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PubMed1990

Comparison of psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid and cellulose as adjuncts to a prudent diet in the treatment of mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia.

The effects of the administration of 5.1 g of psyllium or placebo (cellulose) twice daily for 16 weeks were compared as adjuncts to a prudent diet in the management of moderate hypercholesterolemia in a parallel, double-blind study. Psyllium decreased the total cholesterol level by 5.6% and the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level by 8.6%, whereas the levels were unchanged in the placebo group. The high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level decreased during the diet stabilization period in both groups and returned to near-baseline values by week 16. Plasma triglyceride levels did not change substantially in either group. Subject compliance to treatment was greater than 95%. These data suggest that psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid in a twice-daily regimen may be a useful and safe adjunct to a prudent diet in the treatment of moderate hypercholesterolemia.

Cellulose↗
PubMed1995

Effect of psyllium on plasma concentration of glucose, breath hydrogen concentration, and fecal composition in calves with diarrhea treated orally with electrolyte solutions.

We investigated the effect of adding psyllium to a standard electrolyte solution in 10 calves with diarrhea. The calves were tested with the standard solution on one day and standard solution plus psyllium on the alternate day. The order of treatments was randomized. Psyllium converted the solution into mucilage, but did not affect fecal consistency. Mean +/- SEM area under the glucose absorption curve was lower for mucilaginous than for nonmucilaginous solutions, 2.1 +/- 0.62 vs 3.75 +/- 1.18 mmol.h, respectively, but the difference was not significant. The area under the breath hydrogen curve was marginally lower for mucilaginous than nonmucilaginous solutions, 102 +/- 20 and 209 +/- 60 ppm.h, respectively. The usefulness of such decreased bacterial fermentation is doubtful.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1992

Psyllium husk. I: Effect on plasma lipoproteins, cholesterol metabolism, and atherosclerosis in African green monkeys.

Psyllium's effects on plasma and lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations, cholesterol metabolism, and diet-induced atherosclerosis were studied in adult male African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). Animals were fed for 3.5 y one of three experimental diets: low-cholesterol cellulose (LCC), high-cholesterol cellulose (HCC), or high-cholesterol psyllium (HCP). The LCC and HCP groups had significantly (P less than 0.05) lower plasma cholesterol concentrations (39% lower) at 1 mo than did the HCC group. These responses persisted throughout the study. Plasma cholesterol changes were due to a reduction in intermediate-density and low-density lipoproteins; very-low and high-density-lipoprotein concentrations were similar among groups. Aortic atherosclerosis, evaluated as percent sudanophilia at 3.5 y, was lowest in the LCC group, intermediate in the HCP group, and highest in the HCC group. Cholesterol absorption, neutral steroid and fat excretion, HMGCoA reductase activity (in intestine and liver), and body weight were unrelated to psyllium's hypocholesterolemic effects.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Psyllium husk. II: Effect on the metabolism of apolipoprotein B in African green monkeys.

Dietary psyllium's ability to reduce low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is presumably mediated by increased LDL catabolism and/or reduced LDL synthesis. To distinguish between these possibilities, apolipoprotein B (apo B) metabolism was studied in adult male African green monkeys consuming one of three semipurified diets: low-cholesterol cellulose (LCC), high-cholesterol cellulose (HCC), or high-cholesterol psyllium (HCP). 131I-labeled LDL and 125I-labeled VLDL were injected simultaneously into animals; blood samples were drawn at selected times and apo B specific activity determined in VLDL, IDL, and LDL. Based on a multicompartmental model, LDL apo B pool size and de novo apo B transport were elevated significantly in HCC animals compared with HCP and LCC animals. Differences in LDL transport, although not significant, paralleled differences observed in LDL apo B pool size. Fractional catabolic rates were similar among groups (HCC 0.040 +/- 0.010; HCP 0.042 +/- 0.009, and LCC 0.043 +/- 0.004 pools/h). These data suggest that dietary psyllium reduces plasma cholesterol concentrations by decreasing LDL synthesis.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bulk laxative efficacy of a psyllium seed hydrocolloid and of a mixture of cellulose and pectin.

