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PubMed1986

Using the OCLC union listing component for a statewide health sciences union list of serials.

Union lists of serials are critical to the effective operation of interlibrary loan networks. The Michigan Health Sciences Libraries Association used the OCLC union list component to produce the Michigan Statewide Health Sciences Union List of Serials (MISHULS). MISHULS, which includes the serials holdings of ninety-three hospital health sciences libraries, is a subset of a statewide multi-type union list maintained on OCLC. The rationale for a statewide list and the criteria for choosing vendors are discussed. Typical costs are provided. Funding sources are identified and a unique approach to decentralized input is described. The benefits of resource sharing in a larger, multi-type library network are also explored.

Interlibrary Loans↗
PubMed1993

Emotion and two kinds of meaning: cognitive therapy and applied cognitive science.

The clinical cognitive approach assumes that emotional reactions are mediated through the meanings given to events. Cognitive therapy aims to change emotion by changing meanings. It focuses on specific level meanings, evaluating the truth value of particular beliefs. Bower's science-driven associative network theory of cognition and emotion is also primarily concerned with specific meanings. This focus on meaning at a specific level causes problems, e.g. the contrasts between 'intellectual' and 'emotional' belief, between 'cold' and 'hot' cognition, and between explicit and intuitive knowledge. These problems are resolved in the Interacting Cognitive Subsystems (ICS) approach. ICS distinguishes between a specific and a more holistic, intuitive, level of meaning. In contrast to alternative approaches, ICS suggest that holistic level meanings are of primary importance in emotion production. Representations at this level consist of schematic mental models, encoding high-order inter-relationships and prototypical patterns extracted from life experience. The ICS approach to meaning is described and its implications for understanding and treating emotional disorders discussed, together with relevant empirical findings. ICS suggests a therapeutic focus on holistic rather than specific meanings, a role for 'non-evidential' interventions, such as guided imagery, and a rational basis for certain experiential therapies.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

A theoretical basis for standing and traveling brain waves measured with human EEG with implications for an integrated consciousness.

OBJECTIVE: We propose a theoretical framework for EEG and evoked potential studies based on the single postulate that these data are composed of a combination of waves (as this term is used in the physical sciences) and thalamocortical network activity. METHODS: Using known properties of traveling and standing waves, independent of any neocortical dynamic theory, our simple postulate leads to experimental predictions, several of which have now been verified. A mathematical-physiological theory of "brain waves" based on known (but highly idealized) properties of cortical synaptic action and corticocortical fibers is used to support the framework. RESULTS: Brain waves are predicted with links between temporal frequencies and the spatial distributions of synaptic activity. Such dispersion relations, which essentially define more general phenomena as waves, are shown to restrict the spatial-temporal dynamics of synaptic action with many experimental EEG consequences. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed framework accounts for several salient features of spontaneous EEG and evoked potentials. SIGNIFICANCE: We conjecture that wave-like behavior of synaptic action may facilitate interactions between remote cell assemblies, providing an important mechanism for the functional integration underlying conscious experience.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2003

Co-amplification of ENFSI-loci D3S1358, D8S1179 and D18S51: validation of new primer sequences and allelic distribution among 2874 individuals.

The present communication presents a new triplex PCR co-amplifying three loci (D3S1358, D8S1179 and D18S51) recommended for STR typing by the European Network of Forensic Science Institutes (ENFSI). Twenty-two different primers were tested to optimise the PCR. Four of the six primer sequences finally chosen were self selected, the fifth was a published one and the sixth derived from a commercially available multiplex kit. Using this PCR-setup, even minimum amounts of genomic DNA are sufficient to analyse the STR loci D3S1358, D8S1179 and D18S51 in parallel. Especially in forensic casework, where DNA is mostly limited and often contaminated with enzyme inhibitors, this new PCR proved to be very advantageous. To demonstrate the reliability, buccal swabs from 2874 persons were typed not only with the new triplex PCR but also with a commercially available multiplex kit.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Analysis of artificially degraded DNA using STRs and SNPs--results of a collaborative European (EDNAP) exercise.

Recently, there has been much debate about what kinds of genetic markers should be implemented as new core loci that constitute national DNA databases. The choices lie between conventional STRs, ranging in size from 100 to 450 bp; mini-STRs, with amplicon sizes less than 200 bp; and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). There is general agreement by the European DNA Profiling Group (EDNAP) and the European Network of Forensic Science Institutes (ENFSI) that the reason to implement new markers is to increase the chance of amplifying highly degraded DNA rather than to increase the discriminating power of the current techniques. A collaborative study between nine European and US laboratories was organised under the auspices of EDNAP. Each laboratory was supplied with a SNP multiplex kit (Foren-SNPs) provided by the Forensic Science Service, two mini-STR kits provided by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and a set of degraded DNA stains (blood and saliva). Laboratories tested all three multiplex kits, along with their own existing DNA profiling technique, on the same sets of degraded samples. Results were collated and analysed and, in general, mini-STR systems were shown to be the most effective. Accordingly, the EDNAP and ENFSI working groups have recommended that existing STR loci are reengineered to provide smaller amplicons, and the adoption of three new European core loci has been agreed.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2006

ENFSI collaborative testing programme for ignitable liquid analysis: a review.

