, with or without disease of the ethmoid and other major sinuses. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Resolution of diffuse intractable disease in the maxillary sinus and postoperative change in the size of the cavity were evaluated using nasal endoscopy and computed tomographic scan. RESULTS: Twenty-six (81%) of 32 sides in 25 patients with isolated persistent maxillary sinus disease were restored after HPWJ procedures; 25 (93%) of 27 sides in 20 patients who also had ethmoiditis also were restored. In the latter group, ethmoiditis recurred in 5 sides, which also included 2 sides of unrestored maxillary sinuses. Of the 51 restored sides, 33 (65%) were restored within 3 months after HPWJ treatment under endoscopic observation. No complications were seen during the surgery. Except for 1 side in 1 patient from which all diseased mucosa was removed almost completely, along with the periosteum, no reduction of the cavity by scar tissue formation was observed. This method did not affect the development of the maxillary bone in children. CONCLUSION: Removing diffuse intractable diseased mucosa in the maxillary sinus while preserving the periosteum with HPWJ treatment is an effective surgical therapy that fulfills the ultimate purpose of ESS.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

"Silver dust"--a tool to study growth interrelationships between bone, periosteum and muscle.

A cylinder of gelatin containing silver spongy granules was placed in and lay within the masseter muscle, the periosteum, and the mandible, and terminated in the medial pterygoid muscle of young (3 month-old) growing miniature pigs. On the basis of an animal sacrificed one week after placement of the cylinder, it was found that the suspending gelatin was removed by cellular activity. Nine months later the remaining animals were sacrificed. Periodic X-rays were taken during the course of the experiment. After sacrifice, the mandible and associated tissues were histologically examined. The results of this study suggest that the silver granules in the muscles maintained their location during growth; the silver granules in the mandible moved forward with mandibular growth. "Slippage" appeared to occur external to the fibrous layer of the periosteum; the site of movement was revealed by the trail of the silver granules. The described method should prove of value in studying the growth interrelationships between bone, periosteum, and muscle.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Innervation of human bone periosteum by peptidergic nerves.

Nerves exhibiting substance P-like immunoreactivity were demonstrated in the human periosteum. A network of nerves showing substance P-like immunoreactivity was seen in the periosteum, while finer strands of immunoreactive nerve fibers were present immediately beneath the surface of the periosteum. Enkephalin-like immunoreactivity was also studied but could not be demonstrated. Substance P has previously been suggested to be involved in the mediation of the sensation of pain. The clinically observable marked pain sensitivity of periosteal tissue might be explained by the peptidergic nerves described in this paper.

Fluorescence↗
PubMed1992

Transforming growth factor beta 1 stimulates type II collagen expression in cultured periosteum-derived cells.

Chondrogenesis can occur during a bone repair process, which is related to several growth factors. Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) downregulates the expression of type II collagen by chondrocytes in vitro, but injection of TGF-beta 1 into the periosteum in vivo increases type II collagen mRNA levels and initiates chondrogenesis. We examined the effect of TGF-beta 1 on collagen gene expression in a bovine periosteum-derived cell culture system to evaluate its direct effect on the periosteum. Cultured cells expressed alkaline phosphatase and collagen pro alpha 1(I) and pro alpha 1(II) mRNAs. A low level of type II collagen synthesis was demonstrated by immunoprecipitation. TGF-beta 1 had no effect on periosteal cell proliferation. Expression of collagen pro alpha 1(I) mRNA did not change with TGF-beta 1 treatment, but alkaline phosphatase mRNA showed a dose-dependent decrease. Expression of collagen pro alpha 1(II) mRNA was stimulated 2.7-fold by TGF-beta 1. TGF-beta 1 also caused a 2.6-fold increase in type II collagen synthesis by immunoprecipitation. These findings indicate that TGF-beta 1 is an enhancer of the expression of the chondrocyte phenotype of the periosteal cells and suggest that TGF-beta 1 is important in initiating and promoting cartilage formation in vivo.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1995

Osteogenesis in muscle with composite graft of hydroxyapatite and autogenous calvarial periosteum: a preliminary report.

To investigate the bone forming activity of composite grafts of hydroxyapatite (HA) and autogenous calvarial periosteum, porous HA rods with or without the periosteum were implanted into the back muscle of white rabbits. They were harvested 3 and 6 months after implantation and studied histologically and microradiographically. Bone formation in the pores of HA occurred in three out of four composite implants of the 3 month group, and four out of five implants of the 6 month group. The two specimens without bone formation revealed irregular calcified tissue outside the HA implant. No formation of bone and calcified tissue took place in any of the specimens with HA alone. These results indicate the potential of this new experimental system of ectopic osteogenesis and offer the possibility of a new improved bone graft consisting of HA and autogenous periosteum.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

A rapid-curing alginate gel system: utility in periosteum-derived cartilage tissue engineering.

