Occupational injuries and infection control.
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CDC study supports AZT use after occupational injury. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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Antiviral Agents↗
[Surgical treatment of certain occupational injuries and diseases of bones and joints].
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Adult↗
[Unusual occupational injury of the conjunctiva].
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Conjunctiva↗
Correlates of occupational injuries for various jobs in railway workers: a case-control study.
Few studies have simultaneously addressed the role of occupational factors, individual characteristics and living conditions in occupational injuries, and to the best of our knowledge none on railway workers. This survey assessed the roles of these factors in various types of injuries and for various jobs in French railway workers. This case-control study was conducted on 1,305 male workers with an occupational injury during a one-year period and 1,305 male controls. A standardized questionnaire was administrated by an occupational physician. Data were analyzed by the logistic regression method. The significant factors found for all the injuries combined were: young age (<30 yr) (adjusted odds ratio 1.47, 95% CI 1.01-2.14), 5 yr or less in present job (1.43, 1.15-1.78), sleep disorders (1.30, 1.08-1.57), current smoker (1.27, 1.08-1.50), and no do-it-yourself or gardening activity (1.23, 1.02-1.48). Young age, sleep disorders, and smoking were common for several types of injuries. The role of these factors differed between various job categories. Among injured workers sick leaves of eight days or over were more frequent in current smokers and overweight subjects. In conclusion, young age, lack of experience, job dissatisfaction, sleep disorders, smoking, and lack of physical activity increase the risk of occupational injuries. The risks induced were related with jobs. Preventive measures concerning work conditions and these factors could be conducted in railway workers generally, and especially in workers most at risk. The occupational physician could make workers more sensitive to these risks and help them to improve their living conditions during medical examinations.
Accidental Falls↗
[Occupational injuries in agriculture].
Analysis of the incidence of occupational traumas in agriculture in the Saratov region is carried out. The first stage of the study consisted in analysis of 11,462 cases of occupational injuries, the second was devoted to analysis of questionnaires of 610 victims of injuries. Effects of chronohygienic, occupational, biological, and psychophysiological factors are detected and the relationship between life style and traumatism demonstrated.
Accidents, Occupational↗
Effectiveness of source documents for identifying fatal occupational injuries: a synthesis of studies.
BACKGROUND: The complete and accurate identification of fatal occupational injuries among the US work force is an important first step in developing work injury prevention efforts. Numerous sources of information, such as death certificates, Workers' Compensation files, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) files, medical examiner records, state health and labor department reports, and various combinations of these, have been used to identify cases of work-related fatal injuries. Recent studies have questioned the effectiveness of these sources for identifying such cases. METHODS: At least 10 studies have used multiple sources to define the universe of fatal work injuries within a state and to determine the capture rates, or proportion of the universe identified, by each source. Results of these studies, which are not all available in published literature, are summarized here in a format that allows researchers to readily compare the ascertainment capabilities of the sources. RESULTS: The overall average capture rates of sources were as follows: death certificates, 81%; medical examiner records, 61%; Workers' Compensation reports, 57%; and OSHA reports 32%. Variations by state and value added through the use of multiple sources are presented and discussed. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis of 10 state-based studies summarizes the effectiveness of various source documents for capturing cases of fatal occupational injuries to help researchers make informed decisions when designing occupational injury surveillance systems.
Accidents, Occupational↗
Fatal occupational injuries in a southern state.
Fatal occupational injuries were studied using data from medical examiners' reports in North Carolina for the years 1977-1991. Cases were defined as deaths due to accidents or homicide at the workplace, and populations at risk were estimated from the 1980 and 1990 US Censuses. Mortality rate ratios and proportionate mortality ratios were used as measures of association, and the population attributable risk percentage was used as an indicator of the burden of injury. Standard weights for direct age-adjustment of rates were obtained from the total state workforce. There were 2,524 eligible deaths-83 percent from unintentional traumatic injuries, 14 percent from homicide, and the remainder from other causes. This report focuses on unintentional trauma deaths, which were strongly associated with the wood production, fishing, and transportation industries. Elderly, African-American, and self-employed workers had higher fatality rates than members of other groups. Among male workers, motor vehicle crashes were the principal cause of death on the job, followed by falling objects, machinery, and falls. The industries contributing the largest proportions of these deaths were construction, trucking, agriculture, and logging (population attributable risk percentages were 16.8%, 8.8%, 7.9%, and 6.9%, respectively). The fatality patterns of female workers were different: Numbers of deaths from homicide and unintentional trauma were equal, and 27% of the latter deaths occurred in one catastrophic fire. Decentralized and rural industries were the most hazardous, but many deaths were outside the current jurisdiction of occupational safety and health agencies. These patterns suggest that greater scrutiny of such industries, through both research and intervention, is warranted.
