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PubMed2004

Personal exposures to particles and their relationships with personal activities for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients living in Boston.

An exposure study of 18 subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) living in the Boston, MA, area was conducted. The objective was to examine determinants of personal exposures to particulate matter (PM) with aerodynamic diameters of less than 2.5 microm (PM2.5), less than 10 microm (PM10), and between 2.5 and 10 microm (PM2.5-10). In a previous publication, the analyses of the longitudinal individual-specific relationships among indoor, outdoor, and personal levels showed that the relationships varied by subject and by particle size fraction. In the present paper, statistical and physical models were used to examine personal PM2.5, PM10, and PM2.5-10 exposure covariates. Results indicated that time-weighted indoor concentrations were significant predictors of personal PM2.5, PM10, and PM2.5-10 exposures. Also, time-weighted outdoor concentrations, time spent near smokers, and time spent during transportation were important predictors for PM2.5 but not for personal PM2.5-10 exposures. In turn, time spent cleaning contributed to all size-fraction personal exposures, whereas cooking affected only personal PM2.5-10 exposures. The findings showed that the relationship between personal PM2.5 exposures and the corresponding ambient concentrations was influenced by home air exchange rates (or by ventilation status). Because the particle properties or components causing the health effects are unknown, it is not certain to what extent the risk posed by ambient particles can be reduced by controlling any one of these factors.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1987

A method for estimating "persons" versus "cases" from hospital morbidity data in the absence of unique personal identifiers.

The authors present a method for estimating the number of persons (as opposed to the number of admissions) admitted to hospital for a defined time period for specific diagnoses when unique personal identifiers are not available. A simple computer algorithm (algorithm 1), employing a family-based scrambled health insurance number in conjunction with diagnosis, sex, and age was used to estimate the rates of readmission to hospital specific diagnoses. A proportion of the hospital morbidity records used in the study did not contain a health insurance number; therefore, estimated readmission ratios for specific diagnoses, calculated from admissions with health insurance numbers, were applied to all admissions for those diagnoses to obtain the estimates of total persons admitted to hospital in the given time period. The validity of the methodology was tested for selected diagnoses for a specific year by 1) comparing estimates of persons obtained by applying algorithm 1 with manual counts of persons obtained through examination of printed lists of all Ontario admissions to hospital for the specific diagnoses, and 2) comparing actual counts of persons admitted to a specific hospital with computer estimates of persons admitted to that hospital. The conclusions drawn were that the method, using algorithm 1, is a valid one for obtaining estimates of the number of persons admitted to hospital in a given year with a specific diagnosis and that the information derived is potentially useful for conducting epidemiologic studies. Readmission ratios were also estimated through the use of a second algorithm (algorithm 2) which was not dependent on a scrambled health insurance number. Sensitivity and specificity of these ratios were found to be low when compared with ratios estimated by algorithm 1.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1994

"Patterns of comorbidity" among DSM-III-R and ICD-10 personality disorders as observed with a new inventory for the assessment of personality disorders.

Although DSM-III-R and ICD-10 suggest the assignment of multiple personality diagnoses, a high degree of overlap may be an indicator of insufficiently distinct and too inclusive types of personality. We studied this problem with a new inventory in an unselected clinical sample. The Aachen List of Items for the Registration of Personality Disorders (AMPS) integrates the different types of disordered personality according to DSM-III-R, ICD-10, and four subaffective categories, which largely follow the typologies of Kraepelin, K. Schneider, and Kretschmer. The prevalence rate of each personality disorder was calculated in a consecutive group of 231 patients. Patterns of comorbidity were computed using odds ratios. More than one personality disorder was found in 41% according to DSM-III-R. ICD-10 showed a significantly higher degree of overlap. Interesting comorbidity patterns are discussed in comparison with several North American studies. Results indicate that clear-cut categorical personality diagnoses are not likely to be set up.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Personality structure in patients with winter depression, assessed in a depression-free state according to the five-factor model of personality.

