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PubMedDate not supplied

A comparative study of adult facial morphology and its ontogeny in the fossil macaque Macaca majori from Capo Figari, Sardinia, Italy.

This study examines the morphology of the face in the fossil macaque Macaca majori from Capo Figari (north-eastern Sardinia, Italy) in a comparative ontogenetic context. Thus, a fairly complete face from an adult representative of this fossil species is compared with 3 extant macaque species: Macaca sylvanus (of which species it is questioned whether it is a subspecies, M. sylvanus majori), Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis. Additional incomplete subadult and adult specimens are also examined in order to compare their facial ontogeny with that of the same living species. The comparisons are based on facial landmark data and are undertaken using geometric morphometric methods. These studies indicate that the adult facial morphology and ontogeny of face size and shape in M. majori share much in common with extant macaque species. However, the adult M. majori face displays some unique morphological features, in particular with regard to lateral flaring and relative size of the zygomatic roots. From the study of a limited sample of fossils there is an indication that this flaring arises during postnatal growth, and in consequence the ontogeny of the face of this fossil species may be different from that of M. sylvanus and the other macaque species included in this analysis. From these studies, we conclude that M. majori shows differences in adult facial morphology and possibly in ontogeny from M. sylvanus compatible with a specific rather than subspecific distinction.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Electrocardiogram and His bundle electrogram of Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata).

Electrocardiogram (ECG) was taken from Macaca fuscata in the supine position under secobarbital anesthesia. The ECGs were recorded in the leads of standard (I, II, III), augmented unipolar limb (aVR, aVL, aVF) and unipolar chest (V4R, V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, V6,). The ECG was similar to that of humans as well as the monkeys of other species in their general patterns and the voltage of each wave (P, Q, R, S, T), though the heart rate was considerably different. The direction of T wave was consistent with that of human ECG. The PR, QRS and QT intervals and the duration of P wave were in good agreement with those of monkeys of other species, and amounted to about 50% of those of human ECG. His bundle electrogram (HBE) was recorded with a tripolar electrode catheter inserted into the right ventricle via the femoral vein, and PA, AH, HV and PV intervals were measured. All of the values were also approximately 50% and PV intervals were measured. All of the values were also approximately 50% of those reported in human HBE. Such short time intervals observed in Macaca fuscata may be due to a smaller heart size of the monkey as compared to the human's. The measurements of ECG and HBE reported in the present study may be used as a normal reference in ECG and HBE of Macaca fuscata under anesthesia. The study suggests that the Macaca fuscata is useful as an animal model to investigate the repolarization process of human ECG.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Human hepatitis B virus infection of tree shrews and Macaca assamensis in vivo].

OBJECTIVE: To examine sensitivity of the tree shrews and Macaca assamensis to human hepatitis B virus (HHBV) by serologic methods. METHODS: Totally 233 tree shrews and 28 Macaca assamensis were inoculated with human sera containing HBV. After inoculation, the sera were collected weekly from them and HBV markers were detected with HBV ditecting ELISA kits. RESULTS: Ninety percent of the tree shrews developed acute infection, among them, 44.4 % persisted for over one year, 33.3% of them developed chronic infection persisted for 2 years and one month; the persistence of HBV in Macaca assamensis was much shorter. CONCLUSION: These data clearly indicated that tree shrew may be used as an animal model for study of chronic HBV infection, whereas, Macaca assamensis, showed only a transient sensitivity to HHBV.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Comparative analysis of the fragments of highly repeated DNA of Homo, Pan, Macaca and Cercopithecus.

In the present paper the restriction patterns of Homo, Pan troglodytes, Macaca fascicularis and Cercopithecus aethiops, obtained by digestion with Eco RI endonuclease, were compared. All these species showed two common bands at 0.3 and 0.6 Kb. In this region another band at 0.5 Kb was present in Macaca fascicularis and Cercopithecus aethiops. Furthermore Macaca fascicularis, Cercopithecus aethiops and Pan troglodytes showed a series of bands not present in humans. The distance matrix shows a strong similarity between Homo and Pan and a decreasing similarity with Macaca fascicularis and Cercopithecus aethiops. No intraspecific variability was observed.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) possess six MHC-E families that are conserved among macaque species: implication for their binding to natural killer receptor variants.