The Fire and Explosion Investigation Working Group of the European Network of Forensic Science Institutes (ENFSI) is the organiser of a collaborative testing programme for ignitable liquid analysis. The testing programme was initiated in 1998. Initially to inventory the analytical methods used in this field of analysis, but with the ultimate goal to establish a European testing programme for fire debris analysts. As of today, five tests have been conducted. This article will provide an overview of the first five ENFSI collaborative tests for ignitable liquid analysis. The background, objectives and characteristics of the testing programme are summarised, followed by an overview of the sample composition employed, the participants' performance, the difficulties and the lessons learned in each test.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

Molecular phylogenetics and the evolution of antarctic notothenioid fishes.

The monophyly of the antarctic fish suborder Notothenioidei and the monophyly of its earliest family the Bovichtidae have been investigated with 12S and 16S mitochondrial DNA sequences. New data from Cottoperca, Pseudaphritis, Harpagifer and several outgroups, in addition to available sequences, show that the bovichtids are paraphyletic. Pseudaphritis is the sister group of all the non-bovichtid notothenioids. The same results are found from two independent genetic markers, the nuclear 28S rDNA and the 12S and 16S mitochondrial rDNA. This reliably refutes a previous hypothesis that placed Pseudaphritis as the sister group of all the remaining notothenioids (including Cottoperca and Bovichtus). Bootstrap analyses show that the Notothenioidei are monophyletic (although members of the suborder Trachinoidei have not been surveyed). Subsequent data from hemoglobin composition confirm the present relationships. After discussions between members of the European Science Foundation (ESF) network during its last two meetings, we point out here some fundamental aspects of comparative biology to improve understanding between the physiologist community and phylogeneticists. The most important points are differences in how the concept of homology is used and differences in the consideration of adaptation. When adaptation is evoked or questioned, endless speculations and untestable scenarios are often developed. We strongly advocate the use of phylogenetic trees for testing hypotheses of adaptation (through multiple character mapping). Such a "research program" in comparative biology has the power to improve knowledge because it can potentially lead to new experiments for testing adaptive hypotheses.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

A comparison of adjustment methods to test the robustness of an STR DNA database comprised of 24 European populations.

An aim of the European Network of Forensic Science Institutes (ENFSI) is to produce a DNA database of second generation multiplex (SGM) STR profiles that is representative of the resident cosmopolitan populations. To achieve this, data were collected from 24 different populations. All of the data were combined to form one database of 5700 profiles from which allele proportions were calculated. The robustness of this combined European database was tested by estimating parameter d for every DNA profile, where d=log(10)(Pm(c)/Pm(E)) Pm(c) is the match probability of the profile calculated from its cognate database and Pm(E) is the match probability of the combined European database. Overall there was a small tendency for Pm(c)>Pm(E) primarily because of sampling bias. This bias was removed by the simple expediency of applying an adjustment factor to the calculation of Pm(E). These were selected from the Balding size bias correction, the Balding and Nichols Fst correction, a minimum allele proportion (between 0.01 and 0.02), an upper bound of a 95% confidence interval (CI) and a lower bound on the genotype match probability. It was demonstrated that a single European database is a feasible proposition. A combination of different adjustment methods can be used to ensure that the result is conservative relative to the cognate database, and their effect measured by parameter d.

Alleles↗
PubMed2006

A methodologic analysis of chemoprevention and cancer prevention strategies for gastrointestinal cancer.

Gastroenterology lags behind other specialties such as cardiology in the quality of its evidence base for clinical practice. One area where this is particularly evident is in cancer prevention, despite developments in chemoprevention strategies for high-risk patients. For chemoprevention strategies to be successful, we need appropriate clinical networks and translational science infrastructures, model chemoprevention agents and multiple, large, flexible and randomized clinical trials. Translational science must also be embedded into large-scale, long-term, randomized clinical trials that have hard endpoints, so that irrefutable evidence of the longevity of treatment efficacy can be gathered. We also need to be able to identify an individual's cancer risk using valid global patient populations, so that medical benefits can be applied to all, regardless of ethnicity, sex, economic status, age and comorbidities. The future success of gastrointestinal chemoprevention relies on fostering a closer link between basic pharmaceutical research and clinical applications, in a 'bench to bedside and back' manner. In this review we systematically assess the evidence for various cancer prevention strategies, especially chemoprevention, and highlight the obstacles to further exploitation of this knowledge base.