In this study, we have developed a rapid-curing alginate gel system and demonstrated its utility as a scaffold for periosteum-derived chondrogenesis for articular cartilage tissue engineering applications. A homogeneous mechanically stable gel was formulated by inducing gelation of a 2% (w/v) solution of a high G content alginate (65-75% G) with a 75 mM solution of CaCl(2). The gel exhibited near-elastic behavior at low levels of deformation (15%, R(2)=0.996), Young's modulus of 0.17+/-0.01 MPa, and rapid gelation kinetics (<1 min to completion). The in vitro cell culture of chondrocytes in the gel yielded alginate/cell constructs that lacked the continuous, interconnected collagen/proteoglycan network of hyaline cartilage. In addition, we have demonstrated that this gel system is capable of supporting periosteum-derived chondrogenesis. We observed that when whole-tissue explants of periosteum were cultured in vitro within the gel, after 6 weeks, significant quantities (>50%) of the total area of the periosteal explants was composed of cartilage that was hyaline-like in appearance and contained cartilage-specific proteoglycans and type-II collagen. It is envisioned that such explants could be transplanted or regenerated in vivo within the biodegradable alginate matrix for the treatment of partial or full-thickness defects in articular cartilage. Importantly, the injectable delivery of the gel could be used in filling complex defects in the articular surface via minimally invasive procedures.

Alginates↗
PubMed2005

The healing potential of the periosteum molecular aspects.

The presence of pluripotential mesenchymal cells in the under surface of the periosteum in combination with growth factors regularly produced or released after injury, provide this unique tissue with an important role in the healing of bone and cartilage. The periosteum contributes in the secondary callus formation with cells and growth factors and should always be preserved and protected when surgery is performed for the management of a fracture. The current evidence about the cellular interactions, the stimulants and the signalling pathways related to osteogenesis and chondrogenesis is described. An essential knowledge of the basics related to the contribution of the periosteum in the healing of fractures, osteotomies, during the process of distraction osteogenesis and in some degree in the repair of cartilagenous defects, provides the surgeons with a better insight to understand the upcoming "biological" interventions in the management of skeletal injuries.

Cell Differentiation↗
PubMed2002

[The temporal periosteum: anatomical study and surgical implications].

The periosteum of the temporal area is mentioned at different places in the literature: either against the osseous plane like everywhere in the human body, or between the deep and the superficial temporal fascia. The subperiosteal subtemporal approach in craniofacial surgery in children is in favour of a juxta-osseous localization of the periosteum. Ten premature still-born neonates and two adults cadavers have been dissected for this study and, permit anatomical and histological (with HES coloration) studies. With every specimen, the authors concluded that the temporal periosteum is against the outer table of the calvarium. It became thinner in adults because of direct insertions of the temporalis muscle in the calvaria. An anatomical description of the layers of the temporal area is realised and discussed with an extensive review of the literature. The authors have proposed a subperiosteal subtemporal approach in craniostenosis surgery.

Fascia↗
PubMed2003

Platelets are mitogenic for periosteum-derived cells.

The early stages of bone regeneration are associated with a high mitogenic activity of periosteal cells. Here we addressed the question of whether platelets that accumulate within the developing haematoma can account for this tissue response. Addition of platelets, platelet-released supernatants, platelet membranes, and microparticles to bovine periosteum-derived cells resulted in an increase in 3H-thymidine incorporation; lipid extracts had no effect. Platelet-released supernatants retained their activity after incubation at 56 degrees C, but not at 100 degrees C. Gel chromatographic analysis revealed the highest mitogenic activity at approximately 35 kD. Of the factors released from activated platelets, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) increased 3H-thymidine incorporation. The mitogenic activity of platelet-released supernatants was decreased by anti-PDGF, and anti-bFGF antibodies. Platelet-released supernatants increased the number of proliferating periosteum-derived cells as determined by the expression pattern of Ki67. Platelet-released supernatants also resulted in a stimulation of cell proliferation in periosteal explants. These results suggest that platelets have the potential to stimulate the mitogenic response of the periosteum during bone repair.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Delayed ectopic antler growth and formation of a double-head antler in the metacarpal region of a fallow buck (Dama dama L.) following transplantation of antlerogenic periosteum.

