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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

[New findings on the geographic distribution of the verrucarum group (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Colombia].

The incrimination of sand flies belonging to verrucarum species group in the leishmaniasis transmission underscores the need for a detailed information on the geographical distribution of these species. The current listing adds 34 new records that extend significantly the knowledge of the geographical distribution of the verrucarum group in Colombia. The most important new records pertain to Lutzomyia spinicrassa in the tropical dry forest of the Atlantic coast, Lutzomyia ovallesi in the Orinoco and Amazon River watersheds regions of Colombia, and the sympatric occurrence of Lutzomyia spinicrassa and Lutzomyia quasitownsendi in the eastern chain of the Andes mountains. Additionally, the municipal and altitudinal distributions are compiled for 19 new species recorded for Colombia. The series townsendi of the verrucarum group generally restricted to premontane and lower montane zones based on distribution data on Lutzomyia longiflocosa, L. quasitownsendi, Lutzomyia sauroida, L. spinicrassa, Lutzomyia torvida, Lutzomyia townsendi and Lutzomyia youngi. The series verrucarum is distributed from the tropical lowland to the montane zones, and includes species with wide geographical range (Lutzomyia evansi, Lutzomyia columbiana, L. ovallesi, Lutzomyia nuneztovari, Lutzomyia nevesi), and species of highly endemic distribution (Lutzomyia andina, Lutzomyia disiuncta, Lutzomyia moralesi, Lutzomyia antioquiensis). Members of the series pia (Lutzomyia pia, Lutzomyia limafalcaoae) and the series serrana (Lutzomyia serrana) occur from the tropical lowlands to the lower montane zones. The altitudinal divergences may be intrinsically tied to speciation process, especially as it relates to the climatic and geologic events that have affected the flora and fauna of the Andean region.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Preictal pseudosleep: a new finding in psychogenic seizures.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The diagnosis of psychogenic seizures (pseudoseizures) may be difficult and usually rests on video-EEG monitoring. We observed that pseudoseizures often arise out of a state that we termed preictal pseudosleep. The objective of this study was to investigate this potential new sign in pseudoseizures. METHODS: We prospectively studied all patients who underwent noninvasive monitoring over a 10-month period. Patients were monitored for a duration of 1 to 19 days (mean 4.9), and were divided into two groups: pseudoseizures and epileptic seizures. Patients with both conditions were excluded. Preictal pseudosleep was defined as a state that resembled normal sleep by behavioral criteria alone (i.e. patient motionless and eyes closed), while EEG showed evidence of wakefulness (alpha rhythm, active EMG, and rapid eye movement). This state had to be sustained for at least 1 minute before clinical onset. RESULTS: Patients had 1 to 25 (mean 7) clinical events recorded. Preictal pseudosleep was seen in 10 of 18 patients with pseudoseizures and in none of 39 patients with epileptic seizures, yielding a sensitivity of 56% and a specificity of 100% for pseudoseizures. CONCLUSION: Because of a high specificity, preictal pseudosleep may be a useful adjunctive finding to support the diagnosis of pseudoseizures.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

[New findings in the epidemiology of viral hepatitis].

At present there is not yet a causal therapy of hepatitis. The modern state of knowledge on the mode of transfer, on the persistence of the causative organisms and the immunological reactions evoked by the causative organisms gives the possibility for new ways in prevention. The HBs Ag-carriers are a reservoir of causative organisms in the sense of chronic carriers. In a particular degree they endanger the personnel of public health. A supplementation of the general hygienic preventive measures by the immunoprophylaxis is desirable.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Lyme disease--new findings on its physiopathology, diagnosis, therapy and prevention].

