Electron microscopic aspects concerning the adsorption of Proteus mirabilis phage "22" on Proteus mirabilis is bacterial strain.
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Adsorption↗
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[Structure of the subcommissural organ of Proteus (Proteus anguinus)].
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Amphibians↗
[Vital cycle of the proteus, Proteus anguinus Laurenti (batrachians, urodeles)].
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Amphibians↗
Proteus bacteriuria is associated with significant morbidity in spinal cord injury.
STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. OBJECTIVES: We investigated the morbidity associated with Proteus bacteriuria in a spinal cord injured (SCI) population. SETTING: Michael E DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Houston, Texas, USA. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of all veterans with SCI who received care in our medical center during the past 3 years. Proteus bacteriuria was defined as the growth of Proteus species in any urine culture during the study period. Urinary stones were defined as either renal or bladder calculi. RESULTS: During the study period, 71 of the 501 subjects (14%) had Proteus and 90 (18%) had urinary stones. Twenty-seven percent of the subjects with Proteus had stones, and the association of Proteus with stones was significant (P<0.05). Proteus bacteriuria was likewise associated with complete injury, hospitalization, decubitus ulcers, and history of stones (P<0.001). Subjects using indwelling catheters, either transurethral or suprapubic, were significantly more likely to have Proteus, whereas subjects practising spontaneous voiding and clean intermittent catheterization were significantly less likely to have Proteus. In the 90 patients with stones, Proteus was associated with requiring treatment for stones and having multiple stones (P<0.01). Twenty-five of the 90 patients with stones (28%) required treatment, most often with lithotripsy, and 6 (7%) developed urosepsis. CONCLUSIONS: In persons with SCI, Proteus was found in subjects with a greater degree of impairment who were more likely to be hospitalized, to have decubiti, and to use indwelling catheters. Bacteriuria with Proteus predicted urologic complications in persons with SCI. STATEMENT OF ETHICS: All applicable institutional and governmental regulations concerning the ethical use of human volunteers were followed during the course of this research.
Bacteriuria↗
Prevalence of Proteus species in urinary tract infections in a regional hospital in Trinidad.
BACKGROUND: Proteus bacteria are a well-known cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs). The prevalence of UTIs is high among catheterized patients and those undergoing manipulation of the urinary tract. This study assessed the prevalence of UTIs due to Proteus species, the predisposing factors, complications and extent of antimicrobial resistance at a regional teaching hospital. METHODS: Urine samples in sterile containers from inpatients and outpatients were inoculated onto cysteine lactose electrolyte deficient agar and sheep blood agar plates with calibrated (0.001 ml) platinum loops and incubated aerobically at 35 degrees C to 37 degrees C for 18 to 24 hours. A colony count of 10(5) bacteria/ml or more was the criterion for significant bacteriuria. Proteus spp were identified and classified into four groups. Susceptibility testing was performed via the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique on Müeller-Hinton agar using ampicillin (10 micrograms), tetracycline (30 micrograms), nalidixic acid (30 micrograms), gentamicin (10 micrograms), nitrofurantoin (30 micrograms), co-trimoxazole (30 micrograms) and cefuroxime (30 micrograms). RESULTS: Of 1,397 urine specimens from hospital and community patients, 414 had one or more species of bacteria isolated, of which 74 (17.9%) were Proteus spp. Hospital-acquired UTIs accounted for more than two-thirds (51/74, 68.9%) of Proteus spp isolates, while community-acquired UTIs accounted for approximately one-third (23/74, 31.1%) of all Proteus isolates. The prevalence of Proteus UTIs in males was 34 of 184 (18.5%) and was slightly higher than in females (40/230, 17.4%). P mirabilis was the most frequently isolated Proteus sp (55/74, 74.3%), followed by P vulgaris (9/74. 12.2%), Morganella morganii, (7/74, 9.5%) and Providencia rettgeri (3/74, 4.0%). Forty-nine of 55 (89%) P mirabilis isolates were biotype 2. Catheterization was the most common predisposing factor in 32.4% of hospital-acquired Proteus UTIs. More than 92% of Proteus isolates were sensitive to gentamicin and nalidixic acid, whereas, ampicillin (35%) and tetracycline (18%) were the least effective drugs. CONCLUSIONS: Proteus was isolated from about 18% of patients with significant bacteriuria. Most isolates occurred in hospitalized patients with indwelling urinary catheters and in patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy, diabetes and prostatectomy. Proper catheter care may improve infection control and reduce the morbidity of UTIs associated with Proteus spp.