MHC loci encode highly polymorphic molecules involved in the presentation of self and non-self peptides to cells of the adaptive and innate immune systems. Although variable, MHC-E genes are well conserved among primates and provide signals to natural killer cells. In this study, we sequenced and analyzed MHC-E alleles of pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina), a nonhuman primate used for HIV pathogenesis and vaccine studies. Among a group of seven macaques, the characterization of eight Mane-E alleles revealed an increased number of polymorphic sites compared with human HLA-E alleles. Phylogenetic analyses of MHC-E alleles from pig-tailed macaque, rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) and cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis) demonstrated that the three macaque species shared six families of macaque MHC-E alleles and indicated that these families existed in the common ancestor 5.5 million years ago. Polymorphic Mane-E sites were not concentrated within the peptide-binding pockets, but were distributed throughout the entire ORF. The peptide-binding domain of Mane-E is similar to its human analogue, and peptide substrates theoretically capable of binding to Mane-E molecules were found in the leader sequence of classical Mane-A and -B molecules. Additionally, the polymorphic amino acids located in the alpha(1) and alpha(2) domains of Mane-E molecules have side chains expected to be oriented toward solvent and away from the peptide-binding groove, suggesting that some of them (positions 19, 73, 79 and 145) might be available for interaction with polymorphic receptors of natural killer cells.

Alleles↗
PubMed1987

Longitudinal study of craniofacial growth in Macaca fascicularis.

This paper is an analysis of normal craniofacial growth in adolescent crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Eight female adolescent monkeys were used in this study. Their individual craniofacial growth was studied for a 24-month period utilizing tantalum implants and roentgenographic cephalograms. Throughout the observation period, each monkey consistently showed a class I molar relationship with a good overjet and overbite. The amount of anterior displacement of the maxilla and the mandible was significantly dominant compared to the vertical displacements at every observation period. The midface exhibited a maxillary differential growth pattern in which the premaxilla displaced superiorly and the posterior maxilla moved inferiorly, resulting in a counterclockwise rotation of the entire maxilla. Growth of the lower anterior teeth and alveolar bone compensated for the incremental vertical spaces which were induced by superior displacement of the premaxilla and inferior repositioning of the chin. In addition, the amount of anterior displacement of the upper and lower anterior teeth were significantly larger than that of the premaxilla and the chin. The dentocraniofacial growth pattern in Macaca fascicularis was quite similar to that seen in Macaca mulatta.

Aging↗
PubMed1975

Infection of human and rhesus lymphoblastoid cells with Herpesvirus macaca.

The interaction between Herpesvirus macaca and lymphoblastoid cells grown in continuous culture, or purified from rhesus blood, was studied as a model for latent or chronic herpesvirus infection of leukocytes. Continuous lymphoblastoid cell lines infected in vitro were PA3, a human cell line with bone-marrow derived (B)-lymphocyte characteristics; LM/DM, a rhesus cell line with B-lymphocyte characteristics; and MOLT-4, a human cell line with thymus-derived (T)-lymphocyte characteristics. A distinct pattern of interaction was found for each lymphoblastoid cell line. A small but stable fraction of cells continued to express virus-specific antigens for more than three weeks following infection of the B-type lymphoblastoid cell lines of rhesus and human origin. Herpesvirus macaca replicated only in PA3 cells. Viral replication did not occur and viral antigens were not detected in either peripheral lymphocytes or MOLT-4 cells. The observations suggest that Herpesvirus macaca interacts in distinct patterns with different lymphoid cell lines in vitro, and that within a given culture, subpopulations of lymphoid cells are present at a given time which respond to the virus differently.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Delta-ray-induced reciprocal translocations in spermatogonia of the crab-eating monkey (Macaca fascicularis).

The yield of translocations induced by delta-rays in the crab-eating monkey (Macaca fascicularis) spermatogonia were studied by cytological analysis in spermatocytes derived from them. The frequencies of translocations were 0.09% at 0 Gy, 1.9% at 1 Gy, 2.5% at 2 Gy and 1.3% at 3 Gy, showing a humped dose-response curve with a peak yield around 2 Gy. No remarkable inter-seasonal or inter-animal variations in the induction of translocation were observed. The frequencies in the crab-eating monkey were significantly higher than those in the same Macaca genus, the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) (van Buul, 1976, 1980). This inter-species difference in radiosensitivity might be affected by the condition of spermatogonial stem cells at the time of exposure to radiation, depending on the seasonal change in spermatogenetic activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Isolation of a unique retrovirus, MNV-1, from Macaca nemestrina.

Cell cultures established from the spleen of a Macaca nemestrina with enzootic retroperitoneal fibromatosis (ERF) spontaneously released a unique retrovirus. Throughout 14 serial passages, the spleen cell cultures remained fibroblastic and no cytopathic effect was evident. The virus incorporates [3H]uridine, contains an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (RDDP), has a buoyant density of 1.15 g/cm3 in sucrose, and was designated MNV-1. Virion-associated reverse transcriptase showed no preference for either Mg2+ or Mn2+ in standard RDDP assays. Complementary DNA (cDNA) transcribed from polyadenylated MNV-1 RNA hybridized to genomic DNA and RNA extracted from diseased tissues but not to nucleic acids from normal tissues of a healthy Macaca nemestrina or a Macaca mulatta. MNV-1 is therefore exogenous to these species. MNV-1 had no detectable homology to the endogenous macaque virus isolates MAC-1 and MMC-1. Liquid hybridization of MNV-1 cDNA to viral RNA derived from exogenous and endogenous subhuman primate retroviruses (SiSV(SSAV), GALV-SF, BaEV-M7, and BILN) did not reveal any significant sequence homologies. In addition, MNV-1 does not share homology with bovine leukemia virus or Mason-Pfizer monkey virus as determined by Southern blot hybridization. We conclude that MNV-1 is a unique retrovirus which has not previously been described. As the ultrastructure of virions in in vitro cell cultures, as well as disease involved tissue, show some particles with type C morphology and others with type D morphology, MNV-1 may be comprised of more than one component.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Identification of Campylobacter jejuni in Macaca fascicularis imported from Indonesia.

Campylobacter jejuni was selectively cultured in 33 (66%) of 50 Macaca fascicularis that had been imported from Indonesia. As there was no published information on the incidence of Campylobacter infection in nonhuman primates from Indonesia, a survey was conducted to determine the presence and incidence of Campylobacter jejuni in 50 macaques before they were exported from Indonesia. The organism was positively identified in 18 (36%) of the specimens examined. Repeat cultures after importation and during the quarantine period produced 37 of 48 (77%) positive results. Stool cultures from 57 other Macaca fascicularis and Macaca nemestrina in more preliminary stages of captivity in Indonesia produced only two positive identifications. These findings suggest that Campylobacter jejuni is not a natural pathogen of macaques in Indonesia, but it infects them after capture.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Distribution and development of short-wavelength cones differ between Macaca monkey and human fovea.

Macaca monkey and humans have three cone types containing either long-wavelength (L), medium-wavelength (M), or short-wavelength (S)-specific opsin. The highest cone density is found in the fovea, which mediates high visual acuity. Most studies agree that the adult human fovea has a small S cone-free area, but data are conflicting concerning S-cone numbers in the adult Macaca monkey fovea, and little evidence exists for how either primate fovea develops its characteristic cone pattern. Single- and double-label in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry have been used to determine the pattern of foveal S cones in both the fetal and adult Macaca and human. Both labels find a clear difference at all ages between monkey and human. Adult humans have a distinct but variable central zone about 100 microm wide that lacks S cones and is surrounded by a ring in which the S-cone density is 8%. This S cone-free zone is detectable at fetal week 15.5 (Fwk15.5), shortly after S opsin is expressed, and is similar to the adult by Fwk20.5. Adult monkey foveas have an overall S-cone foveal density of 10%, with several areas lacking a few S cones that are not coincident with the area of highest cone density. A surrounding zone at 200-microm eccentricity has an S-cone density averaging 25%, but, by 800 microm, this has decreased to 11%. Fetal day 77-135 monkeys all have a distribution and density of foveal S cones similar to adults, although the high-density ring is not obvious in fetal retinas. Estimates of the numbers of S cones missing in the fetal human fovea range from 234 to 328, whereas no more than 40 are missing in the fetal monkey. These results show that, in these two trichromatic primates, S-cone distribution and the developmental mechanisms determining S-cone topography are markedly different from the time that S cones are first detected.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Density variation in the humeral cortex of Macaca.