BACKGROUND: Depressive disorders are often associated with abnormalities of personality. This has also been found in Seasonal Affective Disorder, Winter Depression type (W-SAD), although relatively few and small studies have been done on this disorder so far, and mainly in the depressed phase. The aim of this study was to explore the personality structure and its possible background and clinical correlates in a larger group of patients with W-SAD, assessed in a non-depressed state, in the Five-Factor (or "Big Five") model of personality paradigm. METHODS: 82 persons (87% of those asked) with diagnosed W-SAD, most of them originally self-referred, who had previously received light treatment at our unit, completed a Norwegian version of an inventory yielding the personality factors Agreeableness, Surgency, Conscientiousness, Emotional stability, and Openness to experience. RESULTS: Compared to a Norwegian reference group, the mean scores of the W-SAD patients were significantly lower on the factors agreeableness, surgency and emotional stability, and significantly higher on conscientiousness. However, very few patients had scores outside the reference range. The personality factors do not seem to be associated with the core physiological manifestations of winter depression, but rather with the psychic aspects, and are poor predictors of response to light treatment. LIMITATIONS: Some reservations should be made as to the generalisability of the findings to SAD patients in general. Thus, increased conscientiousness may reflect help-seeking behaviour. CONCLUSIONS: Personality structure does not seem to predict occurrence of physiological reactions to lack of adequate daylight in autumn/winter, and is a poor predictor of improvement after light treatment, but may predict the associated psychic symptomatology.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

The heritability of cluster A personality disorders assessed by both personal interview and questionnaire.

BACKGROUND: Personality disorders (PDs) as assessed by questionnaires and personal interviews are heritable. However, we know neither how much unreliability of measurement impacts on heritability estimates nor whether the genetic and environmental risk factors assessed by these two methods are the same. We wish to know whether the same set of PD vulnerability factors are assessed by these two methods. METHOD: A total of 3334 young adult twin pairs from the Norwegian Institute of Public Health Twin Panel (NIPHTP) completed a questionnaire containing 91 PD items. One to 6 years later, 1386 of these pairs were interviewed with the Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality (SIDP-IV). Self-report items predicting interview results were selected by regression. Measurement models were fitted using Mx. RESULTS: In the best-fit models, the latent liabilities to paranoid personality disorder (PPD), schizoid personality disorder (SPD) and schizotypal personality disorder (STPD) were all highly heritable with no evidence of shared environmental effects. For PPD and STPD, only unique environmental effects were specific to the interview measure whereas both environmental and genetic effects were found to be specific to the questionnaire assessment. For SPD, the best-fit model contained genetic and environmental effects specific to both forms of assessment. CONCLUSIONS: The latent liabilities to the cluster A PDs are highly heritable but are assessed by current methods with only moderate reliability. The personal interviews assessed the genetic risk for the latent trait with excellent specificity for PPD and STPD and good specificity for SPD. However, for all three PDs, the questionnaires were less specific, also indexing an independent set of genetic risk factors.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The relationship between personality and quality of life in persons with schizoaffective disorder and schizophrenia.

The goal of this study was to examine the effects of personality traits as measured by the NEO-PI on the quality of life (QOL) of persons with schizoaffective disorder and schizophrenia. The premise of this research is that personality traits may be important in shaping one's outlook and satisfaction with life. In a prior pilot study, personality traits were measured in persons with schizoaffective disorder and schizophrenia. In this study, the relationship between QOL and specific personality domains as assessed by the NEO-PI were studied in 21 patients. Global QOL as measured by the Lehman QOL instrument was positively correlated with Extroversion (E) and Agreeableness (A), and negatively correlated with the domain of Neuroticism (N). Global satisfaction scores were not correlated with ratings of psychoticism, paranoia or depression. These data suggest that even in psychotic conditions such as schizoaffective disorder or schizophrenia, intrapsychic factors influence one's sense of QOL. In addition, these data suggest that personality variables may differentially affect patients' satisfaction and QOL with different treatment settings.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

DSM-III-R personality disorders and the five-factor model of personality: an empirical comparison.