The cellulose/pectin combination (C/P) investigated in this study is as efficacious as a psyllium seed product widely used as a bulk laxative. Because of its physical characteristics (whiteness, lack of flavor and odor, lack of gelling upon standing), it is easy to use as a component of baked foods, sauces, drinks, stews, and in other recipes. Given its fecal bulking equivalence to the popular psyllium-based products, C/P offers advantages to the patient who takes a bulking agent regularly because of the wide choice of methods of consumption, ensuring better compliance over long periods of time. This cellulose/pectin combination appears to be a viable alternative to the limited choice presently available to the bulk laxative user and could also be used as a plant fiber supplement whenever this is desirable.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The presence of antiamoebic constituents in psyllium husk.

The crude extract of psyllium husk (ispaghula) and its active constituent (petroleum fraction) caused varying degrees of growth inhibition in three different species of Entamoeba, i.e. Entamoeba histolytica, E. invadens and E. dispar. The inhibitory effect of the crude extract was in the dose range of 1-10 mg/mL, whereas a similar inhibitory effect was obtained with the petroleum fraction at a much lower dose (0.1-1.0 mg/mL), indicating that the active chemical(s) is/are concentrated in the petroleum fraction. These data support the traditional use of psyllium husk in amoebic dysentery.

Amebicides↗
PubMed1991

Effect of psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid on serum cholesterol in the elderly.

The effect of psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid (PHM) when used as a laxative and/or stool softener on serum cholesterol concentrations was examined in 176 ambulatory elderly participants attending a health screening program. The change in one-year serum cholesterol concentration in subjects using PHM was compared with the change in cholesterol in 741 participants who did not report the use of PHM. Serum cholesterol concentration decreased by 0.073 mmol/liter (2.82 mg/dl) in the treatment group compared with a decrease of 0.036 mmol/liter (1.39 mg/dl) in the control group. After adjusting for confounding factors, excluding psyllium dose, by using a multiple regression model there was no significant difference in the change in serum cholesterol concentration (P = 0.935). PHM dosage information was available for 158 participants. After adjusting for baseline serum cholesterol and confounding factors using multiple regression analysis, it was found that the dose of PHM administered was significantly correlated with the change in serum cholesterol (P = 0.0120). For every 1-g increase in daily PHM dose there was a 0.022 mmol/liter (0.84 mg/dl) decrease in serum cholesterol concentration.

Aged↗
PubMed1979

The effect of dietary psyllium hydrocolloid and lignin on bile.

Animal experiments suggest that supplementing the diet with either psyllium seed husk or lignin alters the ratio of deoxycholic acid to chenodeoxycholic in bile. In this study dosages of psyllium seed husk or lignin acceptable to patients with gallstones do not appear to alter the relative amounts of cholesterol, or individual bile acids in the bile.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Evaluation of the effectiveness of lipid-lowering therapy (bile acid sequestrants, niacin, psyllium and lovastatin) for treating hypercholesterolemia in veterans.

Veterans are frequently older, have more chronic illnesses, and take more medications than subjects volunteering for clinical trials. Because these factors may impair the effectiveness of lipid-lowering drug therapy, the effectiveness of drug therapy in veterans may differ from that measured in randomized controlled trials. In 297 patients with type IIa hyperlipidemia attending a large Veterans Administration Medical Center lipid clinic, adverse effects, compliance, lipid and lipoprotein responses to drug therapy were prospectively monitored. Bile acid sequestrants (4 packets/day) were associated with a high rate of adverse effects, and had the highest drug discontinuance rate (37%) and poorest compliance (73 +/- 3% of the doses prescribed reported ingested) of all agents. Patients aged > 60 years tolerated therapy with bile acid sequestrants less well than did younger veterans (p < 0.01). Niacin (1.5 g/day) also had a high drug discontinuance rate (27%). Lovastatin (20 mg/day) had the lowest drug discontinuance rate (2%) and the highest compliance (90 +/- 2%). Lovastatin also reduced low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol the most (-21.6 +/- 2.0%), whereas niacin produced the largest increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (+/- 14.3 +/- 2.2%); both niacin and lovastatin produced similar reductions in the LDL/HDL ratio. However, psyllium (10.4 g/day) reduced LDL cholesterol by only 2%, and had no effect on the LDL/HDL ratio. Psyllium produced larger LDL cholesterol reductions in patients aged < 60 years than in older patients (p < 0.01). Niacin and lovastatin are effective drugs for hypercholesterolemia management in the Veterans Administration Medical Center setting.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

The threshold for satiating effectiveness of psyllium in a nutrient base.

