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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Independent digit movements and precision grip patterns in 1-5-month-old human infants: hand-babbling, including vacuous then self-directed hand and digit movements, precedes targeted reaching.

Previous work has described human reflexive grasp patterns in early infancy and visually guided reaching and grasping in late infancy. There has been no examination of hand movements in the intervening period. This was the purpose of the present study. We video recorded the spontaneous hand and digit movements made by alert infants over their first 5 months of age. Over this period, spontaneous hand and digit movements developed from fists to almost continuous, vacuous movements and then to self-directed grasping movements. Amongst the many hand and digit movements observed, four grasping patterns emerged during this period: fists, pre-precision grips associated with numerous digit postures, precision grips including the pincer grasp, and self-directed grasps. The finding that a wide range of independent digit movements and grasp patterns are displayed spontaneously by infants within their first 5 months of age is discussed in relation to the development of the motor system, including the suggestion that direct connections of the pyramidal tract are functional relatively early in infancy. It is also suggested that hand babbling, consisting of first vacuous and then self-directed movements, is preparatory to targeted reaching.

Aging↗
PubMed2003

Cucumovirus- and bromovirus-encoded movement functions potentiate cell-to-cell movement of tobamo- and potexviruses.

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV, a cucumovirus) and Brome mosaic virus (BMV, a bromovirus) require the coat protein (CP) in addition to the 3a movement protein (MP) for cell-to-cell movement, while Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV, a bromovirus) does not. Using bombardment-mediated transcomplementation assays, we investigated whether the movement functions encoded by these viruses potentiate cell-to-cell movement of movement-defective Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV, a tobamovirus) and Potato virus X (PVX, a potexvirus) mutants in Nicotiana benthamiana. Coexpression of CMV 3a and CP, but neither protein alone, complemented the defective movement of ToMV and PVX. A C-terminal deletion in CMV 3a (3a Delta C33) abolished the requirement of CP in transporting the ToMV genome. The action of 3a Delta C33 was inhibited by coexpression of wild-type 3a. These findings were confirmed in tobacco with ToMV-CMV chimeric viruses. Either BMV 3a or CCMV 3a alone efficiently complemented the movement-defective phenotype of the ToMV mutant. Therefore, every 3a protein examined intrinsically possesses the activity required to act as MP. In transcomplementation of the PVX mutant, the activities of BMV 3a, CCMV 3a, and CMV 3a Delta C33 were very low. The activities of the bromovirus 3a proteins were enhanced by coexpression of the cognate CP but the activity of CMV 3a Delta C33 was not. Based on these results, possible roles of cucumo- and bromovirus CPs in cell-to-cell movement are discussed.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1997

Movement-related and steady-state electromyographic activity of human elbow flexors in slow transition movements between two equilibrium states.

The electromyograms were recorded in healthy human subjects by surface electrodes from the mm. biceps brachii (caput longum et. brevis), brachioradialis, and triceps brachii (caput longum) during slow transition movements in elbow joint against a weak extending torque. The test movements (flexion transitions between two steady-states) were fulfilled under visual control through combining on a monitor screen a signal from a joint angle sensor with a corresponding command generated by a computer. Movement velocities ranged between 5 and 80 degrees/s, subjects were asked to move forearm without activation of elbow extensors. Surface electromyograms were full-wave rectified, filtered and averaged within sets of 10 identical tests. Amplitudes of dynamic and steady-state components of the electromyograms were determined in dependence on a final value of joint angle, slow and fast movements were compared. An exponential-like increase of dynamic component was observed in electromyograms recorded from m. biceps brachii, the component had been increased with movement velocity and with load increment. In many experiments a statistically significant decrease of static component could be noticed within middle range of joint angles (40-60 degrees) followed by a well expressed increment for larger movements. This pattern of the static component in electromyograms could vary in different experiments even in the same subjects. A steady discharge in m. brachioradialis at ramp phase has usually been recorded only under a notable load. Variable and quite often unpredictable character of the static components of the electromyograms recorded from elbow flexors in the transition movements makes it difficult to use the equilibrium point hypothesis to describe the central processes of movement. It has been assumed that during active muscle shortening the dynamic components in arriving efferent activity should play a predominant role. A simple scheme could be proposed for transition to a steady-state after shortening. Decrease of the efferent inflow can evoke internal lengthening of the contractile elements in muscle and, as a result, hysteresis increase in the muscle contraction efficiency. Effectiveness in maintenance of the steady position seems to also be enhanced due to muscle thixotropy and friction processes in the joint. Hysteresis after-effects in elbow flexors were demonstrated as a difference in steady-state levels of electromyograms with oppositely directed approaches to the same joint position.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Apparent movement, eye movements and phoria when two eyes alternate in viewing a stimulus.