Adolescent↗
Biological activities of lipopolysaccharides of Proteus spp. and their interactions with polymyxin B and an 18-kDa cationic antimicrobial protein (CAP18)-derived peptide.
The saccharide constituents of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Proteus spp. vary with the strain and contain unique components about which little is known. The biological activities of LPS and lipid A from S- and R-forms of 10 Proteus strains were examined. LPS from all S-form Proteus strains was lethal to D-(+)-galactosamine (GalN)-loaded, LPS-responsive, C3H/HeN mice, but not to LPS-hypo-responsive C3H/HeJ mice. P. vulgaris 025 LPS evoked strong anaphylactoid reactions in N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MDP)-primed C3H/HeJ mice. LPS from S- and R-form Proteus strains induced production of nitric oxide (NO) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) by macrophages isolated from C3H/HeN but not C3H/HeJ mice. Lipid A from Proteus strains also induced NO and TNF production, although lipid A was less potent than LPS. The effects of LPS were mainly dependent on CD14; LPS-induced NO and TNF production in CD14+ J774.1 cells was significantly greater than in CD14-J7.DEF.3 cells. All LPS from Proteus strains, and especially from P. vulgaris 025, exhibited higher anti-complementary activity than LPS from Escherichia coli or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Polymyxin B inactivated proteus LPS in a dose-dependent manner, but these LPS preparations were more resistant to polymyxin B than E. coli LPS. CAP18(109-135), a granulocyte-derived peptide, inhibited proteus LPS endotoxicity only when the LPS:CAP18(109-135) ratio was appropriate, which suggests that CAP18(109-135) acts through a different mechanism than polymyxin B. The results indicate that LPS from Proteus spp. are potently endotoxic, but that the toxicity is different from that of LPS from E. coli or Salmonella spp. and even varies among different Proteus strains. The variation in biological activities among proteus LPS may be due to unique components within the respective LPS.
Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine↗
TRANSFER OF EPISOMIC ELEMENTS TO PROTEUS. I. TRANSFER OF F-LINKED CHROMOSOMAL DETERMINANTS.
Falkow, Stanley (Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C.), J. A. Wohlhieter, R. V. Citarella, and L. S. Baron. Transfer of episomic elements to Proteus. I. Transfer of F-linked chromosomal determinants. J. Bacteriol. 87:209-219. 1964.-F-linked lac(+) genes may be transferred from Escherichia coli to several species of Proteus by conjugation. Usually the transferred genetic elements are markedly unstable in Proteus, but repeated plating permits the selection of relatively stable Proteus lac(+) strains. Proteus strains carrying F-linked lac(+) markers are heterogenotes and limited donors for lac(+). In addition, both the fertility and lac(+) property may be eliminated from Proteus by treatment with acridine orange. Escherichia and Proteus possess very different overall deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) base compositions. In CsCl density gradients of DNA extracted from Proteus lac(+) strains, the acquisition of Escherichia genes by Proteus may be correlated with the addition of a physically recognizable high molecular weight, native DNA fraction of Escherichia base composition. Proteus lac(+) strains synthesize a beta-galactosidase which is indistinguishable from E. coli enzyme by several criteria. Despite this specificity, the regulatory functions of Escherichia lac(+) genes appear to be impaired in Proteus.
Acridines↗
[Sensitivity to beta-lactam and aminoglycoside antibiotics of clinical Proteus strains as dependent upon on their species classification and the source of their isolation].
Sensitivity of 130 Proteus clinical strains was studied. Among beta-lactam antibiotics cefotaxime showed marked advantages with respect to various Proteus species. All the isolates of Proteus mirabilis were sensitive to cefuroxime. Cefamezin and cephapirin were inferior by their activity to cefotaxime and cefuroxime. They were characterized by close antibacterial activity and almost complete cross resistance. Ampicillin and carbenicillin proved to be the least efficient among the tested beta-lactam antibiotics. Isolates of Proteus vulgaris and Proteus penneri were more resistant to the penicillins and cephalosporins than the cultures of Proteus mirabilis. Sensitivity of separate Proteus species to gentamicin, tobramycin, sisomicin and amikacin was close. No cross resistance to the aminoglycosides was detected. Studies on the effect of different doses of the antibiotics revealed pronounced heterogeneity of Proteus by the feature of sensitivity to the tested antibiotics. The level of the heterogeneity was not the same for separate antibiotics. Cultures of Proteus mirabilis resistant to ampicillin, carbenicillin, cefamezin and cephapirin were more frequent in patients with urogenital infections as compared to patients with intestinal infections and suppurative-inflammatory processes of other localization.
