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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Postponement of withdrawal bleeding with a monophasic oral contraceptive containing desogestrel and ethinylestradiol.

This study investigated the ability of a monophasic sub-50 oral contraceptive, containing desogestrel and ethinylestradiol, to postpone withdrawal bleeding in normal healthy women. In the analyzed group of 105 regular users of Marvelon, about 75% did not experience any vaginal bleeding during the 21 days of postponement. A 95% confidence interval was calculated which suggests that the percentage of women able to postpone their withdrawal bleeding successfully for 19 days ranges between 67.0% and 83.5%. Women with no vaginal blood loss in the postponement period were more willing to try this method of postponement again, compared to women who experienced vaginal blood loss in the postponement period. This difference was statistically significant. Nevertheless, the majority of women with vaginal blood loss were also willing to try this method again if necessary. The study results suggest that Marvelon offers an effective and acceptable method of postponing withdrawal bleeding for three weeks for most regular users of this contraceptive.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Postpartum contraception: the lactational amenorrhea method.

Breastfeeding still accounts for a significant proportion of all fertility reduction, the average birth interval being longer among populations that breastfeed. However, per se it is not reliable for individual fertility suppression. The lactational amenorrhea method (LAM) is a highly efficient tool for the individual woman to utilize physiology to space births. Suckling induces a reduction in gonadotropin releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone release, resulting in amenorrhea, through an intracerebral opioid pathway: beta-endorphins inhibit gonadotropin releasing hormone and dopamine secretions, which, in turn stimulates prolactin secretion and milk production. Reduced suckling precipitates the return of ovulation. During lactation, menses before 6 months are mostly anovulatory, and fertility remains low. The lactational amenorrhea method is based on three simultaneous conditions: (1) the baby is under 6 months; (2) the mother is still amenorrheic; and (3) she practises exclusive or quasi-exclusive breastfeeding on demand, day and night. Experiments with LAM extended to 9-12 months are ongoing. We use a standardized algorithm to present LAM. The lactational amenorrhea method is a way both to space births and to support breastfeeding, which should be replaced by a contraceptive method in due course. A 'Breastfeeding-LAM-Family Planning' team is very helpful in maternity wards for promoting modern breastfeeding, LAM, and contraception, and for alleviating barriers and misconceptions. The lactational amenorrhea method is at least 98% effective, comparing favorably with other contraceptive methods. Acceptability and continuity are not very well known; as with other 'natural' methods the figures are probably low in a general population but high for motivated couples. The lactational amenorrhea method avoids double protection, and thus saves resources, is especially (but not exclusively) suitable for couples interested in natural family planning and is accepted by religious authorities. The lactational amenorrhea method gives time to decide upon a long-term method of contraception. Unwanted pregnancies, although infrequent, conceived while using LAM result in very short, high-risk birth intervals. Introduction of LAM in family planning programs demands training, attention to be given to working mothers, positive attitudes of health personnel, close links between postpartum and family planning teams, situation analysis, budgets, evaluations, follow-up activities, modifications of record keeping systems and computing programs, and of national family planning guidelines. In conclusion, LAM is an efficient family planning method which should be promoted. The lactational amenorrhea method should always include the shift to another method when its criteria are no longer implemented.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1994

[Trend analysis in Hodgkin disease mortality in the German Federal Republic 1955-1989: a comparison of log-linear models with descriptive standard methods].

Age-Period-Cohort (APC) models have become a widely accepted method to analyse incidence and mortality rates of cancer or other diseases. In this paper we compare simple descriptive methods such as plotting age-specific rates and standardized rates with regression models in order to investigate mortality rates of Morbus Hodgkin's disease in Germany (West-Germany) between 1955 and 1989. With any of the approaches it can be seen that the mortality of Morbus Hodgkin's disease has been decreasing around 1970. Although APC-models allow some detailed investigation of the separate influence of the age, period and cohort effect, the results are difficult to interpret as there is no unique solution for the parameter estimates (identification problem of APC-models). For the mortality of Morbus Hodgkin's, the result of the APC-modelling shows that the decrease of mortality is overestimated if the cohort effect is not taken into consideration. We therefore conclude that the interpretation of the APC-model should be done in connection with other methods to avoid misinterpretation. The combination of both approaches will lead to a better understanding of the incidence or mortality patterns of cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Texture analysis of ultrasonograms--a new method in the diagnosis of thyroid diseases?].

