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PubMed2001

Predictors of pain 1 year post-spinal cord injury.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the predictive validity of demographic and medical characteristics to the subsequent development of pain 1 year post-spinal cord injury (SCI). DESIGN: Prospective longitudinal design using data from 18 Model Spinal Cord Injury Systems of Care. PARTICIPANTS: Adults 18 years or older with traumatic-onset SCI (n = 540) evaluated at 1 year postinjury. OUTCOME MEASURES: A single item from the Short Form-12 that assessed pain interference in day-to-day activities using a 5-point Likert scale. PREDICTOR VARIABLES: Demographic and medical characteristics, individual and total medical complications during rehabilitation, and insurance provider. RESULTS: Univariate analyses showed age, education, marital status, primary occupation at the time of injury, American Spinal Injury Association motor score, and sponsor of care to be related to pain interference 1 year post-SCI. Polychotomous logistic regression indicated that age and occupational status at the time of injury were the only significant unique predictors of pain interference. The youngest (aged 18-29 years) and oldest (aged 60 years and older) age groups reported the least amount of pain interference, whereas individuals unemployed at the time of injury were significantly more likely to report pain interference. None of the other predictor variables was significant. CONCLUSION: Age and occupational status appear to be important predictors of pain interference 1 year post-SCI. Future directions of study and limitations are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Public health implications of dietary differences between social status and occupational category groups.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: As there is a social status gradient in chronic disease mortality in Australia, this study aimed to establish whether there were substantial differences among socioeconomically defined groups with respect to food choice and nutrient intake, in the context of risk of nutrition related chronic diseases. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: Cross sectional data were collected from a randomly selected population sample of 1500 urban Australian adults. Data were collected by postal questionnaire, which included an assessment of dietary intake and questions on sociodemographic details. Three measures of social position were collected: occupation, educational status, and income status. Occupation was interpreted both on a continuous, prestige scale, and also as categorical occupational groupings. MAIN RESULTS: The study achieved a 70% response rate. Higher social status was generally associated with healthier dietary intakes, with lower fat and refined sugar densities, and higher fibre densities, but also with higher alcohol density. No differences were found in salt, polyunsaturated fat, protein, or complex carbohydrate densities across groups. Food intake differences were also found between occupational status groups, with the upper social groups tending to consume more wholegrain cereal foods, low fat milk, and fruit, and less refined cereal foods, full cream milk, fried meat, meat products, and discretionary sugar; but also more cheese and meat dishes. CONCLUSIONS: Although this study did show statistically significant differences across social status groups in relation to nutrient and food intakes, these differences were small compared to the disparity between intakes of all groups and the recommended patterns of intake, and did not appear to be great enough to be a major explanatory variable in differences in disease risk across groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sociodemographic predictors of temperament and character.

The Unified Biosocial Theory of Personality postulates that human personality is organized around four temperaments - Novelty Seeking, Harm Avoidance, Reward Dependence, and Persistence - and three characters - Self-Directedness, Cooperativeness, and Self-Transcendence. The objective of the present study was to investigate the influence of sociodemographic factors on temperament and character without the confounding influence of mental disorders. Volunteers (n=94) did not meet criteria for any Axis I and Axis II diagnosis, had no first-degree relatives with mental disorders, and were medically healthy. After giving written informed consent, volunteers completed the Temperament and Character Inventory. Analyses were conducted to determine the degree of association of each sociodemographic factor (i.e., age, gender, ethnicity, marital status, educational attainment, and occupational status) to personality dimension, while controlling for possible interactions with other sociodemographic factors. Partial correlation analysis showed a significant association between gender and Reward Dependence, and occupational status was significantly related to Reward Dependence, Cooperativeness, and Self-Transcendence. Stepwise regression analysis indicated that gender and occupational status were significant predictors of Reward Dependence. Occupational status was the only predictor of Cooperativeness and Self-Transcendence. These data suggest that sociodemographic factors should be considered in studies investigating temperaments and characters as defined by the Unified Biosocial Theory of Personality.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Cancer of the testis, socioeconomic status, and occupation.

The risk of testicular cancer in relation to lifetime histories of socioeconomic status, occupation, and occupational exposures was examined in a case-control study in England. Interviews were conducted with 259 cases, 238 control patients treated at radiotherapy and oncology centres, and 251 controls who were hospital inpatients in other departments. Risk of testicular cancer was raised in men of high socioeconomic status measured both by occupation and in other ways, and was similar in relation to status measured at birth and at various later stages of life. The occupations with highest risk of the tumour were paper and printing workers, professionals, and administrators. Exposures to various specific occupational agents that have been suggested in publications as potential risk factors were examined, but none showed an association with risk. The relative risk for occupational exposure to ionising radiation was 1.62 (95% confidence interval 0.83-3.17).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Occupation characteristics in affective disorders.

