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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Enhanced diazinon susceptibility in pyrethroid-resistant horn flies (Diptera: Muscidae): potential for insecticide resistance management.

Dose-mortality data from 40 horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.), populations revealed that susceptibility to permethrin and diazinon was negatively correlated (i.e., as susceptibility to permethrin decreased, toxicity of diazinon increased). Permethrin-resistant horn fly populations exposed for 18 wk to cattle tagged with ear tags impregnated with 20% (AI) diazinon resulted in a 2- to 6-fold reduction in this resistance. These populations also had LC50s for diazinon that were two to five times lower than those of populations susceptible to permethrin. Frequency of homozygous permethrin-resistant individuals decreased as much as 57% after exposure to diazinon during this period.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Efficacy of Brahman breeding in the management of insecticide-resistant horn flies (Diptera: Muscidae) on beef cattle.

The efficacy of Brahman breeding used as an alternative tactic to manage insecticide-resistant populations of adult horn flies, Haematobia irritans irritans (L.), was determined. Concentration-mortality bioassays done at Booneville and Hope, AR, in 1988 and 1989, respectively, showed that horn fly populations were resistant to diazinon, pirimiphos methyl, tetrachlorvinphos, and methoxychlor. Data showed loss of field efficacy for coumaphos and delnav. Mean horn fly counts on Braham cows were significantly lower than on Angus cows for all sampling dates in 1989 and 1990. Mean fly counts on Brahman x Angus cows were approximately intermediate to the two purebred mean fly counts. Brahman breeding caused significant reductions in the number of organophosphate-resistant horn flies, which had been equal to or greater than that obtained from continued spraying with organophosphate insecticides. The Brahman x Hereford cows, which have one-eighth greater Brahman breeding than the Brangus cows, had fewer horn flies on 48 of 56 sampling dates in 1988-1990 and significantly fewer flies on 37 sampling dates. The effectiveness of Brahman breeding in causing lower numbers of insecticide-resistant horn flies significantly increased as the percentage of Brahman breeding increased.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Inundative releases of pteromalid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) for the control of stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae) at confined cattle installations in west central Nebraska.

Fly pupal parasitoids, primarily Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Sanders and Spalangia nigroaenea Curtis, purchased from commercial insectaries, failed to reduce numbers of stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), significantly despite weekly releases of high numbers at one feedlot and one dairy during 1990 and a different feedlot and dairy in 1991. Parasitoid emergence from stable fly puparia were not significantly greater in the confinements where releases were made compared with confinements where no releases were made. The level of parasitism increased at all four confinements during and following parasitoid releases. Shipments of parasitoids contained neither the number requested or the species purity that had been anticipated. Both quantity and quality of parasitoids improved the second year of the research. The most numerous naturally occurring parasitoid species were also present at a new, relatively isolated feedlot by mid-July.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Overwintering of the stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae) in southeastern Nebraska.

Adult stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), were monitored during three winters at two, four, and 13 locations with Alsynite fiberglass traps and by examination of the interiors of buildings. No stable flies were found inside buildings during the winter. Adult stable flies were consistently caught on Alsynite traps at one location during two winters and at two other locations during one winter. Distribution and physiological age of these flies indicate that they emerged from pupae that had developed at or near the location where they were captured. Potential breeding sites were examined. A few third instars were found in silage in midwinter, but silage should not be considered a major source for overwintering stable flies.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Serum constituent profiles of beef heifers infested with horn flies (Diptera: Muscidae).

Nine yearling crossbred beef heifers, Bos taurus L., were used to examine physiological responses to horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.), infestation. Heifers were stanchioned indoors in individual environmentally controlled rooms. On day 0, each animal received 0, 500, or 1,000 horn flies. Fly numbers were adjusted daily to maintain an appropriate infestation for each heifer. Feed intake, respiration rate, and rectal temperature was recorded daily. In addition, blood samples were collected from each animal on days 0, 12, and 33 for serum constituent analysis. To monitor metabolic hormone status, intensive blood samples were also collected hourly for 6 h on days 0, 12, and 33. Throughout the period of treatment, feed intake values were similar among treatments resulting in comparable body weight at the end of the trial. Respiration rates on each day were similar among groups. Rectal temperature was also unaffected by horn fly infestations. Serum electrolyte analysis revealed that neither Na, K, Cl, Ca, P, nor Fe differed among treatments. Likewise, HCO3/CO2 ratio, anion gap, and serum osmolality did not differ among treatment groups. Major indicators of nutrient status (glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, urea N, creatinine, uric acid, albumin, globulin) and insulin, growth hormone, and prolactin were also unaffected. Serum bilirubin and enzyme (alkaline phosphatase, creatine phosphokinase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, lactic dehydrogenase, aspartate amino transferase, alanine amino transferase) concentrations were similar in control heifers and those infested with horn flies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Effect of horn fly (Diptera: Muscidae) control during the spring on calf production by fall-calving beef cows.

