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PubMed2001

The future of veterinary parasitology: a time for change?

The future of veterinary parasitology is discussed at a time when R&D funding from the pharmaceutical industry is declining, yet the opportunities for veterinary parasitologists to diversify their activities has never been greater. Emerging and re-emerging areas requiring input from veterinary parasitologists include: veterinary public health; conservation and wildlife diseases; emerging and exotic infectious diseases; surveillance strategies; economic effects of parasitic diseases; aquaculture; molecular epidemiology; dietary and biological control of parasitic diseases; animal welfare; organic agricultural systems; novel vaccination strategies; drug target characterisation and rational drug design. Without change, the survival of veterinary parasitology as a viable, distinct discipline is under threat. In this environment, veterinary parasitologists must be adaptable, imaginative and pro-active in terms of setting the agendas for establishing strategic alliances, promoting research needs and developing research programs.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Teaching of parasitology to students of veterinary medicine and biomedical sciences.

The teaching of an applied parasitology course suitable for both veterinary and biomedical students is described. A common lecture course is given complemented by separate and specific practical, research and problem-based learning components designed for veterinary and biomedical students. For veterinary and biomedical students, teaching of parasitology during the full course comprises a total of 46 lectures; 13 practical classes for veterinary students and five for biomedical students who also undertake an independent research project.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Parasitology crossing borders.

In veterinary parasitology it is important to further strengthen international collaboration and interactions. On the one hand, there is a strong and promising trend towards growth in large international programmes. However, we, as researchers, should make more serious attempts to influence the targets and structures of these programmes. On the other hand, let us not forget to fully exploit the possibilities for support to even small projects and visiting researchers' arrangements, preferably in a flexible way. The paper emphasizes the obvious need for research capacity building in the least developed countries, and advocates a partnership approach in research for development. The presentation suggests more operative initiatives in international veterinary parasitology. Finally, how language barriers can hamper international contacts and exchange of information is discussed. Ways to possibly avert this are indicated.

Africa↗
PubMed2004

Screening and synthesis: high throughput technologies applied to parasitology.

High throughput technologies continue to develop in response to the challenges set by the genome projects. This article discusses how the techniques of both high throughput screening (HTS) and synthesis can influence research in parasitology. Examples of the use of targeted and phenotype-based HTS using unbiased compound collections are provided. The important issue of identifying the protein target(s) of bioactive compounds is discussed from the synthetic chemist's perspective. This article concludes by reviewing recent examples of successful target identification studies in parasitology.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Genomics and its impact on parasitology and the potential for development of new parasite control methods.

Parasitic organisms remain the scourge of the developed and underdeveloped worlds. Malaria, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and trypanosomiasis, for example, still result in a large number of human deaths each year worldwide, while drug resistance among nematodes still poses a major problem to the livestock industries. Genome projects involving parasitic organisms are now abundant, and technologies for the investigations of the parasite transcriptome and proteome are well established. There is no doubt the era of the "omics" is with parasitology, and current trends in the discipline are addressing fundamental biological questions that can make best use of the new technologies, as well as the vast amount of new data being generated. Will this become the "golden age of molecular parasitology," leading to the control of parasitic diseases that have plagued mankind for hundreds of years? The primary aim of this paper is to review advances in the general area of parasite genomics, and to outline where the application of "omics" technologies can and have impacted on the development of new control methods for parasitic organisms.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Statistical analysis of the incidence of positives in the examination of parasitological specimens.

Results of the examination of 2,000 parasitological specimens were analyzed for differences between results obtained by a technologist working in parasitology only and those obtained by general microbiologists who were also performing other laboratory work. The relative share of specimens determined to be positive by the specialist was approximately twice as high as the relative share determined by the general microbiologists.

California↗
PubMed2000

The Czech External Quality Control system in medical microbiology and parasitology.