Autologous transplantation of antlerogenic periosteum to the metacarpal region of a fallow buck resulted in the formation of an ectopic pedicle within a few months after transplantation. In the following years the pedicle increased in size, but no ectopic antler development occurred. However, in the ninth year after transplantation a first antler of about 3 cm length grew from the ectopic pedicle. The hard ectopic first antler was not cast, and renewed antler growth, starting in late spring of the following year, led to the formation of a larger subsequent antler of 7.3 cm length. The latter exhibited a distal flattening (palmation) and a rudimentary basal coronet, thereby displaying morphological features typical of the subsequent antlers of fallow bucks. The results of the experiment indicate (1) that transformation from pedicle to antler growth can occur several years after pedicle initiation, when the pedicle has reached a certain threshold size, (2) that species and age specific features of antler morphology tend to be realized even in ectopic locations, and (3) that primary and subsequent antler growth was apparently triggered by cells of the pedicle periosteum, being derived from the transplanted antlerogenic periosteum. The findings thereby emphasize the importance of local factors in the control of pedicle/first antler transformation and antler morphogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Bone augmentation by onlay implant using recombinant human BMP-2 and collagen on adult rat skull without periosteum.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether bone augmentation could be obtained by the composite of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) and bioabsorbable atelocollagen when the periosteum was resected, and to compare the efficacy of the rhBMP-2/collagen implant and the collagen alone implant. The onlay implant was inserted into the space between the elevated galea aponeurotica and the skull without the periosteum of 10-month-old rats. The rhBMP-2/collagen implant resulted in osteoblasts differentiation under the galea at 1 week and active bone formation without a prior formation of cartilage. At 4 weeks, the bony trabeculae were interconnected and connected directly with the compact bone of the skull. Histomorphometric analysis at 4 weeks demonstrated that the rhBMP-2/collagen implant showed 92.5% in the volume of bone tissue, whereas the collagen alone showed 0%. The implanted collagen was gradually replaced by bone tissue in the presence of rhBMP-2. Our present results indicate that rhBMP-2 stimulates undifferentiated mesenchymal cells in the galea overlying the implant to proliferate and differentiate directly into osteoblasts on the carrier collagen fibers. The collagen matrix was stably placed on the skull and suitable as a substitute for rhBMP-2. The rhBMP-2/collagen onlay implant might be clinically applicable for bone augmentation even under the condition without the periosteum.

Absorbable Implants↗
PubMed2000

Contribution of the periosteum to bone formation in guided bone regeneration. A study in monkeys.

The periosteum has been referred to as a protective barrier in the regeneration of bone defects. The objective of this study was to determine the contribution of periosteum as a natural barrier to bone formation in guided bone regeneration. Mucoperiosteal flaps were elevated bilaterally on the buccal aspect of the mandibular angle in 5 cynomolgus monkeys. Bleeding was induced by perforating the cortical bone. A hemispherical titanium mesh was fixed over the areas thus creating a void 5 mm in height between the mesh and the bone surface. One one side the mesh was covered with an ePTFE membrane (test side). The contralateral side did not receive further treatment (control side). After 4 month healing, histomorphometric analyses were used to determine the percentage of new bone in the void underneath the mesh, and the ratio between mineralized tissue and marrow spaces in new and old bone. The mean percentage of new bone tissue was 77.2 +/- 7.5% for the test sides and 68.6 +/- 8.4% for the control sides (P = 0.018, t-test). This new bone contained 80.0 +/- 3.6% mineralized tissue in the test group and 82.5 +/- 5.0% in the control group (P > 0.05, t-test). In both groups the newly formed bone exhibited significantly less mineralized tissue than the old bone (P < 0.05, t-test). It is concluded from this study that new bone formation was enhanced by the additional use of an ePTFE membrane under a periosteum-lined mucoperiosteal flap when space maintenance was excluded as a critical factor.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

A novel approach to regenerating periodontal tissue by grafting autologous cultured periosteum.