Aminoglycosides↗
The spot indole test for identification of swarming Proteus.
The authors evaluated the use of the spot indole test for rapid speciation of swarming Proteus from the primary isolation plate. One hundred seventy-two consecutive isolates of swarming Proteus were studied, 163 Proteus mirabilis and nine Proteus vulgaris. One hundred fifty-six isolates (95.7%) of Proteus mirabilis gave a negative spot indole. Seven (4.3%) gave a positive spot indole test, but all seven isolates were from cultures in which other indole-producing organisms also were present. If only isolates representing single gram-negative strains in the specimens were tested, the predictive value was greater than 99%. Eight of the nine (88.9%) Proteus vulgaris isolates gave a positive spot indole test; one (11.1%) gave a negative result. This isolate also failed to produce indole by conventional methods but was ornithine decarboxylase negative, and additional biochemical testing was consistent with the Proteus vulgaris identification. All Proteus vulgaris isolates were resistant to ampicillin, and 94.2% of the Proteus mirabilis tested were ampicillin susceptible. The spot indole test is a rapid, accurate, simple, and cost-effective means of speciating swarming Proteus strains isolated as the only gram-negative bacilli in a specimen. The spot indole test should be used in conjunction with an ampicillin susceptibility test result or other confirmatory test information if other gram-negative bacilli are present in the culture.
Ampicillin↗
Characterization and serological classification of a collection of Proteus penneri clinical strains.
INTRODUCTION: Bacteria of the genus Proteus, which are a common cause of urinary tract infections, are divided into four species: P. mirabilis, P. vulgaris, P. penneri, and P. hauseri, and three unnamed genomospecies, Proteus 4, 5, and 6 (single-strain species P. myxofaciens was isolated from the gypsy moth). Establishing the serological classification of these species would aid in completing the classification scheme of the whole genus Proteus and in applying serological methods in diagnostic procedures and epidemiological investigations for these opportunistic pathogens. The aim of this research was a serological characterization and classification of 57 Proteus penneri clinical strains, isolated from patients from different countries all over the world, into Proteus O serogroups. MATERIAL/METHODS: Purified lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) extracted from 57 P. penneri strains were used as antigens in enzyme immunosorbent assay (EIA), SDS/PAGE, and Western blot techniques, and alkali treated LPSs in passive immunohemolysis test (PIH), inhibition of PIH, and absorption of rabbit polyclonal O-antisera. RESULTS: That result confirms the serological distinction of this species within the genus Proteus, and may have diagnostic significance. CONCLUSIONS: As a result of serological studies of LPSs extracted from the P. penneri strains, one new Proteus serogroup, represented by the P. penneri 97 strain, was established. Three further strains were classified into the Proteus serogroup O8, which had not contained any P. penneri strains before. All the remaining strains were classified into 11 already existing Proteus O serogroups. It is important to emphasize that 72% of studied strains were classified into serogroups that contain P. penneri strains only.
Antigens, Bacterial↗
Proteus-typing by proticin production and susceptibility.
A Proteus-typing method based on proticin production and proticin susceptibility (c.f. Senior, 1977) has been modified to increase its sensitivity Proticins were prepared in fluid medium and applied to agar-plates shortly before seeding the plates with indicator bacteria. A given 10 proticin producer strains, which are responsible for the susceptibility patterns of the indicator-bacteria (S-types), form the foundation for this typing method. Using this producer-set and indicator-set (28 strains) was selected which was suitable for the typing of strains with different proticin activities (P-types). Standardization of the temperature for proticin production proved to be necessary. The degree of similarity between proticins was further elaborated by testing all indicator strains for susceptibility to proticin titrations. In the group of 148 clinical Proteus-isolates (four species) used for the development of the typing system 28 S-types and 34 P-types were observed. By combining the S-and P-type parameters 86 S-P-types were obtained for the 4 species combined. Seven strains were not typable. A separate group of 100 clinical Proteus-isolates was tested in order to prove the usefulness of the method. 39 new S-P types were found. Repeated isolations from the same patients yield the same patterns. Proteus S-P-typing is a useful method for the typing of Proteus vulgaris and Proteus mirabilis, but proves inadequate for the typing of Proteus rettgeri and Proteus morganii.