The External Quality Control (EQC) system in activities of laboratories engaged in medical microbiology and parasitology was established in the Czech Republic in 1993 when to the first laboratories which applied coded serum samples were sent for diagnosis of viral hepatitis and bacterial strains for identification. In the course of years the number of control areas increased and in 2000 there were 31 and the number of those interested in participation in EQC increased from 79 in 1993 to 434 in 2000. This year a total of 13,239 samples will be sent to laboratories. Gradually thus almost all microbiological and parasitological laboratories concerned with examination of clinical material became involved. Seven-year experience with EQC in the Czech Republic revealed that gradually the results of various examinations became more accurate, that methods became standardized and the most suitable examination sets are used.

Czech Republic↗
PubMed2001

[Quality control in parasitology].

Between 1990 and 1996 we coordinated a Quality Control (QC) Program in Parasitology directed to Public Health Institutions in Spain. Periodically, parasited specimens, mainly feces or blood, were sent to Microbiology Laboratories for identification. Each QC was accompanied by a short clinic and epidemiological information in order to help in the diagnostic approach. After the answers to the QC were received a bulletin that included the solution to the QC, comments on the several answers received and a chapter with parasitological themes related with the QC, was sent to each participating Laboratory. The bulletin was accompanied by a card that included a photograph and a short description of the organism object of the QC.

Parasitology↗
PubMed2004

[External quality control system in medical microbiology and parasitology in the Czech Republic].

The External Quality Control System (EQAS) of laboratory activities in medical microbiology and parasitology was implemented in the Czech Republic in 1993 with coded sera samples for diagnosis of viral hepatitis and bacterial strains for identification distributed to first participating laboratories. The number of sample types reached 31 in 2003 and the number of participating laboratories rised from 79 in 1993 to 421 in 2003. As many as 15.130 samples were distributed to the participating laboratories in 2003. Currently, almost all microbiology and parasitology laboratories in the Czech Republic involved in examination of clinical material participate in the EQAS. Based on the 11-year experience gained with the EQAS in the Czech Republic, the following benefits were observed: higher accuracy of results in different tests, standardisation of methods and the use of most suitable test kits.

Czech Republic↗
PubMed2005

Computer-assisted instruction in parasitology: a cross-over design.

We report here the results of the study using CAI compared to the hard copy for study of lessons in parasitology. We evaluated the CAI compared to hard copy lessons in 60 students, attending the third-year parasitology course at Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. The students were randomly divided into two groups (30 each). The lessons tested were Ascaris lumbricoides and Enterobius vermicularis, which were prepared as CAI and hard copy form. Using a cross-over design, the first group was provided CAI form on the topic of A. lumbricoides, then switched to hard copy form on the topic of E. vermicularis. The second group was provided hard copy form on the topic of A. lumbricoides, then switched to CAI form on the topic of E. vermicularis. After 30 minute reading, the 10-multiple choice question test was provided for each topic. There was no significant difference of the scores between 2 groups. The most students (91.67%) had more satisfaction when using CAI compared to hard copy in terms of easy to use, convenient to use, less time consuming, more understandable, more attractive to read, and less stress for study. There were 32.8% students complaining that reading hard copy was boring. Other comments were stress when reading (2%), more difficult (17.2%) and more time needed to search specific information (17.2%), and wasting papers (17.2%). However 58.6% still complained problems when using CAL. About 25% had physical discomfort (e.g. Headache, eye pain), and 25% had difficulty to access to use CAI (e.g. no computers available, problems with computer or network error). We suggested that instructors should create and improve CAI lessons in biomedical sciences both in quantity and quality (e.g. content with details, pictures, narrations).

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
PubMed2006

[Analysis on theses, funding ratio and impact factor of the "Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases" in 2000-2004].

Number of theses published and the major evaluation indicators of the (Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases) in 2000-2004 were analyzed. Together 833 papers and communications were published in the 5 years and the original articles, reviews and experiment reports occupied 39.4%, 9.1% and 4.4% respectively. The key authors were from universities (53.4%) and disease control institutions (29.4%). 20 universities/institutions published over 8 papers in the period occupying 38.1%. The average rate of papers supported by various funds and by international agencies was 0.50 and 0.09 respectively, and higher in 2004, 0.52 and 0.07 respectively. The ratio of national, ministry (provincial) and international projects was 29.9%, 43.9% and 20.4% respectively. The overall citation and impact factor of this journal increased from 325 and 0.377 in 2000 to 437 and 0.462 in 2004 respectively, being among the best of the periodicals and expressing its high academic level and its domestic and abroad importance in the field of parasitology.