Three experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that the apparent movement of a stimulus when the two eyes are alternately occluded can be explained by phoria and Hering's principles of visual direction. In experiments 1 and 2, the direction of apparent movement, eye position, and eye movements were measured when eye movements did and did not occur. In experiment 3, the magnitude of apparent movement and the extent of phoria were comapred. Results from the experiments 1 and 2 indicated that the direction of apparent movement could be predicted from the direction of phoria, in conjunction with Hering's principles, and was not contingent on eye movements. In experiment 3, a high positive correlation (r = 0.95) between the magnitude of apparent movement and the extent of phoria was obtained.

Eye Movements↗
PubMed1983

Is target movement as well as target displacement a stimulus for saccadic eye movements?

The effects of visual movement on saccadic eye movement have been examined. In a classic apparent-movement demonstration with two successively exposed line-segment targets the quality of the movement is dependent on the relative orientation of the line segments. If saccadic eye movements are elicited between the targets in this situation, the configuration leading to optimal apparent movement also leads to the shortest-latency saccades. When a single line segment is succeeded by two line segments flanking it on opposite sides, and if one of these has the same orientation as the initial one and the other a different orientation, then apparent motion is seen between the two lines with the same orientation. However, the direction of saccades elicited in this configuration is not influenced by the relative orientations of the line segments. The two results together suggest that the effect of visual movement on saccadic eye movement is nonspecific.

Eye Movements↗
PubMed2002

Correlation between facial morphology, mouth opening ability, and condylar movement during opening-closing jaw movements in female adults with normal occlusion.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between parameters of facial morphology, maximal voluntary mouth opening ability, and condylar movements in 21 adult females, aged between 20 and 24 years. The subjects had a normal occlusion without sign or symptoms of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction. Mandibular movements were recorded using an opto-electric jaw movement recording system with six degrees of freedom under a series of maximal mouth opening-closing movements. Maximal jaw opening and coincident condylar movement were measured three-dimensionally. The mean values of the incisor and condylar path were 41.1 +/- 3.5 mm (range 35.6-50.9 mm) and 12.8 +/- 2.8 mm (range 8.1-19.2 mm), respectively. Although the positive correlation between maximal jaw opening and facial morphology was significant, none of the variables significantly differed between the value of the condylar path and facial morphology. The length of the path of maximum incisor movement and the condylar path during mandibular movement also did not correlate. Stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated a positive association between the maximal length of the incisor path and the cephalometric value of mandibular ramus inclination (R2 value was 0.369). The results of this study suggest that facial morphology size has a limited effect on maximal voluntary mandibular opening and condylar movements in normal adult female subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

The reproducibility of movement parameters of the empty open-close-clench cycle in man and their dependency on the frequency of movements.

The reproducibility of the empty open-close-clench cycle has been investigated. Four subjects were asked three times to perform thirty empty open-close-clench movements at each frequency of 1/2, 1 and 2 cycles s-1. To describe such a series of thirty movements a set of nine parameters were selected. By reference to these parameters it was found that the subjects were not always able to exactly reproduce a series of thirty movements at a repeat test. The movement-parameters strongly depended on the frequency of the movements. On increasing the frequency the durations of time in which a movement cycle was divided decreased, while the maximum jaw speeds during opening and closing and the jaw speed just before tooth contact increased. The parameter values chosen to describe the smoothness of the movements performed, indicated that the smoother movements were executed at the higher frequencies.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Fast voluntary trunk flexion movements in standing: primary movements and associated postural adjustments.

Movement patterns were studied during fast voluntary forward flexions of the trunk from an erect standing position. Three healthy subjects performed three series of six consecutive trunk flexions at maximum velocity and with successively increasing amplitude, covering a major part of the range of motion (range for all subjects: 13-97 degrees). Angular displacements of the trunk, hip, knee and ankle were measured together with the tilt of the pelvis and the flexion of the spine using a Selspot optoelectronic system. Trunk flexion was the result of a simultaneous forward pelvic tilt and flexion of the spine. For trunk movements up to 55 degrees, spine flexion dominated the movement, whereas for larger movements a major part of the amplitude was caused by pelvic tilt. During flexion of the trunk a simultaneous hip flexion and ankle extension was seen. At the knee there was an initial flexion and a subsequent extension. The net amplitude of the knee flexion showed a negative correlation with net trunk flexion amplitude for movements up to 50 degrees, whereas for larger amplitudes the correlation was positive. Time from onset of the trunk movement to peak knee flexion showed a weak correlation to net trunk flexion amplitude (r = 0.34) whereas the corresponding correlation was higher for pelvic tilt, spine flexion, hip flexion, ankle extension, and knee extension (r = 0.60-0.91). Each successive trial during a series of trunk movements was started from an increasing degree of knee flexion. This gradual adaptation was also present when successive trunk flexions were performed with constant movement amplitude.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1972

Respiratory movements and rapid eye movement sleep in the foetal lamb.

