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PubMed1975

The molding of personality: a newborn's innate characteristics in interaction with parents' personalities.

This report describes a girl who was studied by means of the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale from her 1st until her 28th day of life, observed at the age of 1 year, and, at the age of 1 1/2 years, was seen in a psychiatric family interview. The examinational data and history (obtained from the parents) present a picture of deviant development with exceptionally low orientation responsiveness and high excitability from the first hours of life. Carmel showed little ability to quiet herself and little response to soothing attempts. Motor development was normal throughout, physical health and growth were satisfactory, and intellectual development (assessed on the Vineland scale) was average. Carmel's continuous, inconsolable crying and lack of responsiveness led to a family adjustment with the passive, somewhat disorganized mother moving into the background and the anxious father taking over. He developed a way of keeping activity. This physical stimulation, coupled with overprotection (the father's tendency to interpose himself between the girl and other people) as well as controlling all frustration, resulted in a precarious balance at the price of Carmel's reduced autonomy, delay in adaptive ego functions, and severe stranger anxiety. The case illustrates the interaction between innate characteristics and parental attitudes, and the need for preventive counseling based on understanding a child's idiosyncratic behavior patterns.

Anesthesia, Obstetrical↗
PubMed2006

Compulsive masturbation in infantile autism treated by mirtazapine.

This case report describes a child with a severe autistic syndrome worsened by hypersexual behavior consisting of compulsive masturbatory activity. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have been reported to be beneficial in reducing hypersexual behaviors. A treatment with mirtazapine improved the entire clinical autistic picture with the disappearance of masturbation. This result suggests that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors could be useful and promising tools in the treatment of hypersexual behaviors in children with autistic disorders. Moreover, the general, and in some ways unexpected, improvement of the social interaction, communication, and imagination, the dramatic reduction of aloof mannerisms, stereotypes, aggressiveness, and inappropriate emotional response to frustrations, as well as the first appearance of the pragmatic use of language and a strong impetus to emotional development disclosed a new spectrum of possible applications of these drugs, and mirtazapine in particular, suggesting the need for new and more extensive studies on the pharmacotherapy of autism.

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists↗
PubMed2006

Microscopic study of a pressure-induced ferromagnetic-spin-glass transition in the geometrically frustrated pyrochlore (Tb1-xLax)2Mo2O7.

We have studied (Tb1-xLax)2Mo2O7 pyrochlores by neutron diffraction and muSR at ambient and under applied pressure. (Tb,La) substitution expands the lattice and induces a change from a spin-glass-like state (x=0) to a noncollinear ferromagnet (x=0.2). In the ferromagnetic structure, the Tb moments orient close to their local anisotropy axes as for an ordered spin ice, while the Mo ones orient close to the net moment. The temperature dependence of the muSR relaxation rates and static local fields suggests a second transition of dynamical nature below the Curie transition. Under pressure, the long range order breaks down and a spin-glass-like state is recovered. The whole set of data provides a microscopic picture of the spin correlations and fluctuations in the region of the ferromagnetic-spin-glass threshold.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Lithium treatment of aggressive children and the EEG.

Electroencephalograms (EEG-s) of 44 children aged 6.3--15.4 years were examined at the baseline and 3 months later with two different doses of lithium. Lithium levels in serum in group I. ranged from 0.08 mmol/l to 0.33 mmol/l (mean: 0.23 mmol/l SD: 0.105), and in group II. ranged from 0.40 mmol/l to 0.84 mmol/l (mean: 0.555 mmol/l SD: 0.116). These children represent as Conduct Disorder. EEG-s were correlated across treatment groups with behavioural ratings, ratings of untoward effects, reaction time and different dosages of medication. In the group I. alpha-recovery time after-eye closing and percentage time of alpha activity in 60 s decreased at unchanged mean alpha frequency. In the group II. both alpha recovery time and alpha activity increased at unchanged mean alpha frequency. Paroxysmal focal abnormalities (spikes, spike-waves etc.) or increase in percentage time of delta activity were not found. Behavioural changes were assessed by using the Pictures Frustration Test for Children of Rosenzweig and the Hamburg Personality Inventory for Children. The group II. were found to be significantly superior to group I. in decreasing aggressive symptoms. No serious differences were found for the reaction time and side effects as well.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Spin frustration in 2D kagomé lattices: a problem for inorganic synthetic chemistry.