INTRODUCTION: Lyme disease is a tick-borne disease caused by a spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, which manifests as a multisystem disease of the skin, nervous system, heart and joints. Recently it is the most common vector-borne disease in Yugoslavia. NEW EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES: New epidemiological studies revealed that ticks can occasionally be infected not only by Borrelia burgdorferi, but also by some other microbes that can cause diseases in humans. Recently discovered the variable major protein-like sequence, antigenic variation of B. burgdorferi B 31 partly explains the ability of this organism to evade an active immune response. A key role in development of clinical symptoms associated with lyme disease belongs to the connection with ability of B. burgdorferi to induce and activate metallopeptidases and fibrinolytic enzymes, leading to extracellular matrix destruction. DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT: Diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis is made on the basis of clinical picture, exposure to ticks in endemic areas and serologic confirmation. It seems that polymerase chain reaction has little role in detection of B. burgdorferi in urine, blood, and spinal fluid samples, but it is most useful in evaluating the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy of Lyme arthritis. Infectious Diseases Society of America had prepared new guidelines for selective treatment of Lyme disease. Vaccination is still the best way of prevention for people living in high-risk areas.

Humans↗
PubMed2002

[New findings on the pathogenesis of nephrotic syndrome (review article)].

Increased glomerular permeability of the glomerular capillary wall for macromolecules caused by the changes of the structure of the glomerular basement membrane, or podocytes and slit diaphragm between foot processes of podocytes is the main cause of nephrotic syndrome. Recently new information about podocyte proteins emerged. Mutation of the basic structural protein of slit diaphragm, nephrin, results in the Finnish type of the congenital nephrotic syndrome, mutations of other podocyte proteins, e.g. podocin, or alpha-actinin-4 result in congenital focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is a clinical syndrome, caused either by the mutation of podocyte proteins, or by circulating permeability factors, or by the deficiency of their circulating inhibitors. New information about the role of cubilin and megalin in the reabsorption of filtered albumin in the proximal tubule may contribute to the elucidation of the mechanisms of the tubulotoxicity of proteinuria; inhibition of albumin reabsorption in nephrotic subjects could lower the risk of interstitial fibrosis and progressive renal insufficiency.

Humans↗
PubMed2002

Complexities in ETS-domain transcription factor function and regulation: lessons from the TCF (ternary complex factor) subfamily. The Colworth Medal Lecture.

The ETS-domain transcription factor family can be divided into a series of subfamilies. Elk-1 represents the founding member of the ternary complex factor (TCF) subfamily. By focusing on the TCF subfamily, we can demonstrate the complexities that exist in the function and regulation of ETS-domain transcription factors. This article focuses on Elk-1 in detail and summarizes the functions of other TCFs. The key themes covered include the domain structure of the TCFs, the mechanisms of complex formation with serum response factor, regulation of TCFs by mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades, and transcriptional regulatory properties of the TCFs. Finally, the emerging role of the TCFs in vivo is discussed. A picture is developing indicating that, while these proteins exhibit significant sequence and functional conservation, key differences in their structure and regulation are being identified which may relate to unique functions of these proteins in vivo.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1997

[Dopamine control of neuroendocrine functions. New findings based on the study of transgenic animals].

The dopamine system is implicated in the control of locomotion, cognition and endocrine function. The relative contribution of the various dopamine related components is not well established mainly because drugs that target the dopaminergic system often lack selectivity. The gene inactivation procedure in vivo, or knock out, permits the creation of new strains of mice specifically lacking a designated gene. Unlike pharmacological approaches this molecular procedure offers a unique specificity for the target gene. This technique has been applied recently to inactivate the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine, monoamine oxidase, three of the five dopamine receptors, the monoamines vesicular transporter and the plasma membrane dopamine transporter. Here we summarize the main findings obtained with these transgenic animals carrying these "genetic defects" leading to a better understanding of the relative contribution of each of the corresponding gene product regarding locomotor activity, regulation of the expression of peptides under the dopamine control, responses to various drugs targeting the dopamine system and control of pituitary function. A special emphasis is made on the consequences of the knock out of the dopamine transporter where our results establish not only the central importance of the transporter as the key element controlling DA levels in the brain and pituitary, but also its role as an obligatory target for the behavioral and biochemical action of amphetamine and cocaine. Besides the better comprehension of the dopamine transmission, these strains of mice offer unique models to test the specificity and selectivity of dopamine acting drugs and have often provided key elements leading to possible clinical and social implications for illnesses such as Parkinson disease, dwarfism and drug addiction.

