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Results for “Manual Communication”

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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Grammatical Subjects in home sign: Abstract linguistic structure in adult primary gesture systems without linguistic input.

Language ordinarily emerges in young children as a consequence of both linguistic experience (for example, exposure to a spoken or signed language) and innate abilities (for example, the ability to acquire certain types of language patterns). One way to discern which aspects of language acquisition are controlled by experience and which arise from innate factors is to remove or manipulate linguistic input. However, experimental manipulations that involve depriving a child of language input are impossible. The present work examines the communication systems resulting from natural situations of language deprivation and thus explores the inherent tendency of humans to build communication systems of particular kinds, without any conventional linguistic input. We examined the gesture systems that three isolated deaf Nicaraguans (ages 14-23 years) have developed for use with their hearing families. These deaf individuals have had no contact with any conventional language, spoken or signed. To communicate with their families, they have each developed a gestural communication system within the home called "home sign." Our analysis focused on whether these systems show evidence of the grammatical category of Subject. Subjects are widely considered to be universal to human languages. Using specially designed elicitation tasks, we show that home signers also demonstrate the universal characteristics of Subjects in their gesture productions, despite the fact that their communicative systems have developed without exposure to a conventional language. These findings indicate that abstract linguistic structure, particularly the grammatical category of Subject, can emerge in the gestural modality without linguistic input.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Special issues regarding psychotherapy with the deaf.

The authors interviewed 10 therapists and supervisors who had clinical experience in working with deaf patients. The responses centered on issues related to the necessity of visual rather than auditory communication, problems of diagnosis and assessment, therapist and patient expectations, special strengths of deaf patients, involvement of third parties, and modification of therapeutic technique. The authors emphasize that additional resources and research are necessary for clinicians to meet the needs of this large but still underserved population.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Description of semantic--syntactic relations in an autistic child.

This longitudinal study investigated the language acquisition strategies employed by an autistic child learning sign language. The child's core vocabulary and developing semantic-syntactic relationships were compared with language acquisition in normal children. There were specific deviations in language development noted, in spite of providing the child with appropriate sign language training.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1990

Bottlenosed dolphin and human recognition of veridical and degraded video displays of an artificial gestural language.

2 bottlenosed dolphins proficient in interpreting gesture language signs viewed veridical and degraded gestures via TV without explicit training. In Exp. 1, dolphins immediately understood most gestures: Performance was high throughout degradations successively obscuring the head, torso, arms, and fingers, though deficits occurred for gestures degraded to a point-light display (PLD) of the signer's hands. In Exp. 2, humans of varying gestural fluency saw the PLD and veridical gestures from Exp. 1. Again, performance declined in the PLD condition. Though the dolphin recognized gestures as accurately as fluent humans, effects of the gesture's formational properties were not identical for humans and dolphin. Results suggest that the dolphin uses a network of semantic and gestural representations, that bottom-up processing predominates when the dolphin's short-term memory is taxed, and that recognition is affected by variables germane to grammatical category, short-term memory, and visual perception.

Animal Communication↗
PubMed1998

A description of the comprehensive test of nonverbal intelligence.

The Comprehensive Test of Nonverbal Intelligence, or CTONI, has become an essential compliment to the traditional tests of intelligence, such as the WISC-III, DTLA-3, and the Binet. The CTONI provides examiners with a measure of nonverbal reasoning that requires no spoken language or complex motor skills. The CTONI has been proven to be unbiased with regard to gender, minority, or disabling condition. Finally, it is possible to estimate the intelligence of people without the contamination of social, ethnic, or disability bias.

Child, Gifted↗
PubMed1988

The role of referential speech in sign learning by mentally retarded children: a comparison of total communication and sign-alone training.

We conducted two experiments to assess the role of referential speech during sign training in which the spoken words corresponding to signs were receptively known to the participants. An alternating treatments design was used to compare sign acquisition across two teaching conditions in which referents were presented either with or without the corresponding verbal label. During the first experiment, signs were taught concurrently; during the second experiment, signs within each of the respective conditions were taught in a serial fashion. In both experiments, signs taught by total communication were acquired faster than those taught by sign-alone training.

Child↗