Accidents, Occupational↗
Excessive daytime sleepiness and risk of occupational injuries in non-shift daytime workers.
STUDY OBJECTIVES: Only a few studies have examined the possible association between excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and risk of occupational injuries, and most of them were based on self-reports. This study tested this association in daytime workers using injury data taken from organizational archives. DESIGN: A retrospective and prospective study. It covered injury occurrence during two years prior to a sleep disorder assessment/education procedure and injury occurrence in the following year. The workers were given the assessment results and, when applicable, a letter to the treating physician. SETTING: Eight industrial plants. Lectures and discussions on sleep disorders, treatment, and implications to safety and quality of life were conducted with small groups who completed the sleep assessment questionnaire beforehand. The workers completed the sleep assessment questionnaire prior to the lecture/discussion. PARTICIPANTS: 532 non-shift daytime workers. INTERVENTIONS: N/A. MEASURES AND RESULTS: A battery of questionnaires to assess EDS (by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale), suspected sleep disorders, sleep habits, and job and environmental conditions. Of the workers studied 22.6% had EDS. Most of those (96.3%) indicated that they had experienced this propensity for the past two years or more and 56% of them had experienced it for 10 years or more. Logistic regression analysis indicated that during the two-year period prior to the procedure, EDS was associated with an increased risk of sustaining a work injury (OR=2.23, 95% CI 1.30-3.81), even after controlling for possible confounders, including factory category, job and environmental conditions. In the year after the procedure, the injury rate decreased by one-third in the workers with EDS but remained unchanged in the workers without EDS. Consequently, the association between EDS and injury was no longer significant (OR=1.42, 95% CI 0.71-2.85). CONCLUSION: EDS is a prevalent phenomenon in non-shift daytime workers. Workers with EDS had over two-fold higher risk of sustaining an occupational injury. Providing workers with the assessment results and of the implications of EDS for safety may explain the decrease in occupational injuries upon follow-up. This decrease might have occurred either because of workers taking steps to reduce EDS and/or adopting safety behaviors.
Adult↗
Risk of fatal and non-fatal occupational injury in foreign workers in Spain.
STUDY OBJECTIVE: In the past decade, Spain has experienced dramatic growth of its immigrant population. Available information on the occupational conditions of foreign workers is scarce. This study aims to add to this information by describing occupational injuries in foreign workers in Spain. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS: Data were analysed from the 2003 Ministry of Labour and Social Issues registry of non-fatal and fatal occupational injury in insured workers. The population at risk was estimated from the Social Security Affiliation Registry as of 31 December 2003. Comparing Spanish with foreign workers and also considering age and sex, incidence rates and relative risks, and their confidence intervals at 95%, were calculated within each population group. MAIN RESULTS: In women and in men, and in every age group, foreign workers had an increased risk of non-fatal and fatal occupational injury compared with Spanish workers. The differences were especially notable in foreign women workers and in older workers. CONCLUSIONS: Many factors probably combine to cause the differences found in this study. Better data collection on the situation of foreign workers is needed to understand these facts and apply appropriate public health solutions.
Accidents, Occupational↗
Occupational injury mortality in New Mexico.
STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine specific risks for occupational injury deaths in New Mexico. DESIGN: Retrospective review of state medical investigator reports from 1980 through 1991 with regard to industry, agent of death, gender, ethnicity, location, and alcohol and other drug involvement. PARTICIPANTS: New Mexico residents who were fatally injured while on the job. RESULTS: We identified 613 deaths: 87.1% unintentional, 10.6% homicides, and 2.3% suicides. Industries with the most fatalities were construction (11.8%), oil/gas (10.6%), and farming (8.6%). The primary agents of death were motor vehicles (41.7%), firearms (10.1%), and falling objects (10.0%). Almost all (95.6%) of the decedents were male. However, females were overrepresented among homicide deaths (P < .0001). Most unintentional injuries occurred in rural areas (69.1%), whereas most homicides (73.4%) and suicides (71.4%) occurred in urban areas. Drug or alcohol use was evident in 19.4% of cases. CONCLUSION: New Mexico has a high rate of occupational injury death, which appears to be associated with rural location and use of motor vehicles and alcohol.
Accidents, Occupational↗
Contributions of occupational hazards and human factors in occupational injuries and their associations with job, age and type of injuries in railway workers.
OBJECTIVES: To assess the contributions of environmental hazards, technical dysfunctions, lack of work organization, know-how and job knowledge, and other human factors in occupational injuries and their relationships with job, age and type of accidents in railway workers. METHODS: The sample included 1,604 male workers, having had at least one occupational injury with sick leave during a 2-year period in voluntary French railway services. A standardized questionnaire was filled in by the person-in-charge of prevention, with the injured worker. Data analysis was performed via the chi(2) independence test and adjusted odds ratios (OR) with Mantel-Haenszel test. RESULTS: The environmental hazards were implicated in 24.7%, technical dysfunctions in 16.0%, lack of work organization in 13.7%, lack of know-how in 17.6%, lack of job knowledge in 5.2%, and the other human factors in 31.9% of occupational injuries. The injuries caused by lack of know-how or job knowledge were more represented in workers aged less than 30 (ORs adjusted for job 1.45, 95% CI 1.02-2.06 and 2.06, 1.22-3.49, respectively), those by environmental hazards in energy and electrical traction maintenance operators and train drivers (ORs adjusted for age 2.04, 1.16-3.58 and 1.80, 1.01-3.20, respectively), and those by lack of work organization in mechanical maintenance operators and in energy and electrical traction maintenance operators (ORs adjusted for age 2.24, 1.13-4.45 and 1.83, 1.30-2.57, respectively). The causes considered were strongly related with the type of injuries. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that environmental hazards, technical dysfunctions, lack of work organization, lack of knowledge and other human factors had important contributions in injuries, and they were related to job, age and type of injuries. These findings are useful for prevention. Training is necessary for young workers. The occupational physician could help the workers to be more aware of the risks.
Adult↗
Evaluation of influence of gender, occupational injury, and smoking on chronic low back pain of facet joint origin: a subgroup analysis.
The prevalence of persistent low back pain secondary to involvement of lumbosacral facet joints has been described in controlled studies as varying from 15% to 52% based on types of population and settings studied. Previous studies have shown variances in elderly populations, and postlumbar laminectomy patients. But no variations were observed in obese patients or patients with somatization disorder. Based on the individual results, it appears that facet joint pain may be less prevalent in patients with occupational injury and more prevalent in women and smokers. This analysis was based on a combination of the results of two previous studies with a total number of 320 patients to evaluate the influence of gender, occupational injury and smoking on prevalence of facet joint pain. Facet joints were investigated with diagnostic blocks initially using lidocaine 1%, followed by bupivacaine 0.25%, usually 2 to 4 weeks apart in these studies. The prevalence of facet joint pain in men was 38% (95% CI, 29% to 47%) compared to 43% (95% CI, 36% to 50%) in women; 43% (95% CI, 33% to 53%) in non-smokers, compared to 41% (95% CI, 30% to 52%) in heavy smokers; and 28% (95% CI, 18% to 38%) in occupational injury patients compared to 44% (95% CI, 36% to 52%) with a history of gradual onset. False-positive rates varied from 28% to 46%. In conclusion, based on the results of this evaluation, women and men, smokers and nonsmokers suffer with similar prevalence rates of facet joint pain in chronic low back pain; whereas occupational injury patients suffer with lesser prevalence (28%) compared to patients with gradual onset (44%) of low back pain.