Amphetamines↗
PubMed2005

Structural similarity to bridge sequence space: finding new families on the bridges.

Structures for protein domains have increased rapidly in recent years owing to advances in structural biology and structural genomics projects. New structures are often similar to those solved previously, and such similarities can give insights into function by linking poorly understood families to those that are better characterized. They also allow the possibility of combing information to find still more proteins adopting a similar structure and sometimes a similar function, and to reprioritize families in structural genomics pipelines. We explore this possibility here by preparing merged profiles for pairs of structurally similar, but not necessarily sequence-similar, domains within the SMART and Pfam database by way of the Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP). We show that such profiles are often able to successfully identify further members of the same superfamily and thus can be used to increase the sensitivity of database searching methods like HMMer and PSI-BLAST. We perform detailed benchmarks using the SMART and Pfam databases with four complete genomes frequently used as annotation benchmarks. We quantify the associated increase in structural information in Swissprot and discuss examples illustrating the applicability of this approach to understand functional and evolutionary relationships between protein families.

Protein Conformation↗
PubMed1988

Surgical anatomy of the atrioventricular conduction bundle in tetralogy of Fallot. New findings relevant to the position of the sutures.

To avoid three of the causes of right ventricular end-diastolic pressure elevation, complete heart block, residual leakage, and fixing of tricuspid septal leaflet, we studied detailed anatomy of the posteroinferior corner of the ventricular septal defect of tetralogy of Fallot in 81 specimens. A new stitching method was applied in 79 patients with tetralogy of Fallot. Sixty-eight specimens (84%) had perimembranous outlet ventricular septal defect with a membranous flap 4.5 +/- 2.6 mm long. Thirteen (16%) had a muscle bar separating the defect from the central fibrous body area. The width was 5.8 +/- 1.7 mm. Microscopic study revealed that the membranous flap is a safe structure for suturing because of the thick posterior extension of the trabecular septomarginalis. In the clinical application of a new stitching method that uses the membranous flap, all patients showed sinus rhythm and no patient had complete heart block. We conclude that a membranous flap can be used safely as a suture line to avoid conduction tissue damage without using the tricuspid septal leaflet.

Atrioventricular Node↗
PubMed2002

[New findings on the diagnosis and therapy of prion diseases].

Spongiform encephalopathies are the fatal diseases, that affect the brain tissue of mammals. They are caused by a conformational changed prion protein. There is no adequate diagnostic test for in vivo identification of prion protein. Disease can be diagnosed only by clinical sings and EEG in new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Post mortem, histopathological examination of brain tissue reveals spongiform changes and immunohistochemistry detects disease-related prion protein. Appropriate diagnostic in vivo tests are not developed yet; therefore extensive researches are ongoing aimed to introduce such methods. This review describes a few promising experimental methods, which may develop into diagnostic tests in the future: detection of prions in urine samples, PMCA (protein misfolding cyclic amplification), DATAS (differential analysis of transcripts with alternative splicing), SELEX (in vitro selection), detection of prions in tonsils and detection of copper and manganese dysbalance in tissues. Current therapy strategy is based on testing of some known drugs (quinacrine, chlorpromazine), and antioxidant and antibody treatments. The detection of NSE (neuron-specific enolase) and cholesterol in meat products reveals the presence of brain and spinal cord tissue. The spreading of spongiform encephalopathies can be diminished by utilising the adequate in vivo diagnostic tests, effective therapy strategy and preventive steps.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[New findings on the physiopathology of acute hemolytic transfusion reactions].