One hundred and fifty-four consecutively evaluated new and return psychiatric outpatients were examined by the same interviewer using a detailed, precoded questionnaire based on the diagnostic criteria for psychiatric research proposed by Feighner et al. Affective disorders were present for 75% of the patients and were associated with a history of past employment at a declared occupation, inactive occupation status, and recent occupation status change. Sixty patients with diagnoses of primary affective disorders and 56 patients with diagnoses of secondary affective disorders were identified and studied. The primary affective disorder was associated with higher level and longer held occupations with fewer changes of occupation activity status than was the secondary affective disorder. Forty-one patients with diagnoses of unipolar primary affective disorders and 19 patients with diagnoses of bipolar primary affective disorders were examined. The unipolar illness was associated with a shorter duration of occupation type and less permanent unemployment than was the bipolar illness.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1988

Socioeconomic status and health status: a study of males in the Canada Health Survey.

The relationships between education/occupation/income and health status have been well documented in the international epidemiological and sociological literature for many years, however, specific studies on the subject are scarce in Canada. Even when relationships have been demonstrated, the reasons for these relationships are much debated. This study presents an analysis of the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and health status. The study is based on analysis of data from a sample of nearly 2000 male principal income earners from the 1978 Canada Health Survey. Firstly, is there a relationship between an individual's SES and health status in Canada? Secondly, what aspects of SES--education, occupational status, and/or income--are most important? Thirdly, what are the possible explanations of the observed relationship? That is, is it possible to disaggregate the relationship and thereby infer possible causal mechanisms? The findings indicated a direct positive relationship between SES and health status, i.e. the higher an individual's SES, the better that person's health. The major exception to this was the SES/fitness relationship. In this instance, the higher the SES, the lower the level of fitness. Though age was an important control variable as SES, fitness and illness are age related, the findings relating SES to the health measures remained even when age was controlled for. Of the three SES measures, income was consistently the best correlate of health status. Occupational status showed the most inconsistent relationships with health status. The findings supported both the social causation and social selection hypotheses. That is, social position can have an effect on health status (social causation), while health status can affect one's social position (social selection).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Smoking and degree of occupational exposure: are internal analyses in cohort studies likely to be confounded by smoking status?

Occupational cohort studies are usually carried out without the benefit of information on smoking habits of cohort members. One common approach to avoid confounding bias related to smoking habits is to carry out an internal analysis, comparing workers with different degrees of occupational exposure. The premise behind this approach is that within a cohort there is unlikely to be correlation between degree of exposure and smoking habits. If this were untrue, smoking could confound the disease-exposure relationships. Our purpose was to verify the premise. The study sample consisted of 857 French-Canadian men born between 1910 and 1930, with 11 or fewer years of education, and interviewed around 1980 in the context of an occupational cancer case-control study. For each man we had information on smoking habits, job history, and a history of the chemicals he was exposed to in each of his jobs. We computed two indices of the dirtiness of workers' job histories: one based on the job titles held by the man and a second based on the degree of exposures to workplace substances. There was no correlation between these indices of job dirtiness and smoking history. We also examined the smoking-exposure relationship among the subsets of men who had been occupationally exposed to ten especially noticeable substances. Within the subsets, there was no indication of a consistent difference among the smoking subgroups in level or duration of exposure to these index substances. These findings do not support the view that nonsmokers sought out cleaner job environments than smokers; they imply that internal analyses of "dose-response" in cohort studies are unlikely to be seriously confounded by smoking habits.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cultural variation in health locus of control.

OBJECTIVE: To compare health locus of control scores in women from different ethnic backgrounds. METHOD: One-hundred and twenty-eight caucasian, South Asian and Afro-Caribbean women completed written or orally presented versions of the multidimensional health locus of control scale, as well as ratings of religiousness, health status and occupational status. RESULTS: South Asian women scored higher on 'chance' and 'powerful others' locus of control as predicted. They also had higher scores on internality. The ethnic differences persisted after controlling for occupation and health status. High religiousness among the South Asians appeared to explain some, but not all, of their higher scores. CONCLUSION: South Asians may differ from British caucasians in relation to their beliefs about internal and external influences on health.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sociodemographic descriptors of personal exposure to fine particles (PM2.5) in EXPOLIS Helsinki.