The relationship between the five-factor model (FFM) of personality and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (rev. 3rd ed.; DSM-III-R) personality disorders was examined in a sample of 54 psychiatric outpatients. Correlations between raw scores on the NEO-Personality Inventory (NEO-PI) and the number of DSM-III-R personality disorder symptoms rated present using a semistructured interview were computed. In addition, correlations between NEO-PI scores and scores on two self-report personality disorder inventories were also examined to determine which results replicated across instruments. Results indicated that the FFM personality dimensions of Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Agreeableness were most apparent in the DSM-III-R conceptualizations of the personality disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Severe obesity and personality: a comparative controlled study of personality traits.

OBJECTIVE: The primary purpose was to assess personality trait differences between the severely obese seeking treatment and a mainly non-obese reference group. We also investigated gender differences and differences between obese patients and obese not seeking treatment. METHOD: Personality traits were assessed using 7 of 15 scales from the Karolinska Scales of Personality (KSP): Somatic Anxiety, Muscular Tension, Psychastenia, Psychic Anxiety, Monotony Avoidance, Impulsiveness, and Irritability. Patients from the Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) intervention study (n=3270, ages 37-57, 71% women) and the SOS reference study (n=1135, 54% women) completed the survey. Data presented in this study were gathered prior to treatment. Significance tests and effects sizes were calculated. RESULTS: Although statistically significant differences were found between obese patients and reference subjects on nearly all personality traits, effect sizes were at most moderate. Of the three scales with moderate effects sizes, differences on Somatic Anxiety and Psychastenia could be traced to items tapping condition-specific symptoms, e.g., problems with sweating and breathing as indicators of Somatic Anxiety. Moderate differences on the Impulsiveness scale (men alone) could not be explained by item composition. Further, the obese patients differed from obese in the reference group, and both obese and reference women reported significantly higher levels on Somatic Anxiety, Muscular Tension and Psychic Anxiety compared to men (effect size: small). CONCLUSIONS: Our results provided no evidence of a general obese personality profile, instead considerable heterogeneity in personality traits was observed across our obese samples (treatment seekers vs non-seekers, men vs women) and generally only small differences were noted compared to a reference study population. Further research is needed to investigate if the somewhat elevated levels of Impulsiveness, particularly among male obese patients, is affected by weight loss. When assessing personality traits in diseased groups consideration should be given to possible confounding from, e.g., somatic symptoms.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Alcohol-abusing teenage boys. Testing a hypothesis on alcohol abuse and personality factors, using a personality inventory.

This is the second part of an investigation of alcohol-abusing teenage boys, focusing on personality. One group of 50 High-consumers and one group of 50 0-consumers were selected from 862 18-year-old boys in the general population summoned to the Regional Recruiting and Replacement Office in Solna. These boys answered a personality inventory (KSP) to test a hypothesis on alcohol abuse and personality factors which might indicate psychopathy. The results support the hypothesis that alcohol-abusing teenage boys have psychopathic personality traits while the non-consuming boys have normal personalities. The study cannot reveal whether the differences in personality were the result of the high alcohol consumption or if the psychopathic personality traits preceded the high consumption. A reasonable hypothesis for further research is that vulnerable boys living under poor social conditions react to their situation with motoric restlessness, impulsiveness and aggressive acting-out behaviour. Due to this their social adjustment as grown ups is poor with consequent alcohol and drug abuse and criminality.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Typus melancholicus personality type and the five-factor model of personality.

Personality traits are significant factors in the development and course of depression. Apart from the classical five-factor model of personality, other personality constellations, such as Tellenbach's Typus melancholicus, have been described in association with depressive disorder. Several instruments have been developed to assess the Typus melancholicus personality (TMP). A systematic comparison of these instruments has not been done to date. The goal of this study was the comparison of four questionnaires used in assessing TMP. Four TMP questionnaires were compared and their relationship to the five-factor model of personality was examined among 264 psychiatric patients and normal controls. It was found that the TMP type represents a trait distinct from those of the five-factor model. TMP inventories had only moderate concurrent validity. The single TMP scales focus on different aspects of the TMP, despite their common core. Both the five-factor personality traits and the TMP scales were able to differentiate a group of depressed patients from control groups. The results show that TMP is not one trait but a personality trait constellation. This leads to the conclusion that a number of dimensions must be taken into consideration in the construction of a TMP inventory. This multidimensionality contributes to the refinement of the TMP concept and differentiates its therapeutic implications.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

The relationship of histrionic personality disorder to antisocial personality and somatization disorders.