A combination of psyllium fiber with nutrients in a commercially available wafer (Fiberall-Ciba Consumer Pharmaceutical) was evaluated for its effectiveness in reducing food intake and appetite. Each of 15 nonobese healthy women received no wafers and four different amounts (39, 104, 169, and 234 kcal) of the fiber wafer with water, in a ratio of 13 kcal (and 0.565 g psyllium) wafer per 41.67 g water, 30 minutes prior to a test meal of macaroni and beef, on nonconsecutive days. Intake of the test meal and hunger ratings were both significantly reduced after intake of the two largest wafer amounts (169 and 234 kcal, respectively), in comparison with the two smaller amounts and none at all. The reduction produced by the largest amount compared to none at all was 122 kcal (about half the energy of the amount given). There were no significant differences in intake and hunger ratings among the two smaller amounts and none at all. Thus the threshold for intake reduction by this product with water lies between 104 and 169 kcal. Methodologically, this work underscores the importance of testing the satiating effects of foods at multiple levels before conclusions are drawn about their satiating effectiveness, and suggests that the threshold for significant reduction should be considered as a measure of the product's satiating effectiveness. The relative contributions of the nutrients, the fiber, and the water to the satiating effect still need to be determined.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Protective effect of anticholinergic drugs and psyllium in a nosocomial outbreak of Norwalk gastroenteritis.

An outbreak of Norwalk agent gastroenteritis occurred in a chronic-care hospital in Tennessee in April 1981. Fifty-five per cent of the elderly psychiatric patients and 61 per cent of the nursing employees on one floor became ill. Infection was most likely to have spread from patient-to-patient by nursing employees. Certain chronic medications seemed to protect patients from symptomatic infection. Anticholinergic drugs appeared to mask the symptoms of this disease; psyllium ('Metamucil') may have prevented infection in some patients. We suggest that prospective studies be undertaken to confirm the possible value of psyllium in averting infection with Norwalk agent.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Effects of psyllium fiber and short-chain organic acids derived from fiber breakdown on colonic epithelial cells from high-risk patients.

The effect of a purified fiber, psyllium and the short-chain organic acids derived from fiber breakdown, were assayed on isolated colonic epithelial cells primary-cultured from patients at high-risk of colon cancer, due to adenoma growth or family history of colon cancer. Psyllium fiber provided colonocytes some protection from deoxycholic acid-induced lysis. Propionic acid, a product of fiber breakdown, was a potent colonocyte mitogen, suggesting that fiber could indirectly protect the colon by providing colonocyte nutrients.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Potential synergism between wheat bran and psyllium: enhanced inhibition of colon cancer.

In this study we compared the influence of high fat (20% w/w) diets that combine low levels of calcium (0.18% w/w) and low (1% w/w), medium (4% w/w) and high (8% w/w) levels of dietary fiber from wheat bran (WB), with high (8% w/w) levels of dietary fiber from psyllium (PS) alone or in various combinations with WB, on the induction of colon tumors in Fischer-344 rats following exposure to azoxymethane (AOM). The rats were fed the experimental diets for 2 weeks, and then were given two s.c. injections of AOM (15 mg/kg body wt./week). Twenty-three weeks following the first injection of AOM, the incidence of colon tumors in the different dietary groups (12 rats/group) was compared. The results clearly showed that by increasing the dietary fiber concentration of WB from 1 to 8% significantly reduced the number of colon tumors/group. When the influence of 8% dietary fiber from WB on the development of colon tumors was compared with that of PS (WB:PS = 0:100), no significant difference was observed. However, combinations of WB and PS showed a greater protective effect than either WB or PS alone, at comparable levels of dietary fiber. The 50:50 combination of WB and PS showed maximum protection, while 25:75 and 75:25 combinations both produced intermediate effects. None of the diets showed any significant effect on the normal growth of rats. The results indicate that WB and PS fiber alone, and to a greater degree in combination, can offer protection against colon cancer promoted by high fat, low calcium diets. Diets that include wheat bran in combination with psyllium could be an effective means of reducing colon cancer risk in human populations addicted to high risk western diets.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The release dynamics of model drugs from the psyllium and N-hydroxymethylacrylamide based hydrogels.