A kagomé antiferromagnet presents an ideal construct for studying the unusual physics that result from the placement of magnetically frustrated spins on a low-dimensional lattice. Jarosites are the prototype for a spin-frustrated magnetic structure, because these materials are composed exclusively of kagomé layers. Notwithstanding, jarosite-type materials have escaped precise magnetic characterization over the past three decades, because they are notoriously difficult to prepare in pure and single-crystal forms. These hurdles have been overcome with the development of redox-based hydrothermal methods. Armed with pure and crystalline materials, several perplexing issues surrounding the magnetic properties of the jarosites have been resolved, yielding a detailed and comprehensive picture of the ground-state physics of this kagomé lattice.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

[Psychological and behavior characteristics predicting blood pressure reactivity to mental stress].

This study was conducted with 58 subjects (31 males and 27 females): a sample of 37 normotensives (NT) (mean age 36 +/- 11) and a sample of 21 hypertensives (HT) without any antihypertensive medication (mean age 46 +/- 9). Cardiovascular reactivity was measured during a sequence of 3 computer assisted mental stress tasks (visual-motor tasks, maze test). Before and following the stress tasks the subjects were asked to respond on the same computer to psychological test and questionnaires measuring anxiety, depression (H.A.D. inventory) type A behavior (impatience, competition and drive for success; Bortner's scale), locus of control (attribution of success or failure to internal or external factors; Levenson's scale), and coping mechanisms used in response to everyday life stresses (Rosenzweig Picture Frustration Test, adapted by S. Consoli and E. Albert). Measurements of systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate were obtained automatically every minute during the entire computer session with a Colin Press-Mate BP 8800 sphygmomanometer. Pressure reactivity (PR) was defined as the relative difference between BP measured during mental stress and BP measured during non-stress condition (the reference period). Our hypotheses were that PR would be greater in HT than in NT, and that PR would be correlated with various psychological and behavioral characteristics. During the stress session, SBP in NT increased from 119.8 to 123.7 mmHg (p < 0.001) and in HT from 147.4 to 152 mmHg (p < 0.05): there was no significant difference between the two samples but in HT, SBP elevation persisted after the stress session, contrary to the NT, whose SBP quickly decreased to the reference values.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1985

[Diagnostic significance of ego and superego blocking situations in the Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Test].

The article deals with an investigation on 200 subjects (4 groups of 50 subjects each: females and males, psychologically healthy persons and neurotics) with the Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Test (PFT). The reactions are analyzed by a modified method: separately for ego- and super-ego-blocking items. The results show that the subjects--apart from diagnosis--perceive ego-blocking situations as frustrating and react to them in a non-aggressive way (depreciating the conflict, complaisant reactions, passivity). In contrast to this the super-ego-blocking items provoke more aggressive impulses. For differential diagnostic purpose especially the ego-blocking items are significant: the neurotics are characterized by avoiding conflicts and withdrawal, while the psychologically healthy subjects show a greater ability to handle conflictual situations in an active way. It is proposed to use this modification (ego vs. super-ego-blocking items) also for follow-up studies (therapy-control) and for the investigation of patients with different ego-structure (for example schizophrenics, borderline personalities, patients with transference neuroses).

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Morphological changes in genesial system of men: medico-legal aspects.

With the purpose of perfection of examination the character of structural changes in testicles and prostate is investigated; the comparative qualitative and quantitative analysis of cellular reactions of persons with chronic somatopathies (rheumatic disease, idiopathic hypertensia) and chronic household intoxications (alcoholic illness, narcomania) is carried out. The work is carried out on 50 corpses of male persons, 18-35 years old, who died of chronic drunkenness (13 observations), narcomania (20), idiopathic hypertensia (9), and rheumatic disease (8). The suppression of testicles was characterized by disturbances of spermatogenesis at a level of the cell population, characteristic for a zero and first degree of spermatogenesis activity especially expressed in chronic narcotic intoxication. The damage to a prostate was stacked in a picture of a chronic relapsing prostatitis and chronic indurative prostatitis with the outcome of cirrhosis of prostata, being most typical for chronic alcohol intoxication. Morpho-functional investigation of a prostate and testicles affected by chronic somatopathies and chronic household intoxications, both qualitative and quantitative, testify to reduction of function of activity of these organs (hormonal imbalances, mail sterility, sex frustration). Thus, the persons suspected of violent actions of a sexual nature should be examined in order to reveal both erectile dysfunctions and disruption of spermatogenesis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

How important is quality of life in pediatric asthma?