The authors examined the association of antisocial personality disorder, somatization disorder, and histrionic personality disorder, both within individuals and within families, in 250 patients. All three disorders overlapped considerably within individuals; the strongest relationship was between antisocial personality and histrionic personality. A high prevalence of antisocial personality was reported in the families of patients with somatization disorder but not in the families of patients with histrionic personality. The authors suggest that histrionic individuals develop antisocial personality if they are male and somatization disorder if female; moreover, all three conditions may represent alternative manifestations or different stages of the same underlying diathesis.

Antisocial Personality Disorder↗
PubMed1993

The relationship between MCMI personality scales and clinician-generated DSM-III-R personality disorder diagnoses.

This study examined the relationship between elevations on the personality scales of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) and clinician-generated Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed., rev. [DSM-III-R]; American Psychiatric Association, 1987) diagnoses for 101 psychiatric patients at a VA medical center/psychiatric hospital in the Southeastern United States. Personality disorder diagnoses were made by employing a personality symptom checklist that consisted of all the verbatim criteria for personality disorders contained in the DSM-III-R. Clinicians who completed the checklists were required to have had at least 5 hr of direct contact with the patients who completed the MCMI. The results indicated that only the Schiozotypal scale of the MCMI was related to its respective DSM-III-R personality disorder in the simple correlation. An examination of the diagnostic efficiency statistics for each of the MCMI personality disorder scales revealed overall low sensitivity, poor specificity, poor positive predictive power, and low diagnostic power, which suggests that the MCMI may have only limited utility in identifying personality disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Evaluating NEO Personality Inventory-Revised profiles in veterans with personality disorders.

Fifty-one psychiatric, veteran outpatients were assessed for personality disorders on the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Disorders (SCID-II; First, Gibbon, Spitzer, Williams, & Benjamin, 1997a) and were also administered the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO-PI-R; Costa & McCrae, 1992). Results were compared to Trull and Widiger's (1997) hypotheses about the profiles of such patients and similar past studies. Correlations between NEO-PI-R facets and SCID-II personality disorder symptom clusters generally occurred in the expected direction. Facets hypothesized to be associated with a given personality disorder were able to predict variance in their respective SCID-II personality disorder scores for seven of ten personality disorders. In general, results support the facet-level conceptualizations of these disorders, except for Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disord↗
PubMed2005

Dimensional personality traits and the prediction of DSM-IV personality disorder symptom counts in a nonclinical sample.

The third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III; APA, 1980) set forth a categorical system of personality psychopathology that is composed of discrete personality disorders (PDs), each with a distinct set of diagnostic criteria. Although this system is widely accepted and highly influential, alternative dimensional approaches to capturing personality psychopathology have been proposed. Three dimensional models of personality have garnered particular attention-the Five-Factor Model (FFM; Costa & McCrae, 1992), the Seven-Factor Psychobiological Model of Temperament and Character (Seven-Factor Model; Cloninger, Svrakic, & Przybeck, 1993); and the 18-factor model of personality pathology (18-factor model; Livesley, 1986). Although the personality traits from each of these models has been examined in relation to the ten personality disorders in the DSM-IV, no study has examined the comparative and incremental validity of these models in predicting PD symptoms for these ten disorders. Using self-report instruments that measure these models and the ten DSM-IV PDs, correlation and linear regression analyses indicate that traits from all three models had statistically significant associations with PD symptom counts. Hierarchical regressions revealed that the 18-factor model had incremental predictive validity over the FFM and Seven-Fac-tor Model in predicting symptom counts for all ten DSM-IV PDs. The FFM had incremental predictive validity over the Seven-Factor Model model for all ten disorders and the Seven-Factor was able to add incremental predictive validity over the 18-factor model for five of the ten PDs and for eight of the ten disorders relative to the FFM.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

On the relationship of the five-factor personality model to personality disorders: four reservations.