Ultrasonography is a generally accepted method for diagnosing both the diffuse and focal (nodal) lesions of the thyroid gland. The main limit of this method is the restricted ability of the human eye to analyse all information included. Moreover, the proportion of subjectivity when evaluating the picture is greater than with other imaging methods. Computer texture analysis in combination with automatic classification may prove a potent tool that could enable--immediately after the standard examination--to assign the finding to a particular type of diffuse disorder, with an accuracy of up to 100 percent. From a variety of procedures, which we have tested until now, the best results were obtained with a combination of spatial, co-occurrence and systematically constructed features, selected by a method that is based on the magnitude of classification error. From several tested ways of classification the Bayes's classificator in combination with the criterion of majority was found to be the best approach.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Percutaneous feeding tube method for use in children.

Surgical gastrostomy has been a widely accepted method for introducing a percutaneous feeding tube for many years. However, complications are frequent, and many children who need them are not good surgical candidates. This study examines imaging guided percutaneous placement of feeding gastrostomy catheters as a safe and effective alternative to surgery.

Barium Sulfate↗
PubMed1978

Continued use of contraception among Philippine family planning acceptors: a multivariate analysis.

The factors that contribute to continued use of contraception are examined through a multivariate analysis of data gathered in the course of the Philippine 1974 National Acceptor Survey. Twenty-five independent variables were utilized in the analysis, of which only three were found to have an appreciable effect upon continuation: the method accepted, age, and husband's attitude regarding family planning. When the sample was divided into method subgroups, several features of the service process explained variance in pill continuation, and fecundability explained variance in rhythm continuation. The findings suggest that there is considerable potential for improving the effectiveness of the Philippine program through administrative action. Better IUD services and information, more emphasis on the needs of husbands, and improvements in the ongoing support of pill users could substantially improve the amount of contraceptive protection offered by the program.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

[Radiological heart volume determination--a new method carried out in the sitting position (author's transl)].

A method is described for the determination of cardiac volume with the subject in a sitting position. The results correspond with those of other accepted methods, but there are several significant advantages: 1. The position is easily maintained by the subject and the method is therefore acceptable for patients with cardiac disease. 2. The risks connected with a Valsalva effect are reduced. 3. There is no need to change the position of the x-ray tube during the examination. 4. Contrary to the traditional technique, the x-ray room does not require a very high ceiling. 5. Because of even blood distribution, the cardiac volume determinations also provide information regarding the lungs.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

[Modified method of ultramicroelectrophoretic protein fractionation].

A modification is described for the method of ultramicroelectrophoretic fractioning of proteins in polyacrylamide gel in capillaries 400--100 microns in diameter. The original construction of the assembly of apparatuses is offered which can be assembled from details made in the USSR. The operation of dosed filling of capillaries is significantly facilitated. The optimal quantity of protein in one sample reaches 1.5--0.1 mkg (depending on the capillary diameter). The reproducability and sharpness of protein fractions by the offered method are not worse compared with the generally accepted method of macro-disc electrophoresis.

Cell Fractionation↗
PubMed1984

A comparative trial of the Today contraceptive sponge and diaphragm.

A comparative trial was conducted in the United States to compare the Today contraceptive sponge and the diaphragm used with spermicide. Subjects were randomly assigned to contraceptive methods and were followed up for 1 year. None of the subjects were previous sponge users, but about 30% were previous diaphragm users. The overall cumulative 1-year life-table pregnancy rate was higher for sponge users compared to diaphragm users. No serious side effects occurred with either product. The discontinuation rates for allergic-type reactions and discomfort were higher for sponge users. Similar rates of method-related complaints and discontinuation rates for personal and product-related reasons suggest there were no differences in the acceptability of the two products. In this trial, the allowable use time for the sponge was 2 days. The sponge is now recommended for 1-day use. The overall results of the study indicate the sponge to be a safe and acceptable method of contraception with an effectiveness rate in the range of that for other vaginal contraceptives.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Reliability of a structured method of selecting abstracts for a plastic surgical scientific meeting.