Bacteriocins↗
[Resistance of clinical strains of Proteus to various beta-lactam antibiotics].
Sensitivity of Proteus clinical strains to benzylpenicillin, ampicillin and ceporin, as well as the dynamics and stability of the drug resistance was studied. It was found that the beta-lactamides were active against Proteus, ceporin being the most effective antibiotic. Strains resistant simultaneously to 2 or 3 drugs were also resistant to higher concentrations of each of them. The Proteus cultures isolated from various pathological materials did not differ by their sensitivity to benzylpenicillin and ceporin, while the strains isolated from the patient urine were least sensitive to ampicillin. The cultures of Proteus vulgaris were more resistant to the beta-lactamides as compared tcal material were more resistant to benzylpenicillin and ceporin as compared to the cultures in the H-form. No increase in the number of the Proteus strains resistant to benzylpenicillin, ampicillin or ceporin was observed within 1968-1973. The Proteus resistance to ampicillin and ceporin was not stable and was lost on storage. Reversion to sensitivity depended on the individual properties, the period of storage and the resistance level. The studies showed that the clinical strains of Proteus preserved their sensitivity to the above beta-lactame antibiotics which provided their recommendation for therapy of Proteus infections.
Ampicillin↗
Characterization of the brewery spoilage bacterium Obesumbacterium proteus by automated ribotyping and development of PCR methods for its biotype 1.
AIMS: To study the ability of automated ribotyping to characterize Obesumbacterium proteus and Hafnia alvei, to design primers and to evaluate standard end-point and real-time PCR for the detection of O. proteus biotype 1 in beer and in brewers's yeast-containing samples. METHODS AND RESULTS: Automated ribotyping was carried out using the standard method with EcoRI and PvuII. The digestions with both enzymes clearly differentiated O. proteus biotypes 1 and 2 and H. alvei. PCR primers were designed according to the 16S rRNA gene sequence of the O. proteus type strain. Two primer sets (Obs137-Obs558 and Obs137-Obs617) detected O. proteus biotype 1 and H. alvei but not O. proteus biotype 2 or other tested beer spoilage bacteria (40 species) in the end-point and real-time PCR, indicating their high specificity. The detection limit for O. proteus was 160-1600 CFU 100 ml(-1) beer in the end-point PCR reactions and < or =160 CFU 100 ml(-1) beer in the real-time PCR reactions. More cells (from 16 to 3200) were needed for detection in the presence of brewer's yeast cells. CONCLUSIONS: Automated ribotyping is a useful tool to characterize and identify O. proteus and H. alvei isolates. The designed primers are suitable for the rapid detection of O. proteus biotype 1 and H. alvei in brewery samples by PCR. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Automated ribotyping and PCR could improve microbiological quality control in breweries by facilitating the detection, identification and tracing of spoilage bacteria.
Beer↗
Mutation analysis of the tumor suppressor PTEN and the glypican 3 (GPC3) gene in patients diagnosed with Proteus syndrome.
Proteus syndrome is a complex hamartomatous disorder characterized by asymmetrical gigantism, epidermal nevi, vascular malformations, hamartomas, lipomas, and hyperostosis. Since the syndrome was first described, many hypotheses have been proposed to explain its occurrence. The most plausible is Happle's somatic mosaic hypothesis, but no somatic mutations in candidate genes have been reported to be clearly involved in Proteus syndrome. However, germ-line PTEN mutations have been reported in patients with Proteus and in "Proteus-like disorders." Other studies of patients with Proteus syndrome have not supported these findings. In this study, affected and unaffected tissue from six patients diagnosed with Proteus syndrome were screened by direct sequencing of genomic DNA to determine if there might be an association between germ-line or somatic mutations in PTEN or GPC3 and the development of Proteus syndrome. No intra-exonic mutations were identified, indicating that neither PTEN nor GPC3 are likely to have major roles in the etiology of Proteus syndrome in our series of patients.