Many pediatricians now recognize the importance of incorporating an assessment of health-related quality of life (HRQL) into their clinical studies. Conventional clinical measures provide valuable information about the status of the affected organ system but they rarely capture the functional impairments (physical, emotional, and social) that are important to the patients in their everyday lives. To obtain a complete picture of a child's health status, both the conventional clinical indices and the child's HRQL have to be measured. Parents do not perceive accurately their children's HRQL, hence it is necessary to obtain the information directly from each child. Children with asthma are distressed by the symptoms (shortness of breath, wheezing, and cough), and they are limited in their day-to-day activities (sports, school, work, and playing with pets). In addition, children are often upset and frightened by asthma attacks, and express anger (younger children) and frustration (older children) because they have asthma. They frequently feel different from their friends and get frustrated that they cannot participate in activities. Disease-specific quality of life questionnairs for children with asthma have been developed. These questionnaires have good measurement properties and validity, and can be used both in clinical trials and in clinical practice to assess the impact of asthma on a child's life. Because one of the aims of treatment is to ensure that the children benefit from treatment, an essential component of clinical assessment of these children should be the evaluation of health-related quality of life.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1985

New studies of the excitatory sodium currents in heart muscle.

After decades of frustration with inadequate methods, cardiac electrophysiologists have developed new techniques for superior control of membrane potential by use of single cells, and they have begun careful study of cardiac Na+ currents. Direct recordings of the behavior of single Na+ channels have been made by the newly developed patch clamp technique. Biochemists have made excellent progress purifying and characterizing the Na+ channel proteins, and there has been some initial success in reconstituting these partially purified channels into lipid bilayers, where their function can be studied. Even at this early stage of development of these new techniques, several conclusions are warranted: The cardiac Na+ currents are not accurately described by the original Hodgkin-Huxley mathematical formulation, making undesirable the further use of this model for study of cardiac excitation and conduction. We need to keep an open mind as to the kinetic behavior of Na+ channels, until the newer experimental techniques provide a more complete picture. Although the cardiac Na+ channel strongly resembles Na+ channels in other excitable tissues, important differences remain, reinforcing the idea that the detailed molecular structure of the cardiac Na+ channel will be different from its close relatives in other excitable cells. The density of Na+ channels in heart cell membranes is much less than in nerve and fast twitch skeletal muscle. The Na+ channels are the focus of action of many drugs and pathological processes. The tools are at hand for a complete description of the Na+ channel, including its gating and its molecular structure. We can expect considerable progress in this decade.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1984

Children with recurrent hospitalizations: a problem of disabled children, parents, and physicians.

Twelve infants are reported with more than 10 hospitalizations usually less than five days in duration; occurring for life threatening symptoms predominantly of respiratory nature. The physical examination, growth, and development were normal. Symptoms rarely occurred during the period of hospitalization. Multiple diagnoses and a variety of hospitals and physicians were involved with each patient. The parents had extremely high levels of anxiety and the professional staffs were exceedingly frustrated. Past events in the family, pregnancy, or perinatal history appeared to contribute to the parental perception of their child's vulnerability. Management involved lengthening the hospitalization time to (1) explore the possible diagnosis and (2) carefully review all questions of the parents. This process fostered the emergence of a sense of safety in the parent around their child. No further hospitalizations occurred after the intervention process. The picture may result from a disturbance in a parent's perception of a particular child leading to a heightened level of fear coupled with difficulty in physicians to allay the fear.

Anxiety↗
PubMed2005

A comprehensive picture of palliative care at home from the people involved.

The purpose of this study was to identify the comprehensive picture of palliative care in the home, as experienced by the people involved. The study is a secondary analysis of three phenomenological studies including six cancer patients, six next of kin and six district nurses. Data were collected in qualitative interviews using an interview guide. The interviews were tape-recorded and transcribed verbatim. In this secondary analysis, data were analysed by hermeneutic analysis guided by Gadamer. The guiding questions during the reading were: Is there an advantage receiving palliative care at home? Is there a disadvantage receiving palliative care at home? The findings indicate that the advantages of palliative care at home is; striving for normal life, including the care in the home composed of physical care and emotional/mental care. Striving for normal life also includes emotional feelings, safety and resources and policies which regulates this activity. Disadvantages of palliative care at home are commitment, composed of adaptation and extra work, and demands, composed of frustration and uncertainty. If the people involved are to be able to manage the situation and optimize living while dying, there must be support and resources facilitating the situation.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

Implicit power motivation moderates men's testosterone responses to imagined and real dominance success.

This study tested the hypothesis that implicit power motivation moderates individuals' testosterone responses to the anticipated success in and actual outcome of a dominance contest. Salivary testosterone levels were assessed in 42 male students at the beginning of the study, after they had imagined a success in an ensuing power contest, and immediately after the contest had taken place. Contest outcome (winning or losing against a competitor on a speed-based task) was varied experimentally. Participants' power motive was assessed with a picture-story exercise, in which an assertive, personalized (p Power) component was distinguished from an altruistic, socialized (s Power) component. In contrast to all other participants, individuals high only in p Power (a) had elevated testosterone after imagining a success in a subsequent dominance contest and (b) continued to have high testosterone levels after actually winning, but not after losing, the contest.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Managing change.