Demographic and socioeconomic differences between population sub-groups were analyzed, as a component of the EXPOLIS (Air Pollution Exposure Distributions Within Adult Urban Populations in Europe) Helsinki study, to explain variation in personal exposures to fine particles (PM2.5). Two-hundred one individuals were randomly selected among 25--55-year-old inhabitants of Helsinki Metropolitan area. Personal exposure samples and residential indoor, residential outdoor and workplace indoor microenvironment measurements of PM2.5 were collected between October 1996 and December 1997. Variation in PM2.5 personal exposures, between sociodemographic sub-groups, was best described by differences in occupational status, education and age. Lower occupational status, less educated and young participants had greater exposures than upper occupational status, more educated and older participants. Different workplace concentrations explained most of the socioeconomic differences, and personal day and night exposures and concentrations in home (but not workplace or outdoor concentrations) caused the PM2.5 exposure differences between age groups. Men had higher exposures and much larger exposure differences between the sociodemographic groups than women. No gender, socioeconomic or age differences were observed in home outdoor concentrations between groups. Exposure to tobacco smoke did not seem to create new differences between the sociodemographic groups; instead, it amplified the existing differences.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1977

Changes in occupation after coronary arteriography.

This study, involving 266 white males evaluates the effect of angiographically determined mild coronary artery impairment upon occupational status. Questionnaires filled out at the time of coronary arteriography and about 13 months later showed that in the interim 65% of the patients stayed in the same occupational status, 31% changed occupational status, and 4% retired. In both younger (less than or equal to 55 years) and older men (greater than 55 years) the proportion of retirees increased after angiography. Of those who remained employed, 19% changed to jobs with higher physical demands while 11% took jobs with lower physical demands. The decision to change the job did not seem to be affected by age or the presence of angina pectoris. Comparison of this patient population with U.S. national average has shown that the presence or awareness of coronary artery disease is associated with measured increase in occupational mobility, regardless of the severity of the disease. Our findings suggest that changes in occupational status after determination of mild coronary artery disease are motivated by psychological rather than physiological factors.

Coronary Artery Bypass↗
PubMed1996

Wealth Accumulation across the Adult Life Course: Stability and Change in Sociodemographic Covariate Structures of Net Worth Data in the Survey of Income and Program Participation, 1984-1991

This paper reports microlevel Tobit regression analyses of sociodemographic covariates of the life course accumulation of total household net worth data in eight waves of five distinct panels-spanning over 6 years from late 1984 through early 1991-of the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). It is found that the quadratic age-wealth relationship predicted by Modigliani's Life Cycle Hypothesis is evident in aggregate age-median wealth profiles as well as in the micro data for households with positive net worth. However, when adult status attainment variables are entered into the regression models either by themselves or in combination with marital/family status variables, the age of household head at which net worth begins to decline is far beyond the typical retirement age. In addition, the traditional criterion variables of sociological status attainment theory-educational attainment, occupational status, and earnings-are found to be positively associated with household net worth, although the net effect of occupational status generally is not statistically significant and the earnings effect is nonlinear. Further, consistent with status attainment theory, householder minority status (black, Hispanic) is negatively associated with the accumulation of net worth. It is found that both single male and single female householder status are negatively associated with the accumulation of household net worth (relative to married couple households) as is the size of the household (measured by the number of children under age 18 present). Separate logistic regression analyses show that households with zero and negative net worth are more likely than households with positive net worth to be black and have low earnings. Higher levels of educational and occupational status attainment reduce the probability of zero net worth but not the probability of negative net worth. Male- and female-headed households and households headed by Hispanics also are more likely to have zero net worth, but not negative net worth. The estimated sociodemographic covariate structures of household net worth are found to exhibit substantial stability across both waves and panels in the SIPP-although effects of the 1990-1991 recession are detectable in estimates for the 1990 panel. Possible applications of the estimated models in demographic projections of household net worth are suggested.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

The generational transmission of socioeconomic inequalities in child cognitive development and emotional health.

Socioeconomic inequalities in the health of adults have been largely attributed to lifestyle inequalities. The cognitive development (CD) and emotional health (EH) of the child provides a basis for many of the health-related behaviours which are observed in adulthood. There has been relatively little attention paid to the way CD and EH are transmitted in the foetal and childhood periods, even though these provide a foundation for subsequent socioeconomic inequalities in adult health. The Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) is a large, prospective, pre-birth cohort study which enrolled 8556 pregnant women at their first clinic visit over the period 1981-1983. These mothers (and their children) have been followed up at intervals until 14 years after the birth. The socioeconomic status of the child was measured using maternal age, family income, and marital status and the grandfathers' occupational status. Measures of child CD and child EH were obtained at 5 and 14 years of age. Child smoking at 14 years of age was also determined. Family income was related to all measures of child CD and EH and smoking, independently of all other indicators of the socioeconomic status of the child. In addition, the grandfathers' occupational status was independently related to child CD (at 5 and 14 years of age). Children from socioeconomically disadvantaged families (previous generations' socioeconomic status as well as current socioeconomic status) begin their lives with a poorer platform of health and a reduced capacity to benefit from the economic and social advances experienced by the rest of society.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Habitual physical activity in a population residing in the city of Barcelona].

