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Following an attempted suicide by drowning in a vat of mineral oil, a previously fit man survived the usually fatal lipoid pneumonia resulting from total immersion after intensive support and prolonged steroid therapy with recovery of chest radiography and pulmonary function at one year.
Young chickens fed hexachlorobenzene (HCB) or pentachlorophenol (PCP) for 14 d at 10 ppm in the diet contained body burdens of 573 or 362 micrograms, respectively. These diets were withdrawn (d 0) and replaced for 21 d with diets containing 5% mineral oil (MO), or 5% colestipol (CO), a bile-acid-binding resin, or the chickens were restricted in feed intake to 50% of controls (50-RF), fed MO plus 50-RF, or CO plus 50-RF. Without any treatment during withdrawal, body burdens were reduced to 63% and 70% of the d 0 values for HCB and PCP, respectively. MO, CO, or 50-RF reduced body burdens of HCB to 37% of d 0 burdens, but the combination treatments with 50-RF reduced body burdens to 19% of d 0 values. PCP was at 35% of the d 0 burdens from 50-RF, while all other treatments had reduced body burdens to nondetectable amounts of less than 0.7 micrograms/bird by d 21 of withdrawal. Body fat was not reduced by mineral oil, but was reduced to some extent by CO, and was markedly reduced by 50-RF. 50-RF always reduced body burdens of PCP or HCB alone or in combination with MO or CO. These data are discussed in relationship to the nonbiliary excretion of xenobiotics.
Two methods were developed for evaluating natural attenuation and bioremediation of mineral oil after environmental spills and during in vitro experiments. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode was used to obtain compound-specific data. The chromatographic data were then preprocessed either by calculating the first derivative, retention time alignment and normalization or by peak identification, quantification and calculation of diagnostic ratios within homologue series of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs). Finally, principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to the preprocessed chromatograms or diagnostic ratios to study the fate of the oil. The methods were applied to data from an in vitro biodegradation experiment with a North Sea crude oil exposed to three mixtures of bacterial strains: R (alkane degraders and surfactant producers), U (PAC degraders) and M (mixture of R- and U-strains) over a 1-year-period with five sampling times. Assessment of variation in degradability within isomer groups of methylfluorenes (m/z 180), methylphenanthrenes (m/z 192) and methyldibenzothiophenes (m/z 198) was used to evaluate the effects of microbial degradation on the composition of the oil. The two evaluation methods gave comparable results. In the objective pattern matching approach, principal component 1 (PC1) described the general changes in the isomer abundances, whereas M samples were separated from U and R samples along PC2. Furthermore, in the diagnostic ratio approach, a third component (PC3) could be extracted; although minor, it separated R samples from U and M samples. These results demonstrated that the two methods were able to differentiate between the effects due to the different bacterial activities, and that bacterial strain mixtures affected the PAC isomer patterns in different ways in accordance with their different metabolic capabilities.
Transmissiveness of ultrasonic energy through large volumes of tap water, glycerin, and mineral oil was studied to determine whether there was a meaningful difference in the liquids' capability to allow energy transfer from the transducer to the receiver (patient). The experimental design was intended to simulate clinical conditions in which immersion techniques would be used. There were statistically significant differences (p > .01) in energy transfer among each of the liquids at each intensity and each distance. Significant differences (p > .05) in temperature changes occurred in each of the liquids and at each intensity.
An automation of the sample preparation and analysis of mineral oil contaminations in water was developed. The automated sample preparation was carried out according to ISO/DIS 9377-4 [1]. The standard is applicable to the determination of hydrocarbons in the boiling range of n-decane (n-C10) up to n-tetracontane (n-C40) by GC. Extraction of the sample and clean-up of the extract were performed by an autosampler with a movable head which is capable of carrying different syringes for gas and liquid handling. A GC/MS-system with a programmed temperature vaporizing (PTV) injector including the possibility of large volume injections (LVI) was employed for the analysis. The recovery of analytes was 101.8%, the repeatability 2.9% relative standard deviation (RSD). The linear range covered 0.3 to 40 mg/L oil but may be larger since no higher concentrations were measured. With an FID, being the detector of choice mentioned in the standard, it should be possible to achieve at least four orders of magnitude in the linear range. The limit of determination was found to be 0.3-0.4 mg/L, the limit of detection 0.1-0.2 mg/L [2]. Measurements of spiked deionized, bidistilled water and spiked water from a lake confirmed the accuracy of the analysis. Due to automation and miniaturization of the analysis it is possible to economize time and chemicals without loss of precision and accuracy.
In June, 1989, an outbreak of nosocomial listeriosis occurred in Costa Rica. Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from 9 ill infants 4 to 8 days old who were born after the delivery of an infant with early onset listeriosis. One nosocomial infection was fatal, 2 required mechanical ventilation and 1 resulted in hemiparesis. A higher proportion of cases than other infants born during the outbreak were delivered by cesarean section (55% vs. 24%, P = 0.04). Compared with the mothers of 36 random controls, case mothers were more often primiparous (odds ratio, 6.2, P = