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PubMedDate not supplied

Misleading presentation of breast cancer in popular magazines.

CONTEXT: Women commonly misunderstand their risk for breast cancer, overestimating both their risk for developing the disease at a young age and their lifetime risk. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether age bias occurs in popular media coverage of breast cancer. SELECTION STRATEGY: The search term breast cancer was used to identify 389 articles in U.S. magazines with a circulation of at least 500,000 published between January 1, 1993, and June 30, 1997. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Presence of age-related themes and age of patients with breast cancer who were described in vignettes. RESULTS: Age-related themes included breast cancer as a cause of premature death, breast cancer in mothers of young children, and the impact of a breast cancer diagnosis on dating and marriage. Factual information about age as a risk factor for breast cancer was presented in only 14% of articles, and age was often included in vignettes describing a woman with breast cancer. Thirty-four percent of the articles included one or more breast cancer vignettes. These articles included 172 unique vignettes in which patient age was described. In 84% of the vignettes (144 of 172), women were diagnosed with breast cancer before 50 years of age; in 47% (80 of 172), women were diagnosed before 40 years of age. On the basis of the age-specific incidence of breast cancer in the United States, the expected percentages would be 16% and 3.6%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Stories about breast cancer in popular U.S. magazines misrepresent the age distribution of the disease, emphasizing atypical cases of early-onset breast cancer and their social consequences. This presentation of breast cancer may contribute to women's fears of breast cancer and to overestimates of personal risk.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The relationship between reading beauty and fashion magazines and the use of pathogenic dieting methods among adolescent females.

This study examined the relationship between reading women's beauty and fashion magazines and the use of pathogenic dieting methods (laxatives, appetite suppressants/diet pills, skipping two meals a day, intentional vomiting, and restricting calories to 1,200 or less each day) among 502 high school females. Weak to moderate positive associations were found between reading frequency and each of these unhealthful practices except the use of laxatives. When controlling for anxiety about weight and frequency of regular exercise, however, the original bivariate relations between reading frequency and skipping two meals a day, and reading and intentional vomiting, disappeared. Replication and weak specification effects were found when examining the relationships between reading and taking appetite suppressant/weight control pills, and reading and restricting calories, under the control conditions. These findings suggest that two of the most common adolescent dieting methods--restricting calories and taking diet pills--appear to be influenced by the reading of women's beauty and fashion magazines.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

"I want to read stuff on boys": white, Latina, and black girls reading seventeen magazine and encountering adolescence.

This study is based on interviews with four focus groups consisting of fourteen white, Latina, and black girls, ages 13 to 16 years, from diverse backgrounds. The objectives of the study are to gain insight into what forum girls use to learn about the adolescent experience and to examine teenage girls' views of their sexuality and femininity. The girls' discussion of their lives and perceptions of the teen magazine Seventeen reveal a displacement of female sexuality. The magazine's message to teenage girls of gaining self-worth through emphasized femininity seems to resonate with these girls regardless of class and race. We conclude that responsible adults need to challenge the distorted media images of adolescent development and teenage girls' sexuality.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Parma and Prince William hospitals deliver magazines with purpose.

Two quarterly publications are featured here for your consideration. One is Informed, the newly re-designed magazine by Parma Community General Hospital, Parma, Ohio. Also, we present Healthy Perspective magazine, published quarterly Prince William Health System, Manassas, Va.

Hospitals, Community↗
PubMed1992

Neurologic disease described in the Journal of Empirical Psychology (Gnothi Sauton oder Magazin zur Erfahrungsseelenkunde), 1783-1793.

Know Thyself or Journal of Empirical Psychology (Gnothi Sauton oder Magazin zur Erfahrungsseelenkunde), 1783-1793, was the first of its kind--concentrating on nervous and mental disturbances and marking the beginning of periodical neuropsychiatric publications. The editor, Karl Philipp Moritz, and the contributors, many of them lay people, were particularly interested in disturbances of language and consciousness. Descriptions of epilepsy, Sydenham's chorea, jargon aphasia, and dementia are briefly summarized. The case material from the Journal was soon translated and integrated in later work. The Journal itself and its "empirical" approach became a model for publications that followed.

History, 18th Century↗
PubMed1979

A slim 198gold-grain implanter loaded with standard Royal Marsden 14-grain magazines.

We designed a slim gold-grain implanter with adaptable lengths to implant areas accessible only through long, narrow, examining instruments, such as a suspension laryngoscope. The implanter is loaded with the same 14-grain magazine designed for and supplied with the Royal Marsden "gun." The simplicity of the loading mechanism with a minimum of moving parts makes the instrument practically trouble free. Although it is designed to be used along narrow examining instruments, it can also be used in any situation in which a permanent implant is required, for instance, prostatic cancer and pelvic recurrences in cancer of the uterine cervix previously treated by external and intracavitary irradiation.

Female↗
PubMed1988

The reception of Freud by the British press: general interest and literary magazines, 1920-1925.

A survey of forty-three general interest magazines shows that popularizing materials about psychoanalysis greatly increased in 1920, peaked in 1921, and declined thereafter. The press was more favorable to Freud than has been assumed, for a number of writers accepted his theory of the unconscious and readily acknowledged the curative powers of psychoanalysis. But there was also much hostility to Freud, particularly to his sexual theories. The press was therefore more favorable to Jung and Adler, but especially to the British depth psychologists, who deemphasized sexuality while accepting the theory of a dynamic unconscious.

Attitude↗
PubMed2004

No longer just a pretty face: fashion magazines' depictions of ideal female beauty from 1959 to 1999.

OBJECTIVE: The print media's depiction of the ideal of feminine beauty as presented to American women was examined for the years 1959-1999. METHOD: Trends were investigated through an analysis of cover models appearing on the four most popular American fashion magazines. RESULTS: Body size for fashion models decreased significantly during the 1980s and 1990s. There was also a dramatic increase in the frequency with which the media depicted the entire bodies of the models from the 1960s to the 1990s. DISCUSSION: Both the increasingly thin images and the striking increase in full-body portrayals suggest an increase in the value placed by American society on a thin ideal for women, a change that is concurrent with the increase in disturbed eating patterns among American women.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Effects of dopamine receptor blockade on alimentary behaviors: home cage food consumption, magazine training, operant acquisition, and performance.

Administration of the dopamine receptor blocker pimozide (1.0 mg/kg) disrupted the initiation, but not the maintenance, of home cage food consumption. Likewise, the number of pellets consumed during magazine training was decreased among pimozide-treated rats during the first, but not the second day of training. The acquisition of a bar-press response for food reinforcement (using a retractable bar) was severely retarded by pimozide. However, such an impairment was not evident if animals initially received 2 training days in the absence of the drug. Further, among rats trained to bar press to asymptote using a nonretractable bar, pimozide reduced the within and between days bar-press rate such that performance was indistinguishable from that of animals placed on extinction in the absence of the drug treatment. When transferred from the pimozide treatment to extinction in the absence of drug, the response rate increased to the level observed during the first session of either extinction or pimozide in the continuous reinforcement condition. The results are discussed in terms of sensory-motor and reinforcement consequences of dopamine receptor blockade.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Cultural differences in the perception of magazine alcohol advertisements by Israeli Jewish, Moslem, Druze and Christian high school students.

This article describes the Israeli part of an international comparative research project conducted simultaneously in 1988 also in Australia and in the U.S.A., in order to determine the attitudes of high school students from different nations and cultures toward alcohol advertising. The Israeli study used a set of 64 magazine alcohol advertisements from 10 countries and with the help of an open-ended questionnaire examined differences and similarities in the perception of Israeli and foreign advertisements by Jewish, Moslem, Druze and Christian teenagers. Each response was coded twice. The first code indicated the general tone of the response and the second code indicated its theme. The article presents selected general results and conclusions. The results have implications for designing alcohol abuse education messages and can aid alcohol advertisers interested in responsible advertising to find advertising standards suitable to each culture.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Mixed messages about the meanings of breast-feeding representations in the Australian press and popular magazines.

The popular press is an influential medium for the communication of messages and meanings about health and lifestyle issues (Lupton 1993). Through language and images, the print media present selected phenomena, events and issues to readers. The choice and connections between works used can impress upon the reader specific images of the world and the attitudes toward the presented issues and ideas (Nunan 1993). Discourse analysis is used in this study to examine representations of breast feeding in articles published in the Australian press and popular magazines over a six-month period. Discourse analysis is a method of inquiry that focuses on sociocultural and political contexts in which communication occurs (Lupton 1992). Discourses revealed mixed messages and meanings. Breast feeding was seen as natural and the best way of feeding but also as problematic in practice. Dominant ideologies of power and persuasion were also evident. The media portrayed predominantly negative views about breast feeding. Such discourses may influence decisions to breast feed and have wider implications for midwives in their roles as supporters and educators of women and their families.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2000

Obsessive-compulsive disorder in popular magazines.

To examine what the general public is learning about Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) through popular magazines, all articles listed in the Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature under the topic headings of "obsessive-compulsive behavior" or "obsessive-compulsive disorder" between 1983 and 1997 were read and rated. Only 31 of the 107 articles under these headings dealt explicitly with OCD, and these were found to be reasonably accurate in their presentations of symptoms, causes, and treatments. Many of the other articles under the target headings, however, focused on incidents of "stalking" of famous people by "obsessed" fans. The implications of the content patterns of these articles for understanding and misunderstanding of OCD are discussed.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

Acquisition with partial and continuous reinforcement in rat magazine approach.

Partial reinforcement, compared with continuous reinforcement, is widely considered detrimental to Pavlovian conditioned responding. However, time-accumulation models predict an invariance in acquisition when learning is assessed as a function of number of reinforcements, not trials, and intertrial interval is held constant. Three experiments examined this prediction in a rat magazine-approach procedure. All experiments showed superior responding with continuous reinforcement. Experiments 1 and 3 used common tests in between- and within-subject designs, respectively. Experiment 2 showed the same pattern in a discrimination. Earlier results are reanalyzed informally and in a meta-analysis. Contrary to previous summaries of the literature, evidence points to superior conditioned responding with continuous reinforcement in a number of procedures. Results are generally consistent with traditional associative models of learning.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Idealised versus tainted femininity: discourses of the menstrual experience in Australian magazines that target young women.

Information and messages concerning health-related issues are not confined to material provided by official figures or sources. Much information exists in the community and comes from a variety of sources. One such source is the media. This paper reports the findings of a study conducted over a 12-month period of advertisements for menstrual products in a selection of four monthly Australian magazines (n = 48) directed towards young women. The study examined the way in which menstruation and the menstrual experience were depicted in terms of page space, textual content and visual images. Findings revealed that advertisements for menstrual products provided confusing, conflicting and paradoxical messages. These included stressing the normality of menstruation while also emphasising the importance of keeping it hidden and secret. Menstruation was depicted as being a state of tainted (idealised) femininity because of the potential for the menstrual silence to be shattered by people finding out. Protection failure was depicted as being the ultimate in tainted femininity and a result of a woman's incorrect choice of product. Choosing menstrual-care products was depicted as simple but, paradoxically, complex and confusing. Women were depicted as liberated and sophisticated but images and language related to infancy were used. Freedom and liberation were conferred by the use of the advertised product. Overall, in common with previous studies, menstruation was depicted as a crisis of hygiene that is a risk to femininity. Advertisements for pantyliners suggest that femininity itself poses a threat to (idealised) femininity. This study demonstrates the crucial role of the media as a source of health information for young women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Psychopharmacological drugs as represented in the press: results of systematic analysis of newspapers and popular magazines.