In the spring of three consecutive years, horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.), populations on fall-calving cows were reduced 82% for a 12-wk period using pyrethroid-impregnated ear tags. Horn fly populations on control cows exceeded 200 flies per animal for an average of 6 wk. Although the weights of cows and calves and body condition scores of both control and treated groups varied from year to year, a year x treatment effect (P < 0.01) on cow and calf weight gain was observed. However, differences in cow and calf production between treatments were not associated with differences in exposure to horn flies, and no significant effect on weaning weight of fall-born calves was associated with horn fly control. Calf body condition scores were also unaffected by horn fly control.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Effects of the horn fly (Diptera: Muscidae) on physiological and nutritional responses of beef steers: continuous fly population levels.

Twenty-four Hereford-Angus crossbred beef steers were exposed to 0, 75, 150, and 225 horn flies, Haematobia irritans (L.), per head under controlled environmental conditions. The physiological and nutritional indices of all steers were recorded during a 14-d infestation period. Overall rectal temperature increased in steers exposed to 225 H. irritans was per head. Feed intake and nitrogen consumption by steers exposed to 225 H. irritans was lower than uninfested steers during the first 4 d. Overall serum cortisol was lower in steers exposed to 150 or 225 H. irritans per head compared with unexposed steers. Compared with unexposed steers, packed cell volume (percentage) was lower in steers exposed to 150 H. irritans on days 4, 7, and 14, lower in steers exposed to 225 H. irritans on days 7 and 14, and lower in steers exposed to 75 H. irritans on day 14. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was higher on day 1 in steers exposed to 75 H. irritans per head compared with uninfested steers, whereas BUN was lower in 225 H. irritans-exposed steers on days 7, 10, and 14 when compared with uninfested steers. Our data, in conjunction with previously published data, suggest that rectal temperature increases in beef steers exposed to > 150 H. irritans per head, and water consumption and urine production increases at infestation levels > 225 H. irritans per per head. Our data were unable to resolve H. irritans effects on steer heart rate, respiration rate, urinary nitrogen excreted, nitrogen retained, and serum cortisol levels.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1996

Scheduled sanitation to reduce stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae) populations in beef cattle feedlots.

Sanitation has been long recommended as a means of reducing stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), populations at cattle feedlots, but there is little published research to support this recommendation. In each of the 2 yr of this study, 4 feedlots received complete sanitation and 4 feedlots received no cleaning. The objective was to have the initial cleaning done before 1 June and then to reclean as needed every 2 wk thereafter. The feedlots that were cleaned had significantly fewer flies than the uncleaned feedlots, with 50.9% fewer stable flies during the 1st yr and 36.2% fewer flies in the 2nd yr. These reductions were realized even though initial cleaning was not done by 1 June in either year: bad weather delayed completion until 20 June the 1st yr and 29 June the 2nd yr. Sanitation at cattle feedlots significantly reduces stable fly populations and sanitation may have been more effective if initial cleaning was done by 1 June.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Control of horn fly (Diptera: Muscidae) in Florida with an Australian trap.

A newly developed Haematobia spp. trap is described, and results are presented from field trials to reduce populations of adult horn fly, Haematobia irritans L., on 5 dairy farms in western Florida and Alabama during the summer of 1992. We compared fly infestations on milkers subjected to trapping, versus either dry cattle on the same farm or milkers on a nearby farm, without the trap but where traditional horn fly control practices were used. Results gave 96.9% (95% CI, 93.8-98.4) reduction compared with dry cattle with a mean count of 228 per animal, and 90.2% (84.5-94.5%) compared with milkers on the control farms with a mean count of 113. Trapping removed the need to use insecticides to control this pest on milking dairy cattle and so offers a practical, environmentally acceptable, safe, and sustainable means of horn fly control on cattle which pass through the trap regularly.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Comparison of core sampling and pupal traps for monitoring immature stable flies and house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) in beef feedlot pens.