INTRODUCTION: Acute hemolytic transfusion reactions (HTRs) are among the most feared transfusion-associated complications, principally because severe toxicity and rapid death may result. Recently there has been expansion in knowledge concerning the pathophysiology of shock, inflammation and disseminated intravascular coagulation, factors affecting the outcome of HTRs. A new class of biologic mediators/modulators of inflammatory and immune response, interleukins (IL) has been discovered to be of the central importance in the modulation of such responses. RESULTS: In models of acute IgM-mediated RBC incompatibility in experimental HTRs, plasma TNF-alpha rise sharply in a dose- and time-dependent manner, peaking at 2 hours. It is responsible for fever, hypotension and capillary leak leading to acute shock. After 4-6 hours levels of interleukin-8 and MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractants and activators of neutrophils rise, and remain in plasma significantly elevated 48 hours. In IgG-mediated HTRs, within 6 hours the concentrations of IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8 increase significantly and remain elevated next 24 hours, resulting in fever, hypotension, leucocytosis, shock, the proliferation of T-cells and stimulation of immunoglobulin production. Cytokines also play an important role in the development of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). It is associated with the activation of tissue factor pathway and promoting of hypercoagulable state by their effects on endothelial cells. IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) induce changes in the hemostatic properties of endothelial cells surface which leads to increased tissue factor and decrease thrombomodulin expression and suppression of protein C activity. Thrombin, bradykinin, epinephrine and IL-1 activation induce acute renal failure, which leads to renal hypoperfusion and widespread fibrin deposition. In etiology of acute lung injury participate: TNF, releasing large quantities of enzyme neutrophil elastase via neutrophil degranulation and pulmonary capillary endothelial injury. IL-8 and MCP-1 released from endothelial cells also promote localised inflammation and thrombosis. CONCLUSION: IL-1, TNF-alpha and IL-6 and IL-8 are all critical mediators of immune and inflammatory response and are known to synergize with each other in a number of in vitro systems. They are responsible for major signs of acute hemolytic transfusion reaction. A future therapeutic strategy of HTRs has to be aimed at modulation of underlying pathophysiologic alterations triggered by HTRs.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Functional asymmetry of emotions in primates: new findings in chimpanzees.

In the past 15 years, there have been a number of studies conducted on asymmetries in the perception and production of facial expressions in human and non-human primates as a means of inferring hemispheric specialization for emotions. We review these studies to assess continuity and discontinuity between species in these emotional processes. We further present new data on asymmetries in the production of facial expressions in a sample of captive chimpanzees. Objective measures (hemimouth length and area) and subjective measures (human judgement's of chimeric stimuli) indicate that chimpanzees' facial expressions are asymmetric, with a greater involvement of the left side of the face (right hemisphere) in the production of emotional responses. Left hemimouth was bigger than the right in the facial expressions of pant-hooting, play, and silent bared-teeth (p < 0.05) and it extended laterally more than the right in the categories of pant-hooting, silent bared-teeth, and scream face (p < 0.05). Human judges also reported that the left side of the faces was emotionally more intense in the case of the play and silent bared-teeth categories (p < 0.01). Thus, chimpanzees, like humans and some other non-human primates, show a right hemisphere specialization for facial expression of emotions, which suggests that this functional asymmetry is homologous in all these species.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[New findings on the classification, diagnosis and therapy of primary gastrointestinal lymphomas].

Based on available recent data from the literature the authors review recent findings pertaining to the etiopathogenesis, immunology, clinical manifestations and treatment of primary gastrointestinal lymphomas. From the pathogenetic aspect in particular the close association with infections and immune disorders in various portions of the gastrointestinal tract is important. In their review the authors draw attention to new aspects of the histological and immunological classification of these tumors, in particular as far as definition of lymphomas of the MALT-system is concerned. They evaluate also data from their own group of 83 patients with regard to the incidence and site of the disease. In the conclusion they draw attention to the importance of some new therapeutic approaches, incl. antibacterial treatment.

Gastrointestinal Neoplasms↗
PubMed1999

New findings in pharmacological effects induced by antihistamines: from PET studies to knock-out mice.