The representation of mental diseases and psychopharmacological drugs in the media, especially in the press, is thought to be of great impact on people's opinions on the subject. During the course of one year, all articles about psychopharmacological drugs and cardiac drugs published in nineteen German newspapers were collected. All statements, together with related aspects, reasons for prescription, individual details of the patient, effects and side-effects, were registered and classified according to a key. The results show that, in contrast to 13% of the articles about cardiac drugs, half of the reports about psychopharmacological drugs deal primarily with the problems of side-effects and dependence the drugs may produce. There was much more critical comment and emotional emphasis used to characterize the psychopharmacological drugs. Only in 9% of articles was their therapeutic efficacy mentioned. Cardiac drugs are generally discussed objectively in a medical context and in 53% efficacy is emphasized. Psychopharmacological drugs are often mentioned in stories about prominent persons having a life crisis, taking drugs, turning to alcoholism, or in the context of social decline. Only in 3% of all articles about psychopharmacological drugs was it possible to identify a serious mental disease as the reason for prescription. The reasons for and implications of these findings, which mainly reflect the negatively biased image of psychopharmacological drugs in women's magazines (while they are treated relatively fairly in general newspapers) are discussed.

Cardiovascular Agents↗
PubMed2006

Drugs in the Brazilian print media: an exploratory survey of newspaper and magazine stories in the year 2000.

Print media is one of the key factors for defining public opinion and setting public policies regarding drugs. Therefore, surveying its content should provide us with a better understanding of the situation. The few existing surveys on this issue in Brazil point out discrepancies between print media and public health. The objective of the present survey is to enhance the analysis of drug-related stories in the Brazilian print media, based on a new time frame, in the year 2000. Major newspapers and magazines of all Brazilian state capitals have been surveyed throughout year 2000, with 4,669 stories presenting drugs as their main topic. A random sample of 964 stories underwent content analysis. Approximately half the stories (49.6%) dealt with smuggling- and repression-related issues. The remainder of the stories (50.4%) approached health, legislation, and public policy issues. Tobacco was the most widely discussed drug, with stories focusing mainly on damage caused by use and on measures for reducing consumption rates among the population. Articles about cocaine, also featured frequently in the print media, dealt mainly with the issues of drug dealing and of damage caused by cocaine use. Regarding marijuana, in addition to the law enforcement repressive approach, some articles dealt with decriminalization and therapeutic use. Articles about alcoholic beverages, featured less frequently in the print media, approached the subject matter from various angles. The number of stories on solvents and psychotropic medication was negligible. The results confirm discrepancies between print media coverage and epidemiology. They also indicate that each drug is approached differently, allowing for a better understanding of the "social climate" in Brazil regarding each drug. Of all possible social interventions for dealing with the issue repression stands out, whereas stories about treatment and damage reduction are relatively scarce. These findings suggest the need for improved communication between journalists and health professionals.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1997

Travel Health Advice Provided by In-flight Magazines of International Airlines in Australia.

More than 3 million Australians travel overseas each year, and the most popular destination for these Australian travelers is Asia. Many of the countries in the Asian region are developing, and travelers to such countries may encounter tropical illness or serious injury, particularly diarrheal disease and motor vehicle accidents.1 The latter is the most common preventable cause of death in travelers.2 These problems are in addition to some of the potential problems associated with international flights, such as swelling feet, dehydration, jet lag, and venous thrombosis. There are a number of media through which travelers could receive travel health advice. However, a study of travel agent brochures by Reid et al.3 indicated that about one-third of these carried no travel health advice, with most of those that did carry travel advice providing only general information. Airline magazines also represent a possible source of in-flight and destination-specific travel health advice to which most travelers would have access.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Nutritional health messages in women's magazines: a conflicted space for women readers.

Media representations of food are ubiquitous in contemporary society, and healthy eating features predominantly in such texts. This study explores the discursive construction of food and healthy eating in texts appearing in popular women's magazines, and examines the variety of positions and subjectivities offered to women readers of these texts. We find that such texts present quite complex constructions of nutritional health, based on scientific and biomedical discourses of nutrition interwoven with discourses of morality, feminine beauty and mothering. We conclude that these texts offer a conflictual space for women to traverse in efforts to position themselves as good mothers and moral and healthy eaters.

Conflict, Psychological↗