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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Early child health in Lahore, Pakistan: IV. Child care practices.

Child care practices and hygiene measures were studied at 6 months of age in a longitudinally followed cohort of 1476 infants born between September 1984 to March 1987 in four socio-economically different areas in and around Lahore, Pakistan. Although, 76-98% of the mothers looked after their infants during health and 96-98% during a diarrhoeal illness, child care practices and hygiene measures differed significantly between the four areas. During a diarrhoeal episode, the mothers from the upper middle class took timely medical help, fed ample food and Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS) to the sick infants and provided uncontaminated food to them in clean surroundings. The mothers from the village and the periurban slum took their sick child, mostly after the second day of illness, to a doctor, but preferred home remedies. Fourteen percent of the mothers in the village and 6% in the periurban slum did not seek any medical help at all. One-third of the families, from these two areas, fed food to children 12 hours after cooking; the surroundings of the child were dirty with large numbers of flies present throughout the year, though the food was commonly kept covered with a lid. We constructed a simple measure of the surroundings of the child, rated as dirty, medium or clean; it was found to be associated to both parental illiteracy and child growth, but not with housing standard. The main conclusion is that any attempt to improve child-care practices and the hygienic environment for the child, should focus on maternal literacy and simple health messages.

Child Welfare↗
PubMed1985

Should child abuse and neglect be considered when a child dies unexpectedly?

Deaths during two years at a pediatric teaching hospital were studied to develop guidelines for clinicians who must decide when to explore the possibility of child abuse or neglect when a child dies unexpectedly. Unexpected deaths were defined as deaths occurring before arrival at the hospital or within ten days of hospitalization in children past the first month of life and unrelated to any previously known congenital anomaly or medical condition. There were 43 such deaths during two years. The majority (27) were due to natural causes. However, nine deaths were related to suspected child abuse or neglect (SCAN) and in three of those cases evidence of injury was found only at autopsy. The SCAN cases were more often mistaken for medical illness than for uninflicted injury, indicating that autopsy and postmortem skeletal survey are warranted whenever a child dies unexpectedly. The two factors "dead on arrival" and "1 year of age or less" had a positive predictive value for SCAN of 89% and a negative predictive value of 94%. The two factors identify a high-risk group requiring at least hospital-based investigation into the possibility of abuse or neglect. Reporting for SCAN is warranted when unsuspected trauma is found post mortem, there is direct physical or social evidence of child abuse or neglect, or the child is in the high-risk group and hospital-based investigation falls to eliminate the possibility that maltreatment contributed to the child's death.

Child↗
PubMed1988

Parent-child correspondence in identification of firesetting among child psychiatric patients.

This study examined parent-child correspondence in assessing characteristics and correlates of the child's firesetting. Two-hundred and ninety-seven families (164 outpatients and 133 inpatients) were independently interviewed using questions modified from the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-age Children. Parent-child correspondence for the presence or absence of individual behaviors and firesetting correlates was generally moderate-to-high for both samples, with outpatient families showing higher parent-child agreement in classifying the child's firesetting status. Few differences in correspondence due to child age or sex were found. The results are discussed in terms of the clinical assessment of firesetting and other antisocial behaviors and the role of child reports in case identification.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Actual condition survey on inclusive child day-care--a questionnaire survey of child day-care facilities in K city].

The purpose of this questionnaire survey is to gather information on actual conditions of inclusive child day-care in K City in order to qualify what support we can provide as part of the community. The questionnaire was sent to 148 child-care facilities (day nurseries) in date, of which 116 provided sufficient data for analysis. Of these 116 facilities, 104 (89.7%) accepted children with disabilities, while 12 (10.3%) did not. The number of disabled children accepted by the 104 facilities over a 2.5-year period was 275. Mental retardation (including children with multiple disabilities) was the most common type of disability; autism, physical disability and cerebral palsy were also seen. Thus, nursery staff, whose training is largely geared toward education and child development, is faced with a particularly difficult task. What we envisage as one of our future roles is to train and provide nursing experts with a specialized knowledge of medical rehabilitation, day-to-day medical care, training and support of children with various types of disabilities. Such nurses could then be introduced to child day-care facilities to provide individualized child-care services, which would take into account all factors relating to the child's condition and developmental stage. The results of our survey also suggest that close coordination and partnership with specialized/related agencies and institutions should be pursued in order to both enrich the support systems of child day-care facilities and to enhance their inclusiveness.