Journal Article↗
Occupational injury mortality rates in the United States: changes from 1980 to 1989.
Changes in occupational injury mortality rates over the 1980s were examined through analysis of the National Traumatic Occupational Fatalities surveillance system. The US occupational injury mortality rate decreased 37% over the decade, with decreases seen in nearly every demographic and employment sector. Greater declines were among men, Blacks, and younger workers, as well as among agricultural, trade, and service workers. Electrocutions, machine-related incidents, and homicides showed the greatest decreases. Changes in occupational mortality rates by demography, industry, and cause of death indicate the areas in which the most progress has been made and those that are prime targets for prevention efforts.
Accidents, Occupational↗
Relationships between certain individual characteristics and occupational injuries for various jobs in the construction industry: a case-control study.
BACKGROUND: There is little published about the role of individual characteristics in occupational injuries. Construction workers have a high rate of injury; we assessed 11 personal characteristics in this professional sector. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted on 880 male workers who had had at least one occupational injury during a 2-year period and 880 controls. A questionnaire was administered by an occupational physician. Statistical analysis was made via logistic regression method. RESULTS: Young age (<30 years), sleep disorders and current smoker influenced all the injuries combined. Sleep disorders and young age were common risk factors for several jobs. Physical disabilities and no sporting activity had a role in masons, and 5 years or less in present job in plumbers and electricians only. Sleep disorders influenced both the injuries with and without hospitalization; young age, current smoker, and physical disability influenced those without hospitalization only. CONCLUSIONS: Young age, sleep disorders, smoking, disabilities, sporting activity, and experience influenced the occupational injuries. The risk for each worker depended on his job. Occupational physicians could inform the workers of these risks and encourage them to take remedial action.
Accidents, Occupational↗
Occupational injury and stress.
A literature search was conducted to identify studies that measured the relationship between stress and occupational injury. Studies that provided a quantitative measure of stress and occupational injury and a quantitative assessment of the relationship between these two factors were selected for this review. Twenty studies were identified, and all had P values of less than .05 or odds ratios ranging from .3 to 4.6. Twelve of 17 measures had odds ratios greater than 1.0. Several factors limit the generalizability of these results, however, and these include methodological differences in the assessment of stress and injury, study design, and limited representation of occupations.
Accidents, Occupational↗
Comparison of fatal occupational injury surveillance systems between the European Union and the United States.
BACKGROUND: Comparison of workplace injury statistics among countries is often problematic, mainly because work injury statistics are based on different national recording and notification systems. METHODS: Definitions of fatal work-related injuries, identification of the reference population, and rates of fatal work-related injuries, from 1995 to 1998, were compared between the European Statistics on Accidents at Work (ESAW) and the United States (U.S.) Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI). RESULTS: Similar definitions for workplace fatalities were found, but CFOI is based on an active search, and ESAW on passive notification. Daily fatal occupational injury numbers were similar in both: about 17 workers die per day, but average annual work-related death rates were higher in the U.S. CONCLUSIONS: There are enough differences to allow direct comparisons between both systems. CFOI is likely to be more comprehensive than ESAW. It is conceivable that the true number of fatal occupational injuries in the European Union (E.U.) could be higher, and thus the apparent difference in U.S. and E.U. fatal injury rates may be an artifact of the different surveillance systems.
Accidents, Occupational↗
Mechanisms of occupational injuries reported to insurance companies in Norway from 1991 to 1996.
BACKGROUND: To study the association of injury events, types of movements and types of objects involved in relation to occupation, age, and gender in serious occupational injuries to determine where preventive measures should be implemented. METHODS: The occupational injury claims made to the insurance companies in Norway for 1991-1996, which were stored in a database, were analyzed. RESULTS: Falls were the most frequent injury event in both genders and in all occupational groups, and the incidence rate increased with age. Among men, the most common action when the injury occurred was handling of goods or materials, whereas for women it was moving without goods or materials. Primary economic activity and manufacturing had the highest injury rates. CONCLUSIONS: Priority should be given to reduce the occurrence of falls in both genders, and especially among older workers.
Accidents, Occupational↗