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PubMed1995

Age-related changes in graft-versus-host reactivity of spleen cells from male, virgin, or multiparous female Long-Evans rats.

Spleen cell graft-versus-host (GVH) reactivity was determined in male and female, either virgin or breeder, Long-Evans (LE) rats from 3 to 24 months of age. The tests of a regional (popliteal lymph node enlargement index) and a systemic (splenomegaly index, mortality assay) GVH reaction was used. Although the GVH reactivity declined with age in both sexes, the onset of this decline was significantly delayed in 18-month-old virgin females in comparison with 12-month-old males. Moreover, 6 or 7 consecutive pregnancies resulted in significantly enhanced GVH reactivity of 18-24-month-old females. This long-lasting effect of multiparity was observed in females mated either syngeneically or allogeneically. The possible role of neuroendocrine factors in delaying the age-related process of thymic involution in multiparous females is suggested.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1989

Endometriosis in multiparous women.

The incidence of endometriosis in the general population has been reported to range from 4% to 32%. A more realistic figure is probably 7.5%. An incidence of 7.4% was found in 42 of 566 multiparous women undergoing tubal sterilization at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston. Twelve of the 42 (29%) were less than five months postpartum. Hispanics had an incidence of endometriosis similar to that of whites and blacks. Indigent status had no bearing on the presence of endometriosis. A higher incidence of spontaneous abortion was found in patients with endometriosis, but the difference was not statistically significant.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1997

Multiparous species present problems (and possibilities) to developmentalists.

Multiparous species present a special set of problems and opportunities for study design and analysis. The present review reintroduces old concerns and raises new ones with empirical illustrations. Evidence is presented that litter effects are pervasive and persist into adulthood. Unaccounted for, they lead to spurious findings, inflate real effect sizes and produce false negatives. Furthermore, two-stage sampling, the practice of sampling only a subset of littermates from dams, can lower reliability, and therefore power, to unacceptable levels. In addition, the greater sensitivity offered by within-litter analyses over between-litter analyses is demonstrated. Statistical and experimental solutions are suggested and referenced. Surveys of recent developmental studies showed that the great majority do not attend to these issues, thereby casting doubt on the validity of their positive and negative findings. All developmentalists can strengthen their research by systematically addressing these concerns in study design and analysis.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Stress urinary incontinence: prevalence among nulliparous compared with primiparous and grand multiparous premenopausal women.

The study was conducted to assess the prevalence of stress urinary incontinence in premenopausal nulliparae, primiparae, and grand multiparae, and to examine possible obstetric risk factors. Three hundred consecutive nulliparae, primiparae, and grand multiparae, 20 to 43 years of age, were interviewed during the third postpartum day of their consequent delivery about the symptom of stress urinary incontinence. Women were asked whether they had experienced stress urinary incontinence before, during, or after previous pregnancies and how troubled they were by their incontinence. Details of general and gynecologic history, parity, mode of previous deliveries, and birth weights were sought. Main outcome measures included prevalence of pregnancy-related and (persistent) nonpregnancy-related stress urinary incontinence. Prevalence of persistent stress urinary incontinence was significantly higher in grand multiparae compared with nulliparae (21% vs. 5%, respectively; P = 0.0008). Prevalence of persistent stress urinary incontinence among grand multiparae who had been delivered of at least one baby weighing more than 4,000 g was significantly higher than in those who did not (29.4% vs. 16.7%, respectively). The birth weight of the first newborn and operative vaginal delivery were not found to be associated with increased risk of stress urinary incontinence. Grand multiparity was found to be associated with an increased risk of developing persistent stress urinary incontinence during reproductive ages. The delivery of at least one baby weighing more than 4,000 g seems to be a predominant factor. Neurourol. Urodynam. 18:419-425, 1999.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Grand multiparity and incidence of endometrial cancer: a population-based study in Finland.