Child↗
PubMed2003

Controlled trial of the short- and long-term effect of psychological treatment of post-partum depression: 2. Impact on the mother-child relationship and child outcome.

BACKGROUND: Postnatal depression is associated with adverse child cognitive and socio-emotional outcome. It is not known whether psychological treatment affects the quality of the mother-child relationship and child outcome. AIMS: To evaluate the effect of three psychological treatments on the mother-child relationship and child outcome. METHOD: Women with post-partum depression (n=193) were assigned randomly to routine primary care, non-directive counselling, cognitive-behavioural therapy or psychodynamic therapy. The women and their children were assessed at 4.5, 18 and 60 months post-partum. RESULTS: Indications of a positive benefit were limited. All three treatments had a significant benefit on maternal reports of early difficulties in relationships with the infants; counselling gave better infant emotional and behaviour ratings at 18 months and more sensitive early mother-infant interactions. The treatments had no significant impact on maternal management of early infant behaviour problems, security of infant-mother attachment, infant cognitive development or any child outcome at 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: Early intervention was of short-term benefit to the mother-child relationship and infant behaviour problems. More-prolonged intervention may be needed. Health visitors could deliver this.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The effect of fathers or father figures on child behavioral problems in families referred to child protective services.

This study examines some possible effects of the presence and quality of parent-child interaction of fathers and father figures on the behavior of young children in a sample of families reported to child protective services. Whereas the presence or absence of a father or father figure seemed to make little difference in child behavioral problems at age 4, lower levels of aggression and depression were observed for children by age 6 if an adult male in some form of father-like relationship was present in the child's life. When controlling for mother's ethnicity, child's gender, the number of referrals to child protective services, and the presence of domestic violence, the direct effect of a father/father figure was no longer significant but remained in the multivariate models as a significant interaction term.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Parent-child interaction therapy: application to maltreating parent-child dyads.

OBJECTIVE: Parent-Child Interaction Training (PCIT), which uses a social learning framework, is a dyadic intervention that is designed to alter specific patterns of interaction found in parent-child relationships. Previous research suggests that maladaptive and high-risk characteristics found in maltreating parent-child dyads may be responsive to PCIT. The primary focus of this study is to examine the effectiveness of PCIT with maltreating parent-child dyads. METHODOLOGY: This study describes the effectiveness of PCIT with 136 biological parent-child dyads in which 66.9% (N=91) of the children had been maltreated. Of the 91 maltreated children, 64.8% (N=59) of the parents had maltreated their children, and were thus considered to be at high risk of repeating the abuse. RESULTS: Primary outcomes of this study show the following: (1) a decrease in child behavior problems, (2) a decrease in parental stress, and (3) a decrease in abuse risk from pre- to post-treatment for dyads with and without a history of maltreatment. CONCLUSIONS: Our results add to the body of research supporting PCIT as a promising intervention and as a means to aid both children and parents in high-risk families for maltreatment.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Father involvement moderates the effect of maternal depression during a child's infancy on child behavior problems in kindergarten.

This research investigated whether father involvement in infancy may reduce or exacerbate the well-established adverse effect of maternal depression during a child's infancy on behavior problems in childhood. In a community sample (N = 350), the authors found that fathers' self-reported parenting styles interacted with the amount of time fathers spent caring for their infants to moderate the longitudinal effect of maternal depression during the child's infancy on children's internalizing, but not externalizing, behaviors. Low to medium amounts of high-warmth father involvement and high amounts of medium- or high-control father involvement at this time were associated with lower child internalizing behaviors. Paternal depression during a child's infancy exacerbated the effect of maternal depression, but this moderating effect was limited to depressed fathers spending medium to high amounts of time caring for their infants. Results emphasize the moderating role fathers may play in reducing or exacerbating the adverse long-term effects of maternal depression during a child's infancy on later child behavior problems.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Child rearing and child outcomes in Japan and the UK.