Antihistamines are efficacious drugs to be used for the symptomatic relief of allergic diseases. The safety issue of antihistamines is of central importance because of their widespread use in current medical practice. To better understand the pharmacological effects of antihistamines on the central nervous system (CNS), we used two kinds of new methods, positron emission tomography (PET) and gene targeting regarding on histamine H1 receptors. The histamine H1 receptor occupancy was examined in young male volunteers with[11C]-doxepin (a potent H1 antagonist) after the oral or intravenous administration of antihistamines. In other studies, the cognitive performance was also measured tachistoscopically before and after taking antihistamines. The mutant mice lacking H1 receptors were used in the behavioural and neurochemical experiments to re-evaluate the role of H1 receptors. The H1-receptor occupancy in the human frontal cortex caused by antihistamines is significantly correlated with the reported values of incidence of sleepiness in clinical trials, and the occupancy is well proportional to the impaired cognitive performance. The behavioural studies of the H1-receptor knock-out mice confirmed the role of H1 receptors in arousal, the sleep-wake cycle, locomotion, nociception and aggressive behaviour. The pharmacological effects induced by H1 antagonism were re-evaluated by the PET and gene-targetting. Although any serious effects could not be observed in mice by the destruction of the H1-receptor gene, the cognitive performance was impaired in humans after taking first generation antihistamines in recommended doses.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

New findings and key questions in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Invasive aspergillosis remains the primary cause of death from infection following allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Most cases occur during the second or third month after transplantation, during graft-versus-host disease or immunosuppression. Strategies for management of these cases include the development of more effective antifungals for prophylaxis, the use of biological markers to improve the early diagnosis of aspergillosis, new approaches to transplantation to reduce the risk of infection, and the emerging area of targeted cellular therapy.

Aspergillosis↗
PubMed1982

Controlled drinking by alcoholics? New findings and a reevaluation of a major affirmative study.

Controlled drinking has recently become a controversial alternative to abstinence as an appropriate treatment goal for alcoholics. In this study we reexamine the evidence underlying a widely cited report by Sobell and Sobell of successful controlled drinking by a substantial proportion of gamma (physically dependent) alcoholic subjects in a behavior therapy experiment. A review of the evidence, including official records and new interviews, reveals that most subjects trained to do controlled drinking failed from the outset to drink safely. The majority were rehospitalized for alcoholism treatment within a year after their discharge from the research project. A 10-year follow-up (extended through 1981) of the original 20 experimental subjects shows that only one, who apparently had not experienced physical withdrawal symptoms, maintained a pattern of controlled drinking; eight continued to drink excessively--regularly or intermittently--despite repeated damaging consequences; six abandoned their efforts to engage in controlled drinking and became abstinent; four died from alcohol-related causes; and one, certified about a year after discharge from the research project as gravely disabled because of drinking, was missing.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1999

Cholinesterases in neural development: new findings and toxicologic implications.

Developing animals are more sensitive than adults to acute cholinergic toxicity from anticholinesterases, including organophosphorus pesticides, when administered in a laboratory setting. It is also possible that these agents adversely affect the process of neural development itself, leading to permanent deficits in the architecture of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Recent observations indicate that organophosphorus exposure can affect DNA synthesis and cell survival in neonatal rat brain. New evidence that acetylcholinesterase may have a direct role in neuronal differentiation provides additional grounds for interest in the developmental toxicity of anticholinesterases. For example, correlative anatomic studies show that transient bursts of acetylcholinesterase expression often coincide with periods of axonal outgrowth in maturing avian, rodent, and primate brain. Some selective cholinesterase inhibitors effectively suppress neurite outgrowth in model systems like differentiating neuroblastoma cells and explanted sensory ganglia. When enzyme expression is altered by genetic engineering, acetylcholinesterase levels on the outer surface of transfected neurons correlate with ability to extend neurites. Certain of these "morphogenic" effects may depend on protein-protein interactions rather than catalytic acetylcholinesterase activity. Nonetheless, it remains possible that some pesticides interfere with important developmental functions of the cholinesterase enzyme family.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed2000

Brain aging and memory: new findings help differentiate forgetfulness and dementia.

Geriatrics is pleased to highlight the clinical implications of research topics supported by the American Federation for Aging Research (AFAR). AFAR is a leading private organization supporting research on the aging process and diseases of older populations. More than 900 physicians, scientists, and students have received AFAR grants totaling more than $20 million since AFAR was founded by Irving S. Wright, MD, in 1981. The articles in the New Frontiers series are designed to provide primary care physicians with insight into the pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of the diseases of aging.

Aged↗