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Results for “PROGESTATIONAL HORMONES”

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PubMed1995

[Effects of progesterone and progestational hormones on the mammary gland].

The growth of the mammary gland during the active genital period depends on a delicate balance between the action of the two major female sex steroid hormones, estradiol and progesterone. The regulation of growth and maturation of the gland primarily depends on the combined action of estradiol and progesterone. Breast epithelial proliferation is maximal during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. While estrogen appears to be the major impetus to the proliferation of mammary cells, the effect of progestin is subject to debate. Progestins have either a positive, modest or no growth effect or may even inhibit growth. Progestins could stimulate the development of malignant cells in contrast to normal or non-malignant cells. It is difficult to extrapolate in vitro results to the human breast. There is presently no direct evidence that progestins regulate the concentration of estrogen receptors (ER) in normal breasts. Furthermore, it is possible that each type of progestin may have different effects. Most studies suggest that progestins are effective in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome and benign breast disease. The therapeutic basis for the use of progestins is the suppression of pituitary-ovarian function the reduction of the effect of estrogen on breast tissues. Whether progestins give protection against breast cancer is less clear. If they do, the mechanism is not the same as that of the endometrium [down-regulation of ER, increase of 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity (E2DH)]. High doses of oral synthetic progestins are effective in the treatment of breast cancer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Breast↗
PubMed2006

Megestrol attenuates the hormonal response to CCK-4-induced panic attacks.

Progestational hormones may have anxiolytic properties. CCK-4 (cholecystokinin tetrapeptide) can be used pharmacologically to induce panic attacks both in normal controls and patients suffering from panic disorder. In this study we compared the effects of pretreatment with the progestational hormone megestrol and placebo on CCK-4-induced panic attacks and stress hormone release in healthy male controls. Using a double-blind balanced design, we pretreated 10 medically and psychiatrically healthy male controls with placebo or megestrol 160 mg at 11 p.m. and 8 a.m. (sigma=320 mg) prior to the experiment. Following 1 h of rest, 12 blood samples were drawn between 1,000 h and 1,300 h and analyzed for ACTH and cortisol levels. At 1,100 h, subjects received an intravenous injection of 50 microg CCK-4. Clinical ratings were performed at 1,045 h and 1,110 h, and included the Acute Panic Inventory (API), International Diagnostic Checklist (IDCL), as well as a visual analog scale (VAS) for anxiety and tension. CCK-4 significantly increased anxiety and tension. Pretreatment with megestrol showed no significant effect on clinical ratings. Baseline ACTH and cortisol levels, as well as ACTH and cortisol levels after administration of CCK-4, were significantly reduced after pretreatment with megestrol. In a sample of healthy male controls, pretreatment with megestrol had a profound effect on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, whereas the clinical effects on panic attacks were weak. Further studies in a larger sample of subjects, including both females and patients suffering from panic disorder, seem warranted.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