There is no generally accepted method for assessing abstracts that are submitted for a medical scientific meeting. This article describes the development and prospective evaluation of such a method applied to the 220 abstracts submitted for the 2000 Annual Meeting of the European Association of Plastic Surgeons. Structured abstracts were evaluated in three categories: aesthetic surgery, basic research, and clinical study. Each anonymous abstract was assessed separately by 10 reputable European plastic surgeons. These reviewers used a structured rating questionnaire which resulted in a score given by each reviewer to each abstract between -6 and +6. The scores of all 10 reviewers were added for each abstract, and the papers were accepted in each of the three categories on the basis of this abridged score. To evaluate the reliability of this structured method of selection, the interrater agreement among the reviewers was tested by means of kappa analysis and the Cronbach alpha coefficient. The kappa values for agreement among reviewers regarding acceptability of abstracts were low, but the alpha coefficient indicated an acceptable degree of reliability of the average reviewers' ratings for all categories. Using a structured questionnaire can be helpful in the objective assessment of abstracts for a scientific meeting and may facilitate comparison of abstracts. Meritocratic dichotomy of abstracts by the reviewers is advocated to further improve reliability of the rating. Even though reliability generally increases with the number of reviewers, the annual increase of submitted abstracts may necessitate a decrease in the number of reviewers for each abstract.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed2002

Evaluation of immunocontraception as a publicly acceptable form of vertebrate pest species control: the introduced grey squirrel in Britain as an example.

We sent out a targeted questionnaire to organizations and private individuals across the UK that have expressed an interest in squirrel management and conservation. Respondents were asked to evaluate shooting, trapping, poisoning and immunocontraception (IMC), according to their perceived efficacy, cost efficiency, and whether they were considered to be humane. The majority of both professionals and enthusiasts indicated support for grey squirrel control to help conserve red squirrels and to reduce economic damage to timber crops. Respondents\' comparative evaluations of current forms of control showed that trapping is the most acceptable method. When IMC is compared with the other methods, it was considered to be more humane and acceptable. In contrast, poisoning was seen as humane or acceptable by the fewest respondents. Furthermore, poisoning elicited the greatest difference in opinion between the professional and enthusiast groups. This difference (34\%) may be interpreted partly as concern over the type of death that results from poisoning and partly as due to the possibility of poisoning nontarget species. Our findings indicate a need for more public information regarding secondary poisoning hazards to other species and their predators. Interest and concern about squirrel control correlated with the overlap between contemporary areas of distribution of the two species. It is these areas where consultation and education programs about control methods should be targeted. This research indicates that there would be support for grey squirrel control using IMC from both lay and professional interest groups. It demonstrates the existence of a sound basis for constructive dialog that can lead to the design and implementation of acceptable and efficient control strategies.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

A comparison of two methods for inserting lag screws.

This study compared the accuracy of two accepted methods of inserting lag screws. The ability of the two techniques to produce concentrically drilled holes between the inner and outer cortices, the ability to accurately overdrill a small hole, and the displacement of the cortices following application and tightening of the lag screw were investigated using an experimental model of bony cortices. The results indicate that when the gap between the cortices is large, both methods of lag screw insertion are equally inaccurate. For smaller gaps between the cortices, the drill guide technique is more accurate than the other.

Bone Screws↗
PubMed1999

Bench testing of nebulizers: a comparison of three methods.

Although nebulizers can vary widely in performance, there is no uniformly accepted method for bench testing these devices. In the present study, we compared three bench methods of measuring the performance of three commercial jet nebulizers (Whisper Jet [WJ; Marquest Medical, Englewood, CO], Sidestream [SS; Marquest Medical], and Vixone [VO; Westmed, Tucson, AZ] to assess the impact of the method of testing on reported nebulizer performance. Each nebulizer was charged with 3 mL of albuterol mixed with a radiotracer (technetium [99mTc]), and the radioactivity captured on a paper filter was expressed as a percentage of the nebulizer charge (% delivered). The nebulizers were tested with and without duplication of spontaneous respiration by a piston pump (spontaneous respiration and standing cloud methods, respectively). The nebulizers were also tested using a model of mechanical ventilation (mechanical ventilation method). For all three devices, the addition of the standardized breathing pattern significantly reduced the % delivered with all three nebulizers compared with the standing cloud method. For the standing cloud method, the presence of the T-piece/mouth-piece significantly reduced the % delivered with the WJ but not with the other two devices. The mechanical ventilation method had the lowest % delivered for all three devices. The magnitude of the differences between nebulizers varied with duration of treatment. The findings of this study emphasize the importance of bench testing that duplicates intended clinical usage, because significant differences in nebulizer performance may be manifested under certain clinical conditions but not under others.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1994

Methods of measuring wound size: a comparative study.