Bibliometrics↗
PubMed2006

[Analysis on theses and citation of the "Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases" in 2004-2005].

The published articles and citation of the Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases in 2004-2005 were statistically analyzed. Among 312 papers published in the two years, original articles and experiment reports occupied 42.3% and 7.7% respectively. Authors were mainly from colleges/universities (61.5%) and institutions for disease control (28.5%). 51.9% of the articles received support by research funds/foundations. 82.3% were with reference citation mostly from periodicals, with 58.7% and 31.5% respectively from international and national (Chinese) journals. The average Price index was 44.9%. This Journal possesses a group of stable and qualified authors, covers substantial content with relatively broad citation, and is an important source of information in parasitological research.

Bibliometrics↗
PubMed1990

[Current status and trends in quality control in parasitology and mycology].

The survey of the results of the control quality in Parasitology and Mycology showed in general an improvement in the correct diagnosis for the specimen analysed (preparations of parasites, smears, stools, sera, fungal cultures). The wrong diagnosis of Ascaris lumbricoides eggs in stools diminished from 5% to 1.5%. The trichrome Gomori-Wheatley stain technic on smears in PVA was introduced. 16 reference or national standards sera for the parasitological serology, including 6 for toxoplasmosis and one for candidiasis were established. The increasing number of participants (more than 4,000) and particularly for the serology of toxoplasmosis showed the interest of the biologists for the quality of their tests.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Use of restriction enzyme analysis in parasitology].

Application of analysis of nucleic acid using restriction enzymes in parasitology is discussed. The main advantage of the new technique is the possibility of direct and detailed studies at the level of DNA. At present, the "genetic probe" becomes more and more commonly applied to identification of both parasites and their transmitters. It appears that the technique of restriction analysis is of great significance for solving taxonomic problems in parasitology.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[The consequences of the third edition of the Zoological Code for Nomenclature for parasitology].

In 1985 the Third Edition of the International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature, now called "the Code", was published in London. The most important new regulations are commented and especially those underlined which are relevant for parasitology. Therefore examples from parasitology are cited when the ending of species names, the derivatio nominis, the transcription of the German umlaut, the ending of family names as well as collective group names are explained. Furthermore the author comments the citation of the author's name and date of publication of a species description, the principle of continuity (nomina oblita), the term hospito-subspecies as well as the term hapanotype which was newly introduced into nomenclature.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Quality control in parasitology].

A quality control in parasitology has been organized since 1977, under the direction of the Exotic Pathology Society. In 1978, more than 1 200 voluntary laboratories were participating. In 1979, according to the law of the eleventh of July 1975, this control is going to be obligatory for the 3 750 public or private laboratories effecting parasitologic tests. That should improve the quality of these tests, outside any repressive aspect.

France↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The current status of and outlook for the development of parasitology in the 21st century].

The history of parasitology (mainly helminthology) from antiquity to the present day is briefly outlined. Advances in parasitology and helminthology in the second half of the 20th century are elucidated. The biological methods and techniques of control, chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis, the design of molecular vaccines and the breeding of animals and plants resistant to parasites appear to be promising trends of scientific search in the nearest tens of years. The components of scientific progress will be the methods of research, biotechnology, bioinformation science, and biomathematics in the 21st century.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Epidemiological, clinical and control investigations on field porcine coccidiosis: clinical, epidemiological and parasitological paradigms?

For several reasons, we are convinced that the parasitologist community must look again at porcine neonatal coccidiosis. We find it surprising that this disease is seldom addressed, and that assumptions are not always supported by clinico-epidemiological analysis. For example, the relationship between diarrhoea and the excretion of oocysts during experimental infection versus field infection is not questioned. Lindsay et al. review parasitological knowledge of this disease in the latest (1999) edition of Diseases of swine. Although this paper is divided into two parts, we have three distinct objectives: (1) to bring to the debate our experience in the medical control of this disease; (2) to propose a diagnostic methodology; (3) to raise some questions on various clinical, epidemiological and parasitological unknowns.

Animals↗