OBJECTIVES: To describe the sociodemographic distribution of habitual physical activity and to analyse its relationship with self-perceived health status and occupational status, among the population older that 16 years of age in the city of Barcelona, Spain. METHODS: A sample of 1,885 adult men and 2,196 women answered the Health Interview Survey of Barcelona in 1992. Those whose habitual activity required high physical exertion or walking were considered as active. Bivariate and multivariate analyses adjusting logistic regression models were used to study the relationship between habitual physical activity and the rest of variables, for each occupational situation. RESULTS: Fifty six percent of adults reported being physically active. Physical activity was lower among workers than non workers, although workers reported more physical exertion (14.5% in men and 8.0% in women). Physical activity was associated with occupation and educational level among male workers, but only with occupation among female workers. In the non working population, physical activity was lower among those who perceived their health status as fair or poor, compared with those that described it as good or very good, (ORa in men was 0.2, 95% confidence interval = 0.1-0.5; ORa in women was 0.5, 95% confidence interval = 0.3-0.8). CONCLUSIONS: More than half of the Barcelona population were physically active in an habitual manner. Among workers, this activity was mainly determined by the occupation. Non-workers with a poor self-perceived health status did less physical activity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Lack of association between Alzheimer's disease and education, occupation, marital status, or living arrangement.

Using the resources of the Rochester Epidemiology Project, we conducted a case-control study of sociodemographic characteristics using the incidence cohort of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). During the conduct of ongoing studies of AD in Rochester, we identified new cases of AD as they occurred during 1975-1979 (N = 241). We selected one age- and sex-matched control from among all registrations for care in this community during the year of onset for each case. There was little difference between cases and controls for educational attainment, marital status, type of dwelling, living arrangement, or occupation. We were unable to confirm low educational level as a risk factor for AD in this population. Future attempts to identify etiologic risk factors for dementing illness should probably move toward other areas of research.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Socioeconomic and spatial differentials in mortality and means of committing suicide in New South Wales, Australia, 1985-91.

Analysis of suicide mortality in New South Wales, Australia is undertaken with reference to marital status and occupational status between 1986-89/90 and with reference to the principal means of committing suicide. Not currently married male manual workers were particularly at risk although marital status variations were significant with both genders and at different ages. Between 1985-91 male suicide mortality rates were significantly higher in inland non-metropolitan regions, especially among younger men, and were higher in inner areas of metropolitan Sydney. While there were no significant variations by marital status in the means of committing suicide there were variations between genders, and there were regional and social class variations in the use of guns with males. The use of guns was a factor in the elevated suicide mortality levels among inland rural youth and men, and among farmers and transport workers while the use of poisons was also significant with these occupational groups. The use of poisons was greater among persons committing suicide in the areas of elevated mortality in inner Sydney and the use of guns much lower.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Female employment and fertility: further investigation of an ambivalent association.

"This study of the relationship between female employment and fertility is based on a survey of 1,000 ever-married women in Karachi, [Pakistan]. A distinct pattern of differentials in actual performance and in desired fertility is observed across working and non-working women.... Women in higher status occupations marry much later than and have half the completed family size of those women working in lower status occupations. The fertility of non-working women lies somewhere in between these two groups. Some reasons for the fertility differentials found are identified in variations in point of entry into the labour force relative to the stage in child-bearing, in expectations from sons in old age support, and in relative facility in seeking means of fertility control. Working women in higher status occupations also have better chances of their children surviving, whereas women in lower status occupations suffer a greater toll of child deaths."

Asia↗
PubMed1991

The relation of socioeconomic status to oral and pharyngeal cancer.

We assessed the relation between socioeconomic status and risk of oropharyngeal cancer in a population-based interview study of 762 male cases and 837 male controls in four areas of the United States. Three primary indicators of socioeconomic status were evaluated: education, occupational status, and percentage of potential working life spent in employment. With adjustment for the effects of established risk factors, such as use of tobacco products, alcohol consumption, and poor dentition, a relatively low percentage of years worked was also a risk factor. Educational attainment and occupational status were not independently related to risk of oropharyngeal cancer. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that behaviors that lead to social instability, and/or social instability itself, are linked to an increased risk of oral and pharyngeal cancers.

Adult↗