Japan and the UK are compared in relation to various child health outcomes. It is noted that in the rates of child abuse and criminal activity, Japan is in a more favorable position. Rates of behavior problems and suicide rates are very similar in the two countries. Consideration is given to the reasons for the differences. The rates of single parents and divorce are much lower in Japan. The rates of working mothers are about the same, but Japanese women work longer hours. However, it is suggested that more important differences may lie in the greater respect for authority and emphasis on discipline and conformity in Japan. The effects of industrialization on family life and on child development are summarized. It is suggested that the separation of the adolescent age group from the rest of the population has had especially negative results in Western industrialized countries. Various suggestions are made concerning the positive role that pediatricians can play in promoting child development. In particular, pediatricians are encouraged to support and not undermine parents, to involve fathers in management of illness and disability, to press for full implementation of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, and for ready availability of good substitute child care facilities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

The child dream and the child transference.

This paper explores the symbolic meaning of dreams in which children appear with special attention to the way children in dreams symbolize the self, particularly the dependent and developing self. It is suggested that patients' growth in analysis can be monitored by observing what happens to the children in their dreams. This paper also explores the vicissitudes of the child transference, in which the patient treats the analyst as a child. An analysis is described in which the child dream and the child transference played an important role in elucidating the patient's neurotic behaviors. The author contends that the child dream and the child transference are common and clinically useful phenomena, especially important in the analysis of dependency conflicts. An additional thesis of this paper is that the child transference is most likely to be found in instances where a patient played a parental role with one of their parents during childhood.

Child↗
PubMed2002

Child welfare knowledge transmission, practitioner retention, and university-community impact: a study of Title IV-E child welfare training.

This paper describes the implementation of a Title IV-E child welfare training program in Louisiana. A collaborative arrangement between the state child welfare agency and seven state university social work programs provides for student monetary stipends in return for child welfare training and work as public child welfare employees upon graduation. On a test of child welfare knowledge, students in MSW and BSW programs scored higher following child welfare training; BSW student stipend recipients made greater gains than non-recipients when controlling for initial scores. MSW students' results appear to approach significance; they may not be significant due to low power of the statistical analysis. Child welfare agency retention of the stipend student graduates is considered good by the agency.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Process of institutional child guidance counseling reflected by the Central Continuing Education of the Federal Conference for Child Guidance Counseling].

The Bundeskonferenz für Erziehungsberatung (bke) is the federation for child guidance and family-counseling in Germany. Members are the working groups for child guidance and family-counseling of the Länder, where the employees of the child guidance are organized. The federation was founded in 1962. It is sponsored by the Federal Ministry for Family, Seniors, Women and Youth. Further education for professional youth workers is central mission of bke. The constitution of the federation lais down these contents. Every autumn the bke publishes the program for further education for the following year in a brochure called Zentrale Weiterbildung--the program for child guidance, family counseling and youth counseling. A special Kommission Zentrale Weiterbildung acquires the contents of the program for further education und selects the referents. Since 1968 the Zentrale Weiterbildung of Bundeskonferenz für Erziehungsberatung offers events for professional youth workers in child guidance, family counseling. The program for further education contributes the quality of the institution of child guidance. After a time with above average use of the program for further education with therapeutical focal point, the orientation of the program changes to child and youth services. A constant number of counselors use the program. Beside the change of contents there was a change to effectiveness of contents and a reduction of participants.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Child homicide--the extreme of child abuse.

OBJECTIVE: To review cases of fatal child abuse, looking for any characteristic features of these cases. DESIGN AND SETTING: A case review of all childhood deaths at The Children's Hospital, Camperdown, between January 1976 and December 1990. Cases with a definite diagnosis of child abuse were extracted. Cases where there was only a suspicion of child abuse as the cause of death were not included. SUBJECTS: Seventeen cases of fatal child abuse were reviewed with emphasis on autopsy findings and sociological data. RESULTS: All children who died were less than three years of age; nine were under one year. Seventy-six per cent died from head injury and 24% from asphyxia or strangulation. In addition to their fatal injuries, 41% had multiple bruises on the trunk and limbs. Thirty-five per cent had evidence of previous physical abuse. CONCLUSIONS: The commonest age for fatal child abuse is the first year of life. When physical abuse occurs in children under three years, and particularly under one year, a thorough assessment, follow-up and institution of appropriate supportive services are essential, as the abuse may be an early warning of a subsequent fatal episode of abuse. The introduction of a process of review of child deaths may increase awareness of and help prevent fatal child abuse.