Core samples and cylindrical pupal traps were used to monitor immature stages of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), and house fly, Musca domestica L., from 5 sample areas in beef feedlot pens: the feed apron-soil interface, the back fence, the side (pen dividing) fence, the mound, and the general lot. One feedlot was sampled during 1986, two feedlots were sampled in 1987, and three samples were taken at random from each sample area on each sample date. Core samples showed that both populations were highest from the feed apron sample area. Pupal traps tended to show the same result but differences between sample areas were not significant for immature stable flies. Both sampling methods generally indicated similar population trends of the 2 fly species over the season; correlation coefficients between the 2 sampling methods were generally significant but few correlations were strong and large divergences between population trends were present. Only approximately 69% of the total number of pupal traps placed were recovered; the loss of traps could have contributed to differences between the 2 sampling methods. Core sampling would be preferred if lower variance of samples is important; if collecting pupae of known age is important, then pupal traps may be useful if they are protected from trampling by cattle.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Urine delivery of cyromazine for suppressing house and stable flies (diptera: muscidae) in outdoor dairy calf hutches.

In a series of 4 trials, dairy calves housed in outdoor hutches were administered technical cyromazine daily at rates of 0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/kg body weight. Cyromazine was excreted primarily in the urine. The 2 highest rates prevented the development of immature stages of both the house fly, Musca domestica L., and the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.). Analysis of calf body tissues for cyromazine and its metabolite, melamine, indicated that highest combined residues ( < or = 0.35 ppm) were found in the kidney. Lower levels of residues were found in kidney fat and liver, and occasionally in round muscle.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1997

Effect of malathion on larval competition in house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) populations.

We studied the competitive abilities of 2 strains of house flies, Musca domestica L., A14/WHO, a strain heterozygous for resistance gene(s), and bwb, a susceptible strain, at 4 densities 450, 900, 1,800, and 3,600 eggs per 100 g of medium in pure and mixed cultures in the absence and presence of malathion. Both genotypes exhibited lower survival, lower mean adult weight, and longer developmental time as the density increased in an environment free of insecticide. There was a relative advantage of A14/WHO strain when mixed with bwb at densities > 450/100 g. At high densities, bwb in mixed culture was at a disadvantage relative to its performance in pure culture. In an environment with insecticide only the males of the A14/WHO strain survived. During these experiments, we observed a parabolic relationship between the egg density and the number of emerging adults in control experiments without malathion treatment. When cultures were treated with malathion, however, this relationship became linear and number of emerging adults increased with egg density. Malathion treatment reduced the intensity of larval competition at high densities by killing part of the population, thereby increasing yield. Malathion treatment also caused the emergence of much heavier flies.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Calculating economic injury levels for stable flies (Diptera:Muscidae) on feeder heifers.

A procedure for calculating the economic injury levels for stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), on feeder heifers was developed from reduction of average daily weight gain-stable fly population level data in 8 independent replicated experiments over 17 yr. A negative exponential was fitted to the data using nonlinear regression. Regression coefficients were then used to derive a simple predictive equation for calculating the economic injury level in relation to cost of controlling stable flies in the feedlot, and the market value of heifers. Examples for calculating the economic injury level under practical feedlot situations are presented. Also included are recommendations for a simple random sampling design for stable flies in feedlots.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1997

Susceptibility of stable flies (Diptera:Muscidae) from southeastern Nebraska beef cattle feedlots to selected insecticides and comparison of 3 bioassay techniques.

Insecticide susceptibility of field populations of stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), was assayed using 3 exposure techniques: treated filter papers, treated glass petri dishes, and topical applications. Both topical applications and residual exposure to treated glass surfaces were suitable for testing susceptibility of stable flies to permethrin, stirofos, or methoxychlor. Residues on filter papers yielded inconsistent results with stirofos and methoxychlor. Significant concentration-mortality regression lines were generated with permethrin residues on filter papers, but approximately 1,000 times more insecticide was required to produce a toxic response when compared with permethrin residues on glass. Because of higher variability in response and the greater amount of insecticide required, residues on filter papers do not appear appropriate to test insecticide susceptibility in stable flies. Paired comparisons of field (F) and susceptible (S) stable flies resulted in field to susceptible ratios significantly > 1.0 only when the flies were treated topically, which suggests that topical application is more sensitive than residues on glass for the insecticides tested. Topical treatment with permethrin resulted in one FS(LD90) of 1.8-fold. Topical treatment with methoxychlor resulted in one FS(LD90) of 3.4-fold. However, the magnitude of these ratios is not larger than the significant differences observed within the susceptible laboratory colony from one generation to another. Intense exposure to insecticides is not known to have occurred in these field populations, indicating that the observed differences are the result of natural variation among stable fly populations and unrelated to prior selection with insecticides.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Inheritance of CYP6D1-mediated pyrethroid resistance in house fly (Diptera: Muscidae).