In the field of oral and maxillofacial surgery, tissue-engineering techniques have been found useful in regenerating lost tissues. Periodontal disease causes severe destruction of periodontal tissue, including the alveolar bone. In this study we attempted to regenerate canine periodontal tissue defects by grafting autologous cultured membrane derived from the periosteum. Under appropriate culture conditions, periosteal cells produce enough extracellular matrix to form sheets. Periosteum specimens were peeled from the mandibular body of adult hybrid dogs and were cultured until cells formed membrane. ALP activity was measured to determine an optimal time for grafting. The cultured periosteum (CP) was grafted and sutured on a mechanically made Class III furcation defect in the 4th mandibular premolars. After 3 months, the samples were harvested and observed radiologically and histologically. In cases of CP, the bone defects were regenerated and filled with newly formed hard tissue, whereas in the controls the defects remained. These results show that our novel treatment is effective in regenerating alveolar bone for the treatment of periodontal disease.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The role of periosteum and different dissection types on callus formation: quantitative analyses with scintigraphy in a rabbit mandible model.

In this experimental study, the effects of different dissection types and the role of the periosteum on callus formation were investigated. Forty-five rabbits were divided into three groups of 15 rabbits. In the first group, a classic subperiosteal dissection was performed to reach the mandible. In the second group, the dissection was done extraperiosteally between the periosteum and the muscle. In the third group, the periosteum at the osteotomy line was stripped out bilaterally both on the lingual and the buccal sides (1.5 cm wide on each side). In all groups, linear vertical osteotomy was performed using an oscillating saw, and fracture fragments were fixed with surgical wire. The animals were evaluated using biomechanical (traction test), histological, and scintigraphic methods. The most durable callus in the traction test and, scintigraphically, the most rapid remodeling were seen in the second group. The histological study performed during week 3 revealed immature callus formation in the first and second groups, and no such formation in the third group. At week 8 the callus was mature in the first two groups and in the third group it was seen but not mature.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Significance of the periosteum in onlay craniofacial augmentation.

In the quest for bioinert, easily applicable, and individually adaptable alloplastic materials, hydroxyapatite (HA) has gained a new application in onlay craniofacial augmentation. On the basis of clinical and experimental proof that intraosseous translocation of HA occurs after HA onlay augmentation, we conducted an animal study on 16 adult Goettingen minipigs in which HA, as blocks or granular, was implanted for a maximum time of 72 weeks. Our aim was to study the difference between periosteal and subperiosteal onlay augmentation of two different HA forms by comparing HA-bone interface on the intact frontal bone treated with a block form of HA versus granular HA, with special emphasis on the periosteum. Within a few weeks after subperiosteal augmentation, subimplant changes in the grafted bone became evident to such an extent that within 72 weeks the granules migrated into the frontal sinus. In contrast, in epiperiosteal HA onlay augmentation, no intraosseous migration of HA particles was observed, regardless of the type of HA implants. The HA particles were integrated within the connective tissue, and the connective tissue infiltrated the interstitial spaces. For the most part, the location and the shape of the implant remained stable. The periosteum assumed the function of a limiting membrane. We recommend that epiperiosteal onlay augmentation with HA be performed only if previous studies have proven that shape and location are stable. The periosteum should be preserved because it functions as a limiting membrane, retaining the HA and preventing it from migrating into the subimplant bone.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Articular cartilage regeneration using periosteum.

Periosteum has chondrogenic potential that makes it possible to repair or regenerate cartilage in damaged joints. Whole periosteal explants also can be cultured in vitro for the purpose of studying chondrogenesis. This chondrogenic potential arises because the cambium layer of periosteum contains chondrocyte precursor cells that form cartilage during limb development and growth in utero, and does so once again during fracture healing. The advantages of whole tissue periosteal transplants for cartilage repair include the fact that this tissue meets the three primary requirements for tissue engineering: a source of cells, a scaffold for delivering and retaining them, and a source of local growth factors. Data from in vivo studies show that periosteum transplanted into osteochondral articular defects produce cartilage that can restore the articular cartilage and be replaced by bone in the subchondral region. This capacity is determined by surgical factors such as the orientation of the cambium layer, postoperative factors such as the use of continuous passive motion, and the age and maturity of the experimental animal. In vitro studies have shown that the chondrogenic potential of periosteal explants is determined by culture, donor conditions, and technical factors. Chondrogenesis is optimized by suspension of the explants in agarose under aerobic conditions, with supplementation of the media using fetal calf serum and growth factors, particularly transforming growth factor-beta 1. The role of physical factors currently is being investigated, but studies show that the mechanical environment is important. Donor factors that are important include the harvest site, the size of the periosteal explant, and most importantly the age of the donor. Periosteal chondrogenesis follows a specific time course of events, with proliferation preceding differentiation. The current challenge is to clarify the process of periosteal chondrogenesis and its regulation at the cellular and molecular levels, so that it can be controlled intelligently and optimized for the purpose of cartilage repair and regeneration.

Animals↗