Airway Obstruction↗
PubMed1986

Child behavior, maternal depression, and social coercion as factors in the quality of child care.

Observational and self-report data were obtained in the homes of 33 mother-child dyads. These volunteer, normal subjects were monitored with respect to their affectionate and aversive interactions, and the mothers were asked to provide three categories of self-report data. Mothers made observational judgements of their children, their own feelings of depression, and the valences of their interactions with adults. Multiple regression analyses were then employed to predict the mothers' child care behaviors, which were composed of observed mother responses and mother observational judgements. In addition, conditional probability analyses were conducted to examine the directionality of correlations between observed mother-child interchanges. Results showed child behavior to be the best single predictor of how the mothers responded to their children, followed by maternal depression and mother coercive interactions with adults. Child behavior was shown to be a significant antecedent "cue" for the maternal responses. However, the findings also showed that mother observational judgements about their children had little to do with how the children behaved. Rather, the maternal judgements were best predicted by mother depression, mother coercive interchanges with adults, and the mothers' observed aversive responses to their children. Results were interpreted within a systems framework in which maternal care is viewed as a response that is "triangulated" by adult- and child-produced stimuli.

Child Behavior↗
PubMed1987

Maternal and child factors for reported child abuse among Chinese in Hong Kong.

We have investigated the factors predisposing to child abuse in Hong Kong Chinese, using a case-control approach. The response rate for the cases was low because access was obtained only via the authorities, and refusals were common before we were able to make personal contact with the families. Neighbourhood controls were used, and provided matching for socio-economic factors. The factors found to be significant for child abuse in Hong Kong Chinese include: psychological impairment of the mothers, assisted delivery, and separation of the child from the mother in the first year of life. All these factors probably have an adverse effect on mother-to-infant bonding, which predisposes to child abuse. Child abuse was precipitated by feeding and school problems in this Chinese series which involved children much older than in the West. The implications for the prevention of child abuse in Hong Kong are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Mother-child interaction in autistic and nonautistic children: characteristics of maternal approach behaviors and child social responses.

The nature of mother-child interaction in autism and the maternal approach characteristics that elicit social response in children with autism were examined in two studies. Mother-child play sessions of 24 preschool children with autism and 24 typically developing preschoolers were compared in Study 1, and play sessions of 9 mothers with their autistic child and with their nonautistic child were compared in Study 2. Mother-child interactions were coded using the Approach Withdrawal Interaction Coding System to quantify maternal approach behaviors and child responses. Results of Study 1 indicate that, although the quantity of approaches did not differ between mothers with their autistic children and mothers with their nonautistic children, there were qualitative differences. Mothers used more physical contact, more high-intensity behaviors, and fewer social verbal approaches with autistic children. Results of Study 2 replicated these findings with mothers showing a similar pattern of approach toward their autistic children but not their nonautistic children. Although autistic children displayed lower contingency to maternal approaches in general, they showed greater responsiveness to approaches involving increased physical proximity and/or containing nonverbal object use. Mothers socially engaged both autistic and nonautistic children. The implications for parent training and intervention are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Child sexual abuse treatment: misinterpretation and mismanagement of child sexual behavior.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to examine caregiver understanding of the impact of child sexual abuse and the management of abused children in residential treatment. METHODS: A purposive sample of 20 registered nurses and child care workers were interviewed about their experiences working in residential treatment and their knowledge about child development and child sexual abuse and its application to practice. Data from interviews and field notes were analysed using dimensional analysis. FINDINGS: Caregivers had limited knowledge of the sequelae of child sexual abuse. Developmentally appropriate behaviour of sexually abused children, as well as behavioural manifestations of child sexual abuse, were often misinterpreted and mismanaged. CONCLUSION: Residential care of sexually abused children should be based on sound developmental principles and caregiver sensitivity.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Child death review teams: a vital component of child protection.

The alarming number of children killed and seriously injured as a result of child maltreatment and neglect has led to increased calls for action. In response, interdisciplinary and multiagency child death review teams have emerged as an important component of child protection. Paradoxically, child death review teams are among the least visible and understood elements in efforts to protect children. This article examines the role and functions of child death review teams and their contributions to child welfare in practice, prevention, and policy.

Autopsy↗