Chemoprevention↗
PubMed2006

Synchronization in complex networks with a modular structure.

Networks with a community (or modular) structure arise in social and biological sciences. In such a network individuals tend to form local communities, each having dense internal connections. The linkage among the communities is, however, much more sparse. The dynamics on modular networks, for instance synchronization, may be of great social or biological interest. (Here by synchronization we mean some synchronous behavior among the nodes in the network, not, for example, partially synchronous behavior in the network or the synchronizability of the network with some external dynamics.) By using a recent theoretical framework, the master-stability approach originally introduced by Pecora and Carroll in the context of synchronization in coupled nonlinear oscillators, we address synchronization in complex modular networks. We use a prototype model and develop scaling relations for the network synchronizability with respect to variations of some key network structural parameters. Our results indicate that random, long-range links among distant modules is the key to synchronization. As an application we suggest a viable strategy to achieve synchronous behavior in social networks.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1999

Risk assessment for children and other sensitive populations.

Children form a unique subgroup within the population who require special consideration in risk assessment. Children are not little adults. Their tissues and organs grow rapidly, developing and differentiating. These development processes create windows of great vulnerability to environmental toxicants. Furthermore, the exposure patterns of children to environmental chemicals are very different from those of adults. Traditional risk assessment has generally failed to consider the special exposures and the unique susceptibilities of infants and children. Adoption of a new child-centered agenda for research and risk assessment is necessary if disease in children of toxic environmental origin is to be identified, understood, controlled, and prevented. This agenda needs to be multidisciplinary. Specific requirements within the agenda include: (1) exploration and quantification of unique patterns of exposure for children; (2) adoption of new, more sensitive approaches to testing chemicals that can recognize the consequences of exposure during early development; (3) identification, through clinical and epidemiologic studies, of etiologic associations between environmental exposures and pediatric diseases; and (4) elucidation, at the cellular and molecular levels, of the pathogenetic mechanisms of pediatric environmental illness. In the United States, an important start toward adoption of this new agenda has occurred since passage of the Food Quality Protection Act in 1996. A Presidential Executive Order on Children's Health and the Environment has been promulgated. This Order requires all federal agencies to make protecting the health of children against environmental hazards a high priority. A new Office of Children's Health Protection has been established at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Programs in children's environmental health have been created at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. A national network of eight new Children's Environmental Health Research and Disease Prevention Centers has been formed. These developments will enhance research on previously understudied issues in the environmental health of children and will provide a scientific basis for child-centered risk assessment.

Child↗
PubMed2005

Evaluation of Raman spectroscopy for the analysis of colored fibers: a collaborative study.

A collaborative study on Raman spectroscopy was carried out by members of the ENFSI (European Network of Forensic Science Institutes) European Fibres Group (EFG) on three dyed fibers: two red acrylics and one red wool. Raman instruments from six different manufacturers were tested as well as nine different laser wavelengths ranging from blue (lambda = 458 nm) to near infrared-NIR (lambda = 1064 nm). This represents the largest comparison study of Raman analytical parameters carried out on identical fiber samples. For the chosen fiber and dye samples, red lasers (lambda = 633 and 685 nm) gave the poorest spectral quality whereas blue (458 nm), green (514 nm) and near infrared lasers (785, 830 and 1064 nm) provided average results. Blue (488 nm) and green lasers (532 nm) globally gave the best quality spectra. Fluorescence problems were often encountered with some of the excitation wavelengths and therefore a flexible Raman instrument equipped with different lasers can be recommended to measure forensic fiber samples. The instrument should also be equipped with a Raman microscope in order to be able to focus on a single fiber. This study shows that Raman spectroscopy usually enables the identification of the main dye present in a colored fiber; however, minor dye components are much more difficult to detect. SERRS (Surface Enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering) techniques give an improvement of the dye's spectral intensity but no spectral improvement was observed for the two red acrylic and red wool fibers tested.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Spin Frustration in a Dimeric Mn(II) Complex with a Metallocene-Substituted alpha-Nitronyl Nitroxide Radical This work was supported by grants from DGES (project PB96-0802-C02-01), CIRIT (project SGR 96-00106), Fonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung, Vienna (Project P 13128), Austrian Federal Ministry of Science (BMWV), Acción Integrada Hispano-Austríaca (HU-1999-0015), and the 3MD Network of the TMR program of the E.U. (contract ERBFMRX CT980181). C.S. thanks the Austrian Federal Ministry of Science for the award of a research scholarship. D.R.-M. thanks the Generalitat de Catalunya for a postdoctoral grant. The authors acknowledge the suggestions given by one of the referees.

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Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

[Geriatrics on the internet].