The inheritance of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase-mediated (i.e., CYP6D1) resistance in the LPR strain of house fly, Musca domestica L., was investigated by comparing levels of monooxygenase-mediated permethrin resistance and CYP6D1 messenger RNA in 7 populations of house flies. Results indicate that monooxygenase-mediated resistance, and overexpression of CYP6D1 in the LPR strain are controlled by an incompletely recessive trans acting factor(s) on autosome 2 and a nearly completely dominant cis acting factor(s) on autosome 1. The polygenic nature of CYP6D1-mediated resistance and the relative dominance of the resistance factor(s) on autosome 1 suggests this type of resistance could develop relatively quickly.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Population profile of stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae) caught on Alsynite traps in various feedlot habitats.

Cylindrical traps made from Alsynite fiberglass were placed in 4 habitats in a confined cattle feedlot environment from 2 May to 30 October 1996 to evaluate abundance, sex ratio, physiological age structure, and blood-fed status of trapped adult stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.). Significantly more stable flies were caught on the trap located between host cattle and trees. The abundance of stable flies decreased geometrically with increasing distance from the host cattle in the open area. The spatial distribution of adult flies in cattle feedlot habitats became less heterogeneous as the population density increased. Male stable flies clearly dominated the total collection (66.7:33.3, male:female). A higher proportion (38.9%) of female stable flies was found on the trap close to a major immature developing area (manure pile). Most of the trapped flies (64.8%) showed a positive blood-fed status, but only 331 (8.8%) of 3,767 flies had recently fed. A majority (72.6%) of the attracted females was at the early nulliparous stage. Trap positioning did not have any significant influence on specific physiological age groups of the captured flies.

Aging↗
PubMed1998

Releases of Spalangia nigroaenea and Muscidifurax zaraptor (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) increase rates of parasitism and total mortality of stable fly and house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) pupae in Illinois cattle feedlots.

Weekly releases of Spalangia nigroaenea Curtis and Muscidifurax zaraptor Kogan & Legner from May through August of 1991-1993 at small, owner-operated cattle feedlots in Illinois provided weekly emergence of 100-300 parasitoids of each species per feedlot animal. In assessments based on fly and parasitoid emergence from > 47,000 stable fly and house fly puparia collected during the 3-yr period, total stable fly mortality was greater in lots where releases were made (60.7%) than in paired, untreated control lots (51.7%) (P = 0.04; paired t-test); parasitism of stable fly pupae by S. nigroaenea averaged 11.6% where releases were made and 6.4% in paired control lots (P = 0.0016). In lots where releases were made, total mortality of house fly pupae was greater (68.7 versus 56.1%; P = 0.0001); unexplained mortality was greater (55.5 versus 46.1%; P = 0.0018); and parasitism by Muscidifurax spp. was greater (2.4 versus 1.4%; P = 0.07) than in paired control lots. Parasitism, unexplained mortality, and total mortality of both fly species varied significantly from 1991 to 1992 in lots that received the same treatment each year, presumably due primarily to weather. Over the 3-yr period, releasing these species, particularly S. nigroaenea, significantly reduced production of stable fly and house fly adults in cattle feedlots. The potential value of such reductions is likely to vary as a result of feedlot conditions and weather.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Effect of airflow on house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) distribution in poultry houses.

Numbers of fecal and vomit spots deposited by house flies, Musca domestica L., on spot cards were about twice as high on cards placed on the downwind sides as on the upwind sides of building support posts in caged-layer poultry houses with tunnel ventilation in Brooksville, FL. This trend was stronger at the ends of the houses where airflow is faster than in the relatively still-air center of the houses. A similar evaluation conducted in a pullet house (Zephyrhills, FL) with an evaporative cooling ventilation system revealed significantly higher fly counts on spot cards and sticky cards in downwind compared with upwind orientations. Flies in the pullet house were concentrated in both ends of the house and in the center, with comparatively fewer flies in the intermediate regions. There was a high degree of correlation between spot card and sticky card counts in the pullet house.

Air Movements↗