The lack of an accepted method of accurate and objective measurement of wound dimensions is a major obstacle to the assessment of effective wound management regimes. This study compares three different wound volume measurement techniques (filling the lesion with saline, molding of a dental impression material and a computer vision method based on image processing and the Structured Light technique) in terms of accuracy, precision and practicability in a clinical environment. Three groups of hospital staff, doctors, nurses and technicians, repeatedly measured a set of 6 different models of wounds. Measuring wound volume by filling it with saline produces results with standard deviations between 9 percent and 18 percent of the actual volume. Dental impression material performs better, between 5 percent and 16 percent, but is difficult to apply and time consuming to use. Apart from the advantage of providing instant optical records of wounds, the image processing method produces more reliable volume measurements with a standard deviation of between 3 percent and 15 percent. The results demonstrate that the computer based method yields the most reproducible results with a minimum of inter-observer error but the method is not applicable for undermined, very deep and very large wounds.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1987

The unstable pelvic fracture. Operative treatment.

While the pendulum has swung to the operative side, open reduction and internal fixation will surely not prove to be the panacea for all unstable pelvic fractures. The lasting effects, however, of attempts at aggressive fixation of the pelvic fracture will be the principles of management that are being established. This begins with the recognition of pelvic instability. It is in these unstable injuries that obtaining and maintaining an anatomic reduction is the best way to alter the natural history of the untreated pelvic fracture and to maximize the probability of obtaining a good long-term result. While the actual methods of internal and external fixation will continue to change, this principle is unlikely to alter. Therefore, if effective treatment can be achieved by closed means alone, that is an acceptable method. Similarly, external, internal, and combined operative and traction treatment methods that achieve this goal would also be acceptable. The question remains: Which method achieves the goal of obtaining and maintaining an anatomic reduction yet minimizes the early and late morbidity? This question is best answered by appropriate preoperative evaluation, subsequent planning, and precise, technically skillful surgery done by an experienced surgeon.

Bone Plates↗
PubMed2005

Abortion practice in the northeast Caribbean: "Just write down stomach pain".

Small island exigencies and a legacy of colonial jurisprudence set the stage for this three-year study in 2001-2003 of abortion practice on several islands of the northeast Caribbean: Anguilla, Antigua, St Kitts, St Martin and Sint Maarten. Based on in-depth interviews with 26 physicians, 16 of whom were performing abortions, it found that licensed physicians are routinely providing abortions in contravention of the law, and that those services, tolerated by governments and legitimised by European norms, are clearly the mainstay of abortion care on these islands. Medical abortion was being used both under medical supervision and through self-medication. Women travelled to find anonymous services, and also to access a particular method, provider or facility. Sometimes they settled for a less acceptable method if they could not afford a more comfortable one. Significantly, legality was not the main determinant of choice. Most abortion providers accepted the current situation as satisfactory. However, our findings suggest that restrictive laws were hindering access to services and compromising quality of care. Whereas doctors may have the liberty and knowledge to practise illegal abortions, women have no legal right to these services. Interviews suggest that an increasing number of women are self-inducing abortions with misoprostol to avoid doctors, high fees and public stigma. The Caribbean Initiative on Abortion and Contraception is organising meetings, training providers and creating a public forum to advocate decriminalisation of abortion and enhance abortion care.

Ambulatory Care Facilities↗
PubMed2001

[Optical coherence tomography].

Optical coherence tomography has become an established method for imaging retinal diseases. It is now an accepted method for making quantitative measurements in studies on the cause and course of macular holes, vitreoretinal traction, pigment epithelial detachment, macular edema, and diabetic retinopathy. Its potential benefit in the evaluation of age-related macular degeneration and a variety of other diseases is currently under investigation. In clinical practice optical coherence tomography images add information to the biomicroscopic findings and results of other imaging techniques or functional testing and can significantly help in making critical decisions. Its future role in routine clinical practice will depend on further technical development and the results of long-term studies.

Humans↗