The purpose of this research was to describe patterns of density variation throughout the cortex of the humeral shaft in Macaca and to attempt to explain these variations in terms of the gross anatomy and mechanical function of the bone. One hundred ninety transverse sections were taken from five sites along the humeral diaphyses of 38 Macaca. The density at eight positions around each section was measured using radiographic and densitometric techniques. Analysis of variance indicated significant (p less than 0.02) differences among cross-sectional levels and positions within each level. No sexual dimorphism in density could be demonstrated, although sexual dimorphism in density has been reported for the femora of this same sample. This relationship between humerus and femur parallels that found in humans. Density increased distally in the humerus, probably due to major areas of muscle attachment. Comparison with similar data from the femur of Macaca indicated unexpected differences in density pattern which may underlie differences in the strength and mechanics of the upper and lower extremities.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2006

Phenotypic and cytolytic activity of Macaca nemestrina natural killer cells isolated from blood and expanded in vitro.

Natural killer (NK) cells from nonhuman primates have not been completely characterized, and methods for expanding nonhuman primates NK cells in vitro have been described only in rhesus species. The purpose of this report was to characterize NK cells in pigtail macaques (Macaca nemestrina), a species that is frequently used in studies of transplantation biology/immunology, virology, vaccine development, and reproductive biology. NK cells from Macaca nemestrina peripheral blood were best defined by the expression of CD16 and CD8alpha, and the absence of CD3. Subsets of these cells express CD56, NKp30, and NKp46. An enhanced ability to kill K562 cells was not present in fluorescence activated cell sorted (FACS)-purified CD16-/CD3+ and CD16-/CD56+ cells isolated from fresh peripheral blood. However, FACS-purified CD16+/CD3- and CD16+/CD56- cells were highly efficient killers of K562 cells. Macaca nemestrina NK cells can be expanded by in vitro culturing of FACS-purified CD16+/CD2-/CD3-/CD56- cells, or from peripheral blood cells depleted of cells expressing CD3, CD4, and HLA-DR. Cells in these cultures expand 70-fold after 21 days of culturing. After culturing, these cells express high levels of natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs) NKp30 and NKp46. NK cell populations obtained from FACS-purified CD16+/CD3-, CD16+/CD56- cells and CD3/CD4/HLA-DR-depleted cells were highly efficient killers of K562 cells. These data suggest that a population of highly enriched cytolytic NK cells can be obtained from purified CD16+/CD3- and CD16+/CD56- cells obtained from peripheral blood, as well as from cells that have been cultured and expanded from peripheral blood that is depleted of CD3/CD4/HLA-DR-expressing cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Phylogenetic relationships of the macaques (Cercopithecidae: Macaca), as revealed by high resolution restriction site mapping of mitochondrial ribosomal genes.