1. In foetal lambs from 40 days gestation (0.27 of term) onwards delivered into a warm saline bath, apparently spontaneous breathing movements were present intermittently. They became deeper and more rapid with increasing age.2. In foetal lambs (from 0.66 of term) in which observations were made for many days after chronic implantation of tracheal, carotid and amniotic catheters, rapid irregular respiratory movements were present up to 40% of the time, and brief gasps also were seen.3. The presence of these movements was unrelated to the foetal carotid blood gas values over a wide range of spontaneous variation.4. These foetal breathing movements were accompanied by comparatively small alterations of pulmonary volume recorded from a tracheal flowmeter, insufficient to clear the tracheal dead space. Occasionally a more prolonged expiration led to the outward flow of fluid.5. A description is given of sleep and wakefulness in foetal lambs from 0.78 of term.6. Rapid irregular breathing was associated with rapid eye movement sleep as seen in a warm saline bath or, in utero, as inferred from records of eye movements and electrocortical activity.7. Respiratory movements were often associated with relatively large variations in foetal heart rate, blood pressure and descending aortic blood flow.8. Rapid irregular foetal breathing was unaffected by section or blockade of the cervical vagi, but was abolished by general anaesthesia.9. It is concluded that respiratory movements are normally but intermittently present in the foetal lamb over the greater part of gestation.

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMed1991

Two movement-related foci in the primate cingulate cortex observed in signal-triggered and self-paced forelimb movements.

1. Single-unit activity in the cingulate cortex of the monkey was recorded during the performance of sensorially (visual, auditory, or tactile) triggered or self-paced forelimb key press movements. 2. Microelectrodes were inserted into the broad rostrocaudal expanse of the cingulate cortex, including the upper and lower banks of the cingulate sulcus and the hemispheric medial wall of the cingulate gyrus. 3. A total of 1,042 task-related neurons were examined, the majority of which were related to the execution of the key press movements. In greater than 60% of them, the movement-related activity preceded the activity in the distal flexor muscles. 4. The movement-related neurons were distributed, in two foci, in the posterior and anterior parts of the cingulate cortex, both including the upper and lower banks of the cingulate sulcus. The posterior focus was found to largely overlap the area projecting to the forelimb area of the primary motor cortex by the use of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method. 5. About 40% of the cingulate cortical neurons showed equimagnitude responses during the signal-triggered and self-paced movements. The neurons exhibiting a selective or differential response to the self-paced motor task were more frequently observed in the anterior than in the posterior cingulate cortex. 6. The long-lead type of changes in activity, ranging from 500 ms to 2 s, were observed mainly before the self-paced and, much less frequently, before the triggered movements. They were particularly abundant in the anterior cingulate cortex. 7. Only a few of the neurons showed activity time-locked to the onset of the sensory signals. 8. These observations indicate that the anterior and posterior parts of the cingulate cortex are distinct entities participating in the performance of limb movements, even if the movements are simple, such as those in this study.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Subjective recording of fetal movements. III. Screening of a pregnant population; the clinical significance of decreased fetal movement counts.

In order to determine the clinical significance of decreased fetal movement counts, pregnancy outcome was compared between women with decreased fetal movement counts on their Fetal Movement Charts (FMC) (n = 161) and women with normal fetal movement counts (n = 1,354). 1,515 women in the third trimester of pregnancy counted fetal movements for 15 min in the evening and noted the count on a FMC. An individual lowest normal limit for the number of fetal movements was calculated from the first five consecutive counts. A decrease in fetal movements was defined as two consecutive counts below the lowest limit (alarm signal). The alarm signal was associated with an increased risk of placental insufficiency (p less than 0.001) and imminent premature labor (p less than 0.001) and thereby indirectly with an increased risk of the birth of a baby with birth weight less than 2,500 g (p less than 0.05), preterm baby (p less than 0.05) or small-for-gestational age baby (p less than 0.05). The alarm signal was also associated with an increased risk of the birth of babies with congenital malformations (p less than 0.05), respiratory disturbances (p = 0.01) and hypoglycemia (p less than 0.05). The short-term method of fetal movement counting can be used to preselect a group of pregnant women whose unborn fetus is at particular risk.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Radiosurgery for residual or recurrent nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma.