National and international data networks for data transfer and communication are playing an increasingly important role in science and medicine. These networks already exist on a regional, national and international scale. The biggest international network, the Internet, offers more than 300 sites referring to "aging", which lead to a great number of other related pages. The access to the Internet and some examples of the information on aging available are presented here. This is to give the reader an impression of the present state of this worldwide data network, which may be useful for his professional use. At this stage, the author has the impression that conventional media such as journals, books and especially personal contacts are still sufficient to satisfy the need for professional information, and opinion that may well have to be reconsidered soon. In view of the future, however, it seems useful for medical societies to be represented on the Internet as soon as possible.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Coordinated, network-based research as a strategic component of science in Brazil.

Scientific research plays a fundamental role in the health and development of any society, since all technological advances depend ultimately on scientific discovery and the generation of wealth is intricately dependent on technological advance. Due to their importance, science and technology generally occupy important places in the hierarchical structure of developed societies, and they receive considerable public and private investment. Publicly funded science is almost entirely devoted to discovery, and it is administered and structured in a very similar way throughout the world. Particularly in the biological sciences, this structure, which is very much centered on the individual scientist and his own hypothesis-based investigations, may not be the best suited for either discovery in the context of complex biological systems, or for the efficient advancement of fundamental knowledge into practical utility. The adoption of other organizational paradigms, which permit a more coordinated and interactive research structure, may provide important opportunities to accelerate the scientific process and further enhance its relevance and contribution to society. The key alternative is a structure that incorporates larger organizational units to tackle larger and more complex problems. One example of such a unit is the research network. Brazil has utilized such networks to great effect in genome sequencing projects, demonstrating their relevance to the Brazilian research community and opening the possibility of their wider utility in the future.

Biological Science Disciplines↗
PubMed2004

Optimal identification of biochemical reaction networks.

Advances in biotechnology and computer science are providing the possibility to construct mathematical models for complex biological networks and systematically understand their properties. Traditional network identification approaches, however, cannot accurately recover the model parameters from the noisy laboratory measurements. This article introduces the concept of optimal identification (OI), which utilizes a global inversion algorithm to extract the full distribution of parameters consistent with the laboratory data. In addition, OI integrates suitable computational algorithms with experimental capabilities in a closed loop fashion to maximally reduce the breadth of the extracted parameter distribution. The closed loop OI procedure seeks out the optimal set of control chemical fluxes and data observations that actively filter out experimental noise and enhance the sensitivity to the desired parameters. In this fashion, the highest quality network parameters can be attained from inverting the tailored laboratory data. The operation of OI is illustrated by identifying a simulated tRNA proofreading mechanism, in which OI provides superior solutions for all the rate constants compared with suboptimal and nonoptimal methods.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2005

Cognitive performance and communications in a network-centric battle laboratory.

Many of the technological advances in the information sciences that make the network-centric battlefield possible will also foster methodologies that enable the study of the warfighter in this environment. Specifically, the tactical events and computer networks in a battle laboratory can be designed with capabilities to facilitate capture and analysis of embedded operational performance metrics. This paper refers to the Air Maneuver Battle Laboratory environment, its command and control components, its synthetic battle environment, and its basic communications structure as an example. This paper also introduces two papers. In the first paper, O'Donnell, Moise, and Schmidt describe their generalized methodology to evaluate personnel during performance of operational tasks. They discuss a cognitive taxonomy, test generator, and synthetic cognitive and motor tests with applicability to military or civilian tasks. Personnel are evaluated with these synthetic tests for those very cognitive skills and capabilities most required to successfully perform the actual operational task of interest. Perhaps the illustrative and innovative measurement methodologies described will encourage others to consider how new approaches can be used to leverage the study of cognitive performance of the future warfighter in a network-centric environment. The second paper by Whitmore discusses how communications and embedded operational performance metrics may be acquired in teams. Whitmore highlights some critical aspects leading to the successful measurement of team performance in realistic console operations; discusses the idea of process and outcome measures; presents two types of team data collection systems; and provides an example of team performance assessment.

Cognition↗
PubMed1996

[NIHS information and computing infrastructure (NICI)].

We describe the information and computing infrastructure in National Institute of Health Sciences, which were constructed until May, 1996. The in house computer network and computing facilities for common usage in NIHS have been developed under the initiative of Division of Chem-Bio Informatics since 1989. The present LAN (Local Area Network) consists of coaxial cables and optic fibers which are connected by a LAN Switch. The LAN is connected to the Internet via IMnet, the inter ministry network back bone of the Science and Technology Agency. Various types of workstations and personal computers such as SUN WS, Silicon Graphics WS, IBM WS & PC, Macintosh, and NEC PC are connected to the LAN. This computing network environment which we named NICI (NIHS Information and Computing Infrastructure) not only provides network communications but also facilitates advanced computating systems for chemical safety research at NIHS as a COE.

Biological Science Disciplines↗