The hormonal background of endometrial cancer is insufficiently characterised. We investigated the significance of parity, age at first birth, intensity between births, length of time from the first to the last birth and length of delivery-free premenopausal period in a cohort of grand multiparous (GM) women, i.e., women with at least 5 births. Data of the Population Register of Finland (86,978 GM-women) and the population-based Finnish Cancer Registry were combined. Standardised incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated by dividing the number of observed cancer cases by the expected number based on the national incidence rates. Multivariate relative risks (RRs) were estimated by Poisson regression analysis. The SIR for endometrial cancer among GM-women was low [419 cases; SIR=0.57, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.52-0.63]. The RR of endometrial cancer was 0.58 (95% CI 0.34-0.97) among women giving their first birth at an age of more than 30 years compared to women with first birth before the age of 20. In ages 50+ (94% of endometrial cancer cases), the RR for women with at least 8 births was 0.63 (95% CI 0.44-0.92) compared to those with 5 births, and those with a birth period of 20+ years had RR=0.57 (95% CI 0.34-0.96) compared to those with a period of <10 years, while prolonged average intensity between births showed only a small protective effect. The RR of endometrial cancer also correlated with the length of premenopausal delivery-free period (RR = 0.61, 95% CI 0.44-0.86) for women with a short (<10 years) period compared to women with a long (>15 years) period. Our findings, that a large number of births, old age at first birth, a long birth period and a short premenopausal delivery-free period reduced the risk of postmenopausal endometrial cancer of GM-women, emphasise the protective role of progesterone and the stimulatory role of estradiol in the hormonal background of this disease.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1977

Detection of antibodies to embryonic antigens in sera of multiparous or colon tumor-bearing rats by a new indirect immunofluorescence assay.

An indirect immunofluorescence assay using antigen coupled to agarose beads detected high titers of antibody to embryonic antigens in sera from multiparous rats and rats bearing colon carcinomas. Sera from pregnant rats had antibody titers greater than 10(3) and some rats still had titers greater than 10(2) 30 weeks after the end of pregnancy. Rats which developed colon carcinomas after treatment with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine were bled monthly between the end of treatment and detection of carcinoma. Antibody to embryonic antigens appeared in their sera at least 2 months before roentgenologic diagnosis of tumor.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Proportions of fiber types in the external urethral sphincter of young nulliparous and old multiparous rabbits.

The proportions of fast and slow myosin molecules in specimen's of the external urethral sphincter (EUS) from 6 young nulliparous (6-month-old) and 6 old multiparous (2-year-old) rabbits were studied using myosin heavy chain electrophoresis. The percentages of fast and slow myosin molecules were 80.4 +/- 4.5% and 19.6 +/- 4.5% in the EUS from nulliparas, and 68.7 +/- 6.3% and 31.3 +/- 6.3% in the EUS from multiparas. The difference between the two groups was significant (P < 0.01). We suggest that a selective decrease in the volume of type 2 (fast) muscle fibers and/or conversion of type 2 to type 1 (slow) muscle fibers had taken place in the EUS of old multiparas. The proportional change in the constituent muscle fibers of the EUS with aging may play a role in human genuine stress incontinence.

Aging↗
PubMed1976

Uterine activity in the multiparous patient.

There were 149 parous patients with normal cervical dilatation patterns studied. The purpose was to quantitate and characterize uterine activity in a group of multiparous patients with normal labor using our present on-line method and to evaluate our method against pervious work done on uterine activity. A mean total of 5,299 uterine activity units (UAU) was required to progress from 4 cm. through delivery. In the patients receiving oxytocin 5,907 UAU were required and 4,498 UAU for those not receiving oxytocin. Of the total uterine work from 4 cm. to delivery, 49.4% was required to progress from 4 to 6 cm. 38.7% to progress from 6 to 10 cm., and 11.9% for the second stage. This study establishes in a quantitative way, using on-line methods, the patterns of uterine activity expended by the parous patient in normal labor and can be compared to previous off-line and manual evaluations. These data can be compared with the on-line observations previously made in a primiparous group, and will be fundamental to automated evaluations including definitions of abnormal labor.

Computers↗
PubMed1983

Oxytocin augmentation of dysfunctional labor. III. Multiparous patients.

The effectiveness of a specific oxytocin regimen characterized by a small dose, a slow rate of oxytocin incrementation, and a specific computer-defined goal of contractile activity was evaluated. The group managed by this protocol was compared with a similar group of multiparous patients managed by the same physicians using their own choice of oxytocin therapies and electronic monitoring of intrauterine pressure. The patients managed by protocol and computer had shorter mean durations of time from onset of treatment to complete cervical dilatation and received smaller mean doses of oxytocin than the control group of patients. The most significant factor determining these results was the rate of incrementation of the oxytocin dose.