OBJECT: Nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas comprise approximately 30% of all pituitary tumors. The purpose of this retrospective study is to evaluate the efficacy and role of gamma knife radiosurgery (GKS) in the management of residual or recurrent nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. METHODS: A review was conducted of the data obtained in 42 patients who underwent adjuvant GKS at the University of Pittsburgh between 1987 and 2001. Prior treatments included transsphenoidal resection, craniotomy and resection, or conventional radiotherapy. Endocrinological, ophthalmological, and radiological responses were evaluated. The duration of follow-up review varied from 6 to 102 months (mean 31.2 months). Fifteen patients were observed for more than 40 months. The mean radiation dose to the tumor margin was 16 Gy. Conformal radiosurgery planning was used to restrict the dose to the optic nerve and chiasm. Tumor control after GKS was achieved in 100% of patients with microadenomas and 97% of patients with macroadenomas. Gamma knife radiosurgery was equally effective in controlling adenomas with cavernous sinus invasion and suprasellar extension. No patient developed a new endocrinological deficiency following GKS. One patient's tumor enlarged with an associated decline in visual function. Another patient experienced a deterioration of visual fields despite a decrease in tumor size. CONCLUSIONS: Gamma knife radiosurgery can achieve tumor control in virtually all residual or recurrent nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. Dose sparing facilitates tumor management even when the adenoma is close to the optic apparatus or invades the cavernous sinus.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1990

[Research of condylar movement on nonworking side during quantitative lateral movement of mandible].

Cephalometric laminagraphs were taken on 40 left and right sides of 20 adults with normal occlusion. It was found that condyle of nonworking side during quantitative lateral movement at incisal region with 1mm interval up to 3mm. The results were analyzed by computer superposition graph. The results were as follows: 1. The displacement of condyle during quantitative lateral movement of the mandible was 1.00mm, 1.93mm and 2.88mm at condylar top from intercuspal position to a maximum 3mm, 1mm by 1mm average, respectively. The displacement at condylar center was 0.97mm, 1.92mm and 2.85mm average, respectively. It was noticed that condyle on nonworking side with lateral movement translated equal distances. 2. The inclination of condyle by the quantitative lateral movement of the mandible was 45.41 degrees, 49.13 degrees and 48.59 degrees at condylar top from intercuspal position to a maximum 3mm, 1mm by 1mm average, respectively. The inclination at condylar center was 44.21 degrees, 48.06 degrees and 48.44 degrees average, respectively. Directional stabilizing with condylar movement, was seen. 3. The range of condylar movement from intercuspal position, at condylar center was maximum; 40.1 degrees, minimum; 0.0 degrees, average; 10.05 degrees, SD; 7.98 degrees. 4. The results of the survey on rotation factor with condylar movement revealed that there was a slight difference, and the movement of condyle was like bodily shift.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Primate motor cortex and free arm movements to visual targets in three-dimensional space. I. Relations between single cell discharge and direction of movement.

We describe the relations between the neuronal activity in primate motor cortex and the direction of arm movement in three-dimensional (3-D) space. The electrical signs of discharge of 568 cells were recorded while monkeys made movements of equal amplitude from the same starting position to 8 visual targets in a reaction time task. The layout of the targets in 3-D space was such that the direction of the movement ranged over the whole 3-D directional continuum in approximately equal angular intervals. We found that the discharge rate of 475/568 (83.6%) cells varied in an orderly fashion with the direction of movement: discharge rate was highest with movements in a certain direction (the cell's "preferred direction") and decreased progressively with movements in other directions, as a function of the cosine of the angle formed by the direction of the movement and the cell's preferred direction. The preferred directions of different cells were distributed throughout 3-D space. These findings generalize to 3-D space previous results obtained in 2-D space (Georgopoulos et al., 1982) and suggest that the motor cortex is a nodal point in the construction of patterns of output signals specifying the direction of arm movement in extrapersonal space.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Firing behavior of vestibular neurons during active and passive head movements: vestibulo-spinal and other non-eye-movement related neurons.