Molecular phylogenetic relationships among all recognized species within the genus Macaca, were assessed using high-resolution restriction site mapping of the mitochondrial ribosomal genes. By outgroup comparisons to other members of the cercopithecine subfamily, the macaques appear to be a monophyletic assemblage. Within the genus, the relationships are in general consistent with previous genetic studies, though they are less concordant with the separation of the species into four distinct species groups based on modification of the genitalia. Our data support: (1) Macaca sylvanus as sister clade to all Asian macaques; (2) the silenus group as a monophyletic assemblage, with the Sulawesi macaques diverging and colonizing Sulawesi much earlier than previously thought; (3) the fascicularis group as a paraphyletic assemblage, including all non-silenus group Asian macaques; (4) the sinica group as a monophyletic assemblage, possibly derived from a fascicularis-like ancestor; and (5) Macaca arctoides as a separate lineage from the sinica group, also originating from a fascicularis-like ancestor. This study supports the notion that species with more specialized genitalia evolved from less derived taxa, and in general are in agreement with the dispersal scenarios proposed by Fooden (1980) and Delson (1980) for the macaques.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Fossil Macaca remains from RDB quarry (Villafranca d'Asti, Italy): new data and overview.

Mentioned in faunal lists since the late 1960s, Macaca remains from Villafranca d'Asti (early Villafranchian, Italy) were never described in detail. If some doubts were reported in the past about the related stratigraphic position, at present, partly thanks to the original acquisition labels, there is enough information to place these finds within the updated stratigraphic and biochronologic framework of the Villafranca d'Asti area. The reported sample consists of upper dentition and postcranial bones. By size and morphology all these remains are clearly Cercopithecinae, comparable with the extant Macaca sylvanus and mostly distinguishable from Mesopithecus, Dolichopithecus and Paradolichopithecus. The dental remains in particular give us the opportunity to discuss an inferred European size trend from smallest Pliocene macaques up to the larger living species M. sylvanus. Although Pliocene localities in western Europe have yielded so far only scanty Macaca finds, our data (even if preliminary) refute a major overall size difference between the extant Barbary macaque and the related fossil remains.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Study of Cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) MhcDRB (Mafa-DRB) polymorphism in two populations.

Cynomolgus monkey is one of the macaque species currently used as an animal model for experimental surgery and medicine, in particular, to experiment new drugs or therapy protocols designed for the prevention of allograft rejection. In this field, it is of utmost importance to select histoincompatible recipient-donor pairs. One way to ensure incompatibility between donor and recipient is to check their major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genotypes at the loci playing a determinant role in histocompatibility. We report in this paper on the cynomolgus monkey DRB polymorphism evidenced by sequencing of amplified exon 2 separated either by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), or by cloning. By the study of 253 unrelated animals from two populations (Mauritius and The Philippines), we characterized 50 exon 2 sequences among which 28 were identical to sequences already reported in Macaca fascicularis or other macaque species (Macaca mulatta, Macaca nemestrina). By cloning and sequencing DRB cDNA, we revealed two additional DRB alleles. Out of the 20 haplotypes that we defined here, only two were found in both populations. The functional impact of DR incompatibility was studied in vitro by mixed lymphocyte culture.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1990

Structure and function of the simian sinoatrial node (Macaca fascicularis).

In isolated preparations of the simian (Macaca fascicularis) heart, we studied the activation pattern within the sinoatrial node, using the conventional microelectrode technique. After electrophysiological experiments we subjected three preparations to a correlative light microscopical and two to an electron microscopical investigation. The sinoatrial node of the Macaca fascicularis is characterized by unifocal impulse generation. The impulse is propagated preferentially in an oblique direction towards the inferior vena cava, which is a unique direction compared to all other mammals studied so far. Possible consequences for A-V nodal input are discussed. Conduction block was seen in an oblique superior direction towards the atrial septum. In this small zone of blocked conduction double component action potentials could be recorded. The morphology of the sinoatrial node of the Macaca fascicularis is essentially the same as found in other mammals.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Electrocardiographic studies in the stumptail macaque (Macaca arctoides).

Our study has defined normal electrocardiographic standards for Macaca arctoides. It appears that certain species differences exist in the electrocardiogram (ECG) in monkeys and that different criteria for normality may be necessary. Thus, in apparently normal Macaca arctoides a high frequency of Q waves and ST segment elevations of the J point type are present compared to Macaca mulatta. It is suggested that normal ECG criteria be established for each species of monkeys to allow accurate interpretation.

Animals↗