McCrae and Costa since 1986 have proferred a five-factor personality model as a lingua franca among different psychometric test users, and they suggest that their operationalization of the five-factor model, the NEO Personality Inventory, may also be useful in the clinical assessment of the abnormal personality. The present study examined the inventory and its relationship to the 11 personality disorders of Axis II of DSM-III-R in a sample of 180 adults. Correlational multivariate analyses appear to indicate a limited usefulness of the five-factor model in the understanding of personality disorders, and four major objections are offered. Further research with clinical samples, other models of personality, and other measures of personality disorders are encouraged.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Trend in person-situation controversy about personality research].

The purpose is to review the trend in "person-situation controversy", and to comment on recent literature and their implications. "Person-situation controversy" is related to whether people do or do not have consistent personality traits. Although the topic is not at all new, it aroused a great deal of interest since the publication of Mischel's (1968) "personality and assessment". Here, we began with Mischel's criticism against the trait approach, then, we discussed two opposite viewpoints of situationism and interactionism. Situationism is the idea that situational variables influence more on the behavior of people than personality traits, while interactionism is the idea that personality traits and situations interact with each other to influence behavior. Furthermore, this article focussed on three conceptual issues, such as consistency, prediction, and meaning of traits. Finally, the reconsideration and evaluation of the two viewpoints were presented from a viewpoint of personality psychology.

Behavior↗
PubMed2002

Development of an integrated model of personality, personality disorders and severe axis I disorders, with special reference to major affective disorders.

A unidimensional model of the relationships between normal temperament, psychopathic variants of it and the two main forms of so-called endogenous psychoses (major affective disorders and schizophrenia) was derived from Kretschmer's constitutional typology. It was, however, not confirmed by means of a biometric approach nor was Kretschmer's broad concept of cyclothymia as a correlate of physical stoutness on the one hand and major affective disorders on the other supported by empirical data. Yet the concept of the 'melancholic type' of personality of patients with severe unipolar major depression (melancholia) which resembles descriptions by psychoanalysts could be corroborated. This was also true for the 'manic type' of personality as a (premorbid) correlate of predominantly manic forms of a bipolar I disorder. As predicted from a spectrum concept of major affective disorders, the ratio of traits of either type co-varied with the ratio of the depressive and the manic components in the long-term course of such a disorder. The two types of premorbid personality and a rare variant of the 'manic type', named 'relaxed, easy-going type', were conceived as 'affective types' dominating in major affective disorders. They are opposed to three 'neurotoid types' prevailing in so-called neurotic disorders as well as in schizophrenic psychoses. The similarity among the types can be visualized as spatial relationships in a circular, i.e. a two-dimensional, model (circumplex). Personality disorders as maladapted extreme variants of personality are, by definition, located outside the circle, mainly along its 'neurotoid' side. However, due to their transitional nature, axis I disorders cannot be represented adequately within the plane which represents (adapted as well as maladapted) forms of habitual behaviour (personality types and disorders, respectively). To integrate them into the spatial model of similarity interrelations, a dimension of actual psychopathology has to be added to the two-dimensional plane as a third (orthogonal) axis. The distance of a case from the 'ground level' of habitual behaviour corresponds with the severity of the actual psychopathological state. The specific form of that state (e.g. manic or depressive), however, varies along one the axes which define the circumplex of habitual behaviour. This three-dimensional model is, by its very nature, more complex than the unidimensional one derived from Kretschmer's typological concept, but it is clearly more in accordance with empirical data.

Affective Disorders, Psychotic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The Biographical Personality Interview (BPI)--a new approach to the assessment of premorbid personality in psychiatric research. Part I: Development of the instrument.

The Biographical Personality Interview (BPI) is a research instrument for the retrospective assessment of premorbid personality traits of psychiatric patients. Its construction is based on results of a series of investigations in which biographical data from psychiatric case notes were analysed with respect to premorbid personality traits. In order to avoid methodological shortcomings of the utilisation of clinical records, an interview technique was developed. It is applied by two independent, specially trained investigators who are kept "blind" regarding any clinical data of the subject under study. One of them has to conduct the interview of a clinically remitted patient and to provide an interview protocol, the other one has to rate personality traits from that protocol along a large series of purely descriptive items. Sum scores for six personality structures ("types") are calculated and the case is then assigned to the intra-individually dominating personality type according to the highest of these scores.

Biographies as Topic↗