The firing behavior of 51 non-eye movement related central vestibular neurons that were sensitive to passive head rotation in the plane of the horizontal semicircular canal was studied in three squirrel monkeys whose heads were free to move in the horizontal plane. Unit sensitivity to active head movements during spontaneous gaze saccades was compared with sensitivity to passive head rotation. Most units (29/35 tested) were activated at monosynaptic latencies following electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral vestibular nerve. Nine were vestibulo-spinal units that were antidromically activated following electrical stimulation of the ventromedial funiculi of the spinal cord at C1. All of the units were less sensitive to active head movements than to passive whole body rotation. In the majority of cells (37/51, 73%), including all nine identified vestibulo-spinal units, the vestibular signals related to active head movements were canceled. The remaining units (n = 14, 27%) were sensitive to active head movements, but their responses were attenuated by 20-75%. Most units were nearly as sensitive to passive head-on-trunk rotation as they were to whole body rotation; this suggests that vestibular signals related to active head movements were cancelled primarily by subtraction of a head movement efference copy signal. The sensitivity of most units to passive whole body rotation was unchanged during gaze saccades. A fundamental feature of sensory processing is the ability to distinguish between self-generated and externally induced sensory events. Our observations suggest that the distinction is made at an early stage of processing in the vestibular system.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Is the movement-evoked potential mandatory for movement execution? A high-resolution EEG study in a deafferented patient.

During simple self-paced index finger flexion with and without visual feedback of the finger, we compared the movement-evoked potentials of the completely deafferented patient GL with those of 7 age-matched healthy subjects. EEG was recorded from 58 scalp positions, together with the electromyogram (EMG) from the first dorsal interosseous muscle and the movement trace. We analyzed the movement parameters and the contralateral movement-evoked potential and its source. The patient performed the voluntary movements almost as well as the controls in spite of her lack of sensory information from the periphery. In contrast, the movement-evoked potential was observed only in the controls and not in the patient. These findings clearly demonstrate that the movement-evoked potential reflects cutaneous and proprioceptive feedback from the moving part of the body. They also indicate that in absence of sensory peripheral input the motor control switches from an internal "sensory feedback-driven" to a "feedforward" mode. The role of the sensory feedback in updating the internal models and of the movement-evoked potential as a possible cortical correlate of motor awareness is discussed.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed2001

Interactions among end-effectors and movement parameters influence reaction time in discrete, rapid aimed movements.

Two reliable findings in discrete, rapid aimed movements are that reaction time increases with decrease in target diameter (for the short-length movements), and reaction time is not affected by movement length [Journal of Experimental Psychology, Human Perception and Performance 104 (2) (1975) 147]. Participants normally use a short stylus (SS) to tap targets located on either side of a central (aligned with body midline) start-point with no restrictions imposed on the initial posture of the limb or segmental recruitment except as determined by movement conditions. Thus, the effects of movement parameters on reaction time in previous work are potentially confounded with the effect of initial posture of the limb at the start-point, along with order and amount of the contribution of segments recruited in response execution. Two experiments were performed to resolve the confounding between initial posture and recruitment of limb segments. In the first experiment a conventional stylus (pen-like) was employed and the starting position of the limb was aligned either with the body midline or with the participant's right shoulder. The effect of starting position on reaction time was not significant. In the second experiment the starting position was in line with the right shoulder. Two groups participated. One group used a conventional stylus. For the second group a modified (lengthened) stylus was used that permitted initial limb posture and number of limb segments recruited to be held constant across an extended range of movement lengths. When similar sets of limb segments were used, reaction time increased with decreasing movement length and diminishing target diameter. These findings suggest that uncontrolled initial limb posture, uncontrolled order of joint(s) recruitment, and the subsequent inclusion of reaction time values from incompatible sources may, in the final analysis, have confounded previous work investigating movement amplitude and target diameter effects on reaction time.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Mouth movements diminish taste adaptation, but rate of mouth movement does not affect adaptation.

The degree of adaptation to five concentrations of sucrose was measured. Solutions were kept in the mouth for 25 s; a sweetness judgement was given every 5 s. There were four conditions of mouth movements: no movement, slow, medium and fast mouth movements. It was found that when mouth movements are made there is less adaptation than when there is no mouth movement; however, the rate of movement does not appear to influence the degree of adaptation. Furthermore concentration was found to have an effect. In the no-movement condition, the degree of adaptation seems to rise with concentration, whereas in the movement conditions the opposite effect occurs, i.e. a decrease in the degree of adaptation occurs with increasing sucrose concentration. These phenomena might be explained by the stimulated tongue area, or by taste constancy.

Adaptation, Physiological↗