[Group-analysis as short psychotherapy. Empiric comparative study in specific inhomogenic groups of psychotic and neurotic patients].
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The paper deals with questions concerning the modification of classical forms of psychopathy. The forms of psychopathy are not invariable, rigid. They can change during the life span of one psychopathic personality and be expressed in an interchange of obligatory (main) and facultative (supplementary) personality traits, as well as in different variations of the facultative traits of a psychopathic personality. Besides, the forms of psychopathy may gradually change during separate periods (if comparing the structure of separate forms), which indicate the dependence of the structure and dynamics of psychopathy from the changing environment, home conditions, urbanization, cultural level, etc. This should be held in mind in selecting methods of treatment in psychopathy, in recommendations of rehabilitative measures and in forensic-psychiatric exminations.
A comprehensive examination of the nature of psychopathological syndromes and the functional involvement of the structures of the right or left hemispheres (assessed by the degree of spatial synchronization of the biopotentials) revealed a relationship between the features of the syndrome formation and the predominant utilization of the mechanisms of perception and procession of information common to the left (in syndromes determined by interpretative formations) or the right (in hallucinational syndromes) hemisphere. The predominant involvement of the systems of one or another hemisphere may determine some characteristics of the clinical picture of mental diseases detected in transcultural studies.
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Long-term reactive conditions in 100 patients with traumatic cerebral lesions were studied. On the basis of the disease course, the patients were divided into two groups. In 55 cases, psychogenic disorders developed into neuroses, the latter transforming over years into neurosis-like symptomatology, with the growing frequency of vegetative and liquorodynamic impairments and also with increased asthenia. In the case of psychoses development, there was a tendency toward the alleviation of the acuity of every subsequent reactive condition. Such disorders as acute reactive psychoses, reactive depression, delirium-like fantasies showed a progressive tendency to decline, while there was an increase in the incidence of pseudodementia, reactive paranoid and verbal hallucinosis. Conditions contributing to the development of individual types of psychoses are reviewed.
Fifty-two patients with reactive states were studied for specific features of their motor disorders. The clinical follow-up data were supplemented by electromyographic examinations. The motor pathology was shown to be characterized by polymorphism and marked atypical nature. It was revealed that under conditions of considerable functional disintegration of the cerebral motor systems, the motor pathology observed was similar to that seen with organic brain diseases.
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Twenty cases are presented as a basis for reopening the discussion concerning the homilopathy concept introduced by Kraepelin. The authors describe three different degrees of expression of the homilopathic syndrome. The investigations suggest that homilopathic impediments are much more common than the usage of the term indicates. Possibilities of therapy and prophylaxis are discussed.
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It has been reported about the results of ambulatory psychotherapy in groups. We believed that the process in a group will be stimulated specifically by different concepts and kinds of intervention. Thus, the behaviour of the therapeut seems to be very important. Special attention is also paid to the preparation of the patients within a complex therapy programme. In this way it is possible, also to improve ambulatory ability and indication of dynamie psychotherapy in a group.
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The emergence of homosexual anxieties in heterosexual males following a severe blow to masculine self-esteem has been termed "pseudohomosexual" by Ovesey and has been shown to reflect sexual dependence and power conflicts. This article extends the concept, described largely in neurotic patients, to psychotic reactions occurring in basic trainees following failure to adapt to military life. The military setting is viewed as a culturally specific stress for emergence of pseudohomosexual anxieties in predisposed individuals. Case studies illustrate the power and dependence conflicts, sexual symbolization, projective defenses, and restitutional violence which characterize these patients. The pseudohomosexual psychosis defends the patient against perceiving his inability to effect separation from mother, bear the object loss, and attain cultural manhood.
During the Moscow trials in 1936-38 several doctors were sentenced for participating in the murders of party leaders. As others who were accused, the doctors willingly confessed to crimes they could not possibly have committed. A second doctors' plot took place in the autumn of 1952. This time nine doctors, six of them Jews, were arrested for the attempted murder of political leaders. Only the unexpected death of Josef Stalin prevented a new wave of terror. With the single exception of Genrikh Grigorjevitsj Jagoda (1891-1938), head of the NKVD (KGB's predecessor), all those sentenced under the Moscow process are now rehabilitated. The participants of the second doctors' plot were rehabilitated immediately after Stalin's death.
Amphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior in animals is proposed as a model for schizophrenia. Chronic amphetamine administration produces stereotyped behavior and a paranoid schizophreniform syndrome in man, whereas in animals a behavioral sensitization to stereotypy is evoked. We now show that phenylethylamine (PEA), an amphetamine-like stimulant concentrated in the limbic system of human brain, produces stereotypy in rats with a behavioral sensitization when chronically administered. In comparing amphetamine-induced stereotypy with PEA-induced stereotypy, we found that the alpha-adrenergic blocking agents phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine selectively antagonize PEA stereotypy, whereas the beta-adrenergic blocking agent propranolol fails to alter significantly stereotypies evoked by PEA or amphetamine administration. Catecholamine depletion by alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine administration blocks stereotypies induced by both PEA amphetamine, whereas selective norepinephrine depletion antagonizes only PEA stereotypy; the amino acid precursors of both norepinephrine and dopamine potentiate stereotypies. Therefore, PEA-elicited stereotypy, but not amphetamine-elicited stereotypy, is dependent upon norepinephrine; the significance of this for the PEA animal model of schizophrenia is discussed.