In order to utilize the psyllium husk, a medicinally important natural polysaccharide, for developing the novel hydrogels for the controlled drug delivery device, we have prepared psyllium and N-hydroxymethylacrylamide based polymeric networks by using N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (N,N'-MBAAm) as crosslinker. The polymeric networks thus formed were characterized with scanning electron micrography (SEM), FTIR and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques to study various structural aspects of the networks and also with the swelling response of the polymeric networks as a function of time, temperature, pH and [NaCl]. Equilibrium swelling has been observed to depend on both structural aspects of the polymers and environmental factors. Maximum P(s) 748.3 was observed at 13.0 x 10(-3)mol/L of [N,N'-MBAAm] in 0.5M NaOH solution. The release dynamics of model drugs (salicylic acid and tetracycline hydrochloride) from hydrogels has also been discussed, for the evaluation of the release mechanism and diffusion coefficients. The effect of pH on the release pattern of tetracycline has been studied by varying the pH of the release medium. In release medium of pH 7.4 buffer the release pattern of tetracycline drastically changes to the extent that mechanism of drug diffusion shifted from non-Fickian diffusion to Fickian diffusion. It has been observed that diffusion exponent "n" have 0.71, 0.67 and 0.52 values and gel characteristic constant 'k' have 1.552 x 10(-2), 2.291 x 10(-2) and 5.309 x 10(-2) values in distilled water, pH 2.2 buffer and pH 7.4 buffer, respectively, for tetracycline release. In solution of pH 7.4 buffer, the rate of polymer chain relaxation was more as compare to the rate of drug diffusion from these hydrogels and it follows Fick's law of diffusion. The value of the initial diffusion coefficient for the release of tetracycline hydrochloride was higher than the value of late time diffusion coefficient in each release medium indicating that in the start, the diffusion of drug from the polymeric matrix was fast as compare to the latter stages.

Acrylamides↗
PubMed1982

Influence of a psyllium-based fibre preparation on faecal and serum parameters.

A fibre made of psyllium husk was given to 12 elderly patients for 4 months in order to investigate their faecal output and selected serum parameters. The fibre significantly improved bowel function and faecal output confirming its value as a non-irritant, harmless bulk-forming laxative. Serum cholesterol was decreased by 20% while triglycerides remained unchanged. There was a significant reduction in serum calcium after withdrawal of the fibre supplement. There were no significant changes in serum iron, total iron binding capacity, fibrinogen, or in the haematological parameters (ESR, haemoglobin, leucocyte count) attributable to the fibre. The high phytate content of the fibre does not appear to have any clinically significant effect on mineral absorption. It is suggested that dietary fibre (at least psyllium-based fibre preparations) may have significant cholesterol lowering capacity due to the binding of bile-acids in the intestine.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Experimental assessment of the allergenicity of a psyllium-containing laxative.

The allergenicity of psyllium was investigated using the Guinea Pig Maximation Test. Four of 12 animals gave positive skin reactions. Subsequent inhalation challenge of the same animals yielded respiratory hypersensitivity reactions in four of the animals. Two animals gave both skin and respiratory responses. The mosaic of respiratory and dermatologic symptoms demonstrated by animals resembled the pattern of findings reported in clinical studies. Results of SDS-acrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunoblot and protein determinations of aqueous psyllium extracts failed to indicate the presence of protein. Spectrophotometric studies suggested that the extract was a gum with a molecular weight greater than 14,000 daltons.

Allergens↗
PubMed1994

Mucin secretion in germfree rats fed fiber-free and psyllium diets and bacterial mass and carbohydrate fermentation after colonization.

The effect of psyllium on mucin secretion was determined by comparing water-soluble and -insoluble fractions of excreta from germfree rats fed a fiber-free (FF) diet or a diet containing psyllium seed husk (PS). Excreta from the same rats after colonization with a rat mixed cecal culture were separated into water-soluble, plant, and bacterial fractions to compare the remaining carbohydrate and the mass of bacteria. The sugar composition and water solubility of carbohydrate in excreta from germfree rats fed FF diets indicated that a primary fermentable substrate was mucin. PS increased fecal excretion of mucin-derived sugars almost threefold in germfree rats. Fecal carbohydrate was reduced from 619 to 237 mumol/g of dry feces and mostly in the bacterial fraction when rats fed an FF diet were colonized. The total sugar content and the amount of muramic acid, but not bacterial counts and mass, indicated that PS increased fecal bacteria. Fractionation of excreta from PS-fed rats was complicated by a gel which, based on sugar composition, was PS. Sugar composition of the water-soluble fraction from excreta from PS-fed rats suggested that it contained some bacterial component, possibly exopolysaccharides and some of the PS, but not mucin. PS digestibility ranged from 60 to 80%, depending on what fecal fraction was used for output. Because of the presence of PS-derived sugars in the gel and soluble fraction, it was not possible to determine which, if any, of the PS digestibilities was correct.

Animals↗