Cervix Uteri↗
PubMed1984

The effect of multiparity on intrasellar prolactinomas.

A complete reassessment of ovulation, pituitary reserve and function, and sella turcica anatomy was carried out in nine multiparous patients with intrasellar prolactinomas to determine whether long-term bromocriptine therapy was required and to document the natural history of the disease after two or more pregnancies. After the last pregnancy, bromocriptine was discontinued and pituitary function and anatomy and prolactinoma activity were reassessed with documentation of ovulation (basal body temperature graphs and menstrual history), search for fat droplet-positive galactorrhea, pituitary fossa tomography, computerized tomographic scan, triple-bolus testing, and visual fields. These data were compared with a similar workup carried out prior to the first pregnancy. Three groups of eventual outcomes were identified radiologically. Anterior pituitary gland function and reserve remained normal in all, and no neurological sequelae were noted. Four patients did not require long-term treatment. A hypothesis of autoinfarction of the adenoma is raised, since three patients were shown to have empty sellae.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Morphine and corticotrophin-releasing factor potentiate maternal acceptance in multiparous ewes after vaginocervical stimulation.

The effects of intracerebroventricular infusions of morphine, oxytocin, and corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) on maternal behaviour alone, or in conjunction with vaginocervical stimulation were determined in both nulliparous and multiparous ovariectomized ewes, primed with oestrogen for 3 days prior to testing. Both plasma and cerebrospinal fluid levels of oxytocin were measured under similar conditions, following CRF and morphine treatments. In nulliparous ewes, i.c.v. oxytocin and morphine reduced rejection behaviours, but neither these treatments nor vaginocervical stimulation promoted proceptive acceptance behaviour. Ewes that were maternally experienced showed increases in acceptance and a reduction of rejection behaviours following vaginocervical stimulation or i.c.v. oxytocin. Morphine and CRF potentiated the effects of vaginocervical stimulation on these behaviours. No treatment influenced oxytocin release per se, but i.c.v. morphine increased both peripheral and central release of oxytocin in response to vaginocervical stimulation. The results show that maternal experience is essential for oxytocin to promote proceptive behaviours and that morphine and CRF potentiate the effects of vaginocervical stimulation on acceptance behaviour. Since morphine also potentiated the release of oxytocin in response to vaginocervical stimulation it is difficult to separate the relative contribution of direct versus indirect effects of opiates in potentiating maternal bonding.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Great grand multiparity--beyond the 10th delivery.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the perinatal outcome and obstetric complications of women delivering for the 10th time or more. METHODS: Four hundred twenty women of great grand multiparity were analyzed in a modern health care setting and compared with our general population of obstetric patients, with regard to past history, maternal age, gestational age, mode of delivery, fetal outcome and intercurrent medical/obstetric problems. RESULTS: The study group showed significantly lower rates of low birth weight infants and instrumental delivery. No significant difference was seen in the incidence of cesarean section, pathologic fetal presentation, maternal hypertension, gestational diabetes, hemorrhage, or perinatal morbidity or mortality. There was a slightly higher incidence of twin births compared with the general population. CONCLUSION: It is probable that women capable of reaching their 10th delivery are basically healthy. If offered adequate perinatal care, they are not a high-risk group during subsequent deliveries.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Tissue typing of cells in culture. I. Distinction between cell lines by the various patterns produced in mixed haemadsorption with selected multiparous sera.

From over 3000 sera of multiparous women about 150 were selected that reacted with some (between 1--50%) of a panel of 20--30 non-HeLa cell lines, mostly of tumour origin. In the mixed haemadsorption method the diameters of zones formed by certain sera on particular cultures were measured and scored. The haemadsorption culture patterns produced by 70--135 discriminating sera were compared in pairs with the patterns formed on other cell lines. Comparisons between replicate cultures gave 'significant' differences with 0--10% of the sera used. In these instances deviations were in one direction, whereas in every other pair comparison, deviations were in both directions. It is concluded that in cases where pair comparisons initially give only 10%, or fewer significant differences, tests using carefully selected sera or typing for HLA-antigens should be performed. When comparisons yield more than 10% significant differences and deviations occur in both directions, cultures may be considered different.

Cell Line↗
PubMed1992

Grand multiparity as an obstetric risk factor; a prospective case-control study.