Manage change or react to change. This option describes the full spectrum of choices available to healthcare leaders today. The continued volume and complexity of changes creates unique and, many times, frustrating challenges to those who wish to move their healthcare delivery system forward. For all involved in healthcare, from trustees to direct service providers, the pressures to anticipate, adapt, or at the very least, cope are accelerating. Added to the mix of service and payment problems is the explosion of innovations in information technology as well as clinical advances. The resultant picture could easily become overwhelming. In fact, the healthcare landscape is littered with failed attempts to manage change. However, several healthcare leaders continue to excel within this environment. This article presents the concepts and behaviors that seem to underpin their success.

Behavior↗
PubMed2006

Practice of expert critical care nurses in situations of prognostic conflict at the end of life.

BACKGROUND: Prolonging the living-dying process with inappropriate treatment is a profoundly disturbing ethical issue for nurses in many practice areas, including the intensive care unit. Despite the frequent occurrence of such distressing events, research suggests that critical care nurses assume a limited role in end-of-life decision making and care planning. OBJECTIVES: To explore the practice of expert critical care nurses in end-of-life conflicts and to describe actions taken when the nurses thought continued aggressive medical interventions were not warranted. METHODS: A qualitative design was used with narrative analysis of interview data that had a temporal ordering of events. Interviews were conducted with 21 critical care nurses from 7 facilities in the southwestern United States who were nominated as experts by their colleagues. RESULTS: Three recurrent narrative plots were derived: protecting or speaking for the patient, presenting a realistic picture, and experiencing frustration and resignation. Narratives of protecting or speaking for the patient concerned preventing further technological intrusion and thus permitting a dignified death. Presenting a realistic picture involved helping patients' family members reframe the members' sense of the potential for recovery. Inability to affect a patient's situation was expressed in narratives of frustration and resignation. CONCLUSIONS: The transition from curative to end-of-life care in the intensive care unit is often fraught with ambiguity and anguish. The expert nurses demonstrated the ability and willingness to actively protect and advocate for their vulnerable patients even in situations in which the nurses' actions did not influence the outcomes.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Cross-sectional analysis of Alzheimer disease effects on oral discourse in a picture description task.

To examine the relation of dementia severity to the quality and quantity of oral discourse of individuals with Alzheimer disease (AD), a picture description task was administered to elicit oral discourse samples from 63 AD subjects, five individuals with very mild cognitive impairment, and 52 normal controls. Eight measures of discourse were used: total words, information units, conciseness, circumlocutions, frustrations, aborted phrases, revisions, and ideational repetitions. Information units, which decreased with increased dementia severity, proved to be the best measure for evaluating the effects of AD on oral descriptive discourse. The conciseness index also decreased with increased dementia severity, and a significantly greater proportion of AD discourse samples contained ideational repetitions. Circumlocutions and frustrations rarely occurred, and although the discourse of AD subjects was more likely to contain an aborted phrase, the frequency of aborted phrases did not vary by stage of dementia. Revisions were commonly observed in the discourse of both normal controls and AD subjects and did not differentiate the two groups.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

[The psychosomatic correlations in bronchial asthma].

Combination of somatic symptoms with neurotic manifestations and personality's disturbances in clinical picture of bronchial asthma was established during clinical and psychological observation of 89 patients with bronchial asthma. It was shown that increase of the number of frustrating situations (when psychical vulnerability was elevated), strengthening of both anxiety and emotional tension, as well as rigidity of negative emotions, hypochondriac and anxious-depressive tendencies composed the whole correlational system with alterations in functions of external respiration, changes in blood immunoglobulins levels just as with clinical indices of bronchial asthma. This system represented different levels of psychosomatic correlations' regulation. The complex psychophysiological factor of frustration and emotional tension was described, moreover the increase of its value was accompanied by strengthening of both psychical alterations and somatic disorders which were quite characteristic for prevalence of either trophotropic activation or ergotropic one when beta-adrenoceptors were blocked.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Formats of image data files that can be used for routine digital light micrography. Part one.

Failing to open computer files that describe image data is not the most frustrating experience that the user of a computer can suffer, but it is high on list of possible aggravations. To ameliorate this, the structure of uncompressed image data files is described here. The various ways in which information that describes a picture can be recorded are related, and a primary distinction between raster or bitmap based and vector or object based image data files is drawn. Bitmap based image data files are the more useful of the two formats for recording complicated images such as digital light micrographs, whereas object based files are better for recording illustrations and cartoons. Computer software for opening a very large variety of different formats of digital image data is recommended, and if these fail, ways are described for opening bitmap based digital image data files whose format is unknown.

Computer Graphics↗