DNA↗
[Beta-lactamase activity of bacteria of the genus Proteus].
beta-Lactamases of Proteus and their role in the mechanism of the microbe resistance to penicillins and ceporin were studied. It was found that the beta-lactamase of Proteus had low activity and were produced by both beta-lactamide resistant and sensitive clinical strains of Proteus. The resistant cultures of Proteus produced enzymes more frequently (3.4--5 times) than the sensitive ones. The synthesis of beta-lactamase in the clinical Proteus strains was inducable. The high induction coefficient was achieved only in the presence of high concentrations of the inductor. No significant dependence of the culture sensitivity level of ampicillin and ceporin on the induction level was observed. The most significant part of the constitutive enzyme in Proteus was intracellular, while that of the inducable enzyme was extracellular. No correlative dependence between the culture resistance levels to penicillins and ceporin and the enzyme activity was noted. The beta-lactamase activity was not found in the transconjugants with the in vitro acquired R-factor controlling the ampicillin and ceporin resistance, as well as in the resistant mutants selected on the media with increasing concentrations of the above antibiotics. Induction of beta-lactamase synthesis was not found in these strains either. The ability of Proteus to synthesize beta-lactamase can be lost on the strain storage under laboratory conditions which was not always accompanied by reduction of the culture sensitivity to ampicillin and ceporin. The enzymatic destruction of beta-lactamides was not the main mechanism of Proteus resistance to the above antibiotics.
Amidohydrolases↗
[Mechanisms of Proteus resistance to chloramphenicol].
Data on chloramphenicol sensitivity of clinical Proteus strains isolated within 1970--1975 and some mechanisms of their resistance to this antibiotic are presented. It was found that most of the Proteus strains (62.82 +/- 2.15 per cent) were resistant to chloramphenicol. 75 per cent of the isolates had resistance of transmissive character. Resistance of the Proteus cultures to chloramphenicol was not a stable feature and was lost during storage under laboratory conditions. Direct correlation between stability of the antibiotic resistance in the Proteus, the resistance level and the period of the culture storage was found. It was shown that the transmissive resistance to chloramphenicol in the Proteus cultures was due to synthesis of a highly active constituitive chloramphenicol-inactivating enzyme. Direct relation between the Proteus resistance level to chloramphenicol and the rate of the enzyme synthesis was noted. A number of the Proteus strains phenotypically sensitive to this antibiotic was capable of its inactivation. Still, the activity of the enzyme was low. The rate of the enzyme synthesis and the level of the acquired resistance in the chloramphenicol resistant mutants depended on the presence or absence of the enzyme in the cells of the initial sensitive strain. The capacity for chloramphenicol accumulation in a number of the chloramphenicol resistant mutants of the Proteus was decreased.
Chloramphenicol↗
Extensive segments of the Escherichia coli K12 chromosome in Proteus mirabilis diploids.
Various Escherichia coli K12 Hfr donors transfer at low frequency portions of the E. coli genome to Proteus mirabilis. By remating such Proteus hybrids with the same or a different E. coli Hfr strain, other genetic characters could be added to yield diploid Proteus hybrids which contained more than 30 percent of the E. coli genome. The extent of the E. coli genetic material in these unstable Proteus diploid hybrids included segments with the following selected markers: gal, lac, ara, mel, mtl, and malA. Unselected markers known to map throughout this region of the chromosome were also detected in these hybrids. Among the markers expressed in Proteus hybrids with the E. coli malA region was the receptor site for coliphage lambda. Although plaques were not seen, lambda was adsorbed by the Proteus hybrids. Examination of DNA from the various Proteus hybrids by CsCl density gradient centrifugation showed a satellite component of E. coli DNA with a size that corresponded to the extent of the E. coli genome present as determined by genetic analysis.
Centrifugation, Density Gradient↗
Proteus IgG antibodies and C-reactive protein in English, Norwegian and Spanish patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
The distribution of Proteus antibody levels was compared in English, Norwegian and Spanish patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Using an indirect immunofluorescence method, the IgG antibody titre against Proteus mirabilis was measured in the sera of 27 English, 53 Norwegian and 34 Spanish patients with RA and divided into active and inactive disease groups according to the serum C-reactive protein (CRP) level (> or = 10 mg/l). Serum samples were also collected from 25 English, 30 Norwegian and 14 Spanish healthy individuals who served as controls. The levels of Proteus IgG antibodies were significantly higher in the sera of active RA patients (p<0.001) when compared with the corresponding healthy controls, whether these groups belonged to the English, Norwegian or Spanish populations. Furthermore, active RA patients from each country showed significantly higher levels of Proteus antibodies when compared with inactive English (p<0.01), Norwegian (p<0.001) or Spanish (p<0.001) RA patients. Finally, a significant correlation was observed between Proteus IgG antibody levels and the CRP concentrations in RA patients whether each population was tested individually or all together (p<0.001). The increased levels of Proteus antibodies in RA patients from three different European countries support the concept of a possible aetiopathogenetic role for Proteus microorganisms in the development of RA.
Adult↗