In a socio-economically stable community with free access to medical care, a prospective comparison was made of pregnancy, delivery and neonatal data concerning 480 grand multiparas (> or = 5 deliveries) and 325 controls. The mean diastolic blood pressure was slightly higher (79.8 vs. 77.8 mmHg) among the grand multiparas and the rates of episiotomy differed greatly (5.8% in the grand multiparas vs. 45.7% in the controls). The main clinical difference was a slightly higher incidence of placental complications-i.e., praevia, abruptio and retentio (3.4% vs. 0.9%; P < 0.05) in the grand multiparas. The differences had no effect on neonatal outcome. Grand multiparity should be regarded as an obstetrical risk factor, mainly because of the higher frequency of placental complications. With good obstetric care there should be no adverse effects on the mother or the newborn.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Olfactory bulbectomy: influences on maternal behavior in primiparous and multiparous rats.

Bilateral olfactory bulb ablation resulted in deficits in several components of maternal behavior in lactating, primiparous female rats. These females frequently cannibalized pups shortly after parturition. Furthermore, bilaterally bulbectomized, primiparous females spent less time nursing their pups and retrieved fewer pups than unilaterally bulbectomized or sham-operated females. In contrast to the situation in primiparous females, in multiparous females bilateral bulbectomy failed to influence any parameter of maternal behavior.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1996

The effect of multiparity and lactation periods on the graft versus host reactivity of thymocytes and splenocytes from aging C57BL mice.

The ontogeny of graft versus host (GvH) reactivity of thymocytes and splenocytes was tested in C57BL female mice from the day of birth up to the age of 24 months. In comparison with virgin mice, the effect of a different number of pregnancies, with or without lactation, on the GvH reactivity was examined in middle-aged and aging female mice. The most striking results were obtained with suckling, aging 18-month-old multiparas. After three or more pregnancies with lactation--regardless of the number of pregnancies without suckling--the weight and cell count of the thymus and GvH reactivities on both thymocytes and splenocytes were significantly increased and were comparable with those of middle-aged, 12-month-old virgins. The present results indicate that physiological lactation periods are responsible for the long-lasting, immunoenhancing effect of multiparity, and that the maternal thymus is involved in the mechanism of this phenomenon. A possible role of prolactin rejuvenation of the thymus in suckling multiparas is suggested.

Aging↗
PubMed1985

A monoclonal antibody, EC-1, derived from a syngeneically multiparous mouse alters in vitro fertilization and development.

A monoclonal antibody designated 'EC-1' was derived from a fusion of myeloma cells with lymphoid tissue from a syngeneically multiparous, but otherwise unimmunized, mouse and was selected by screening for reactivity with teratocarcinoma cells. The IgM antibody binds to the cell surface of ova, zygotes, and 2-cell embryos. Binding is not detected on the 4- or 8-cell embryo but reappears on the morula and blastocyst. EC-1 binds to the trophoblast but not to the inner cell mass of in vitro attached blastocysts and the ectoplacental cone of the peri-implantation embryo. In adult tissues, EC-1 binds to the follicular cells of the ovary, the lining epithelium of the pregnant uterus, the interstitial region of the testes and to epididymal but not testicular sperm. In nongonadal tissues EC-1 binds to an epitope located in some, but not all, regions of connective tissues associated with basement membrane. The antigen detected by EC-1, as expressed on teratocarcinoma-derived cell line PYS-2, is a large glycoprotein which is sensitive to reduction. EC-1 inhibits in vitro fertilization and partially inhibits in vitro development of in vitro fertilized ova. The possible implications of EC-1 binding and activity are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Maternal-neonatal immunoregulation in swine. II. Influence of multiparity on de novo immunoglobulin synthesis by piglets.

In the first-litter sows lower serum levels were found for all three Ig classes as compared to multiparous sows. The same was true for IgA in lacteal secretions and in piglet serum during the first days of life, while no differences were found for IgG levels. In contrast to these findings, IgM levels were found to be higher in lacteal secretions of first-litter sows and in piglet serum during the first days of life as compared to their counterparts. From three weeks after birth Igs found in piglet serum mainly originate from de novo synthesis. In this period piglets of first litter sows showed a higher IgA level up to the 6th week of life and higher IgG and IgM levels up to the end of the investigation period. Results are discussed in terms of maternal-neonatal immune regulation, focussing on the apparent suppressive role of maternally-derived IgG on total de novo Ig synthesis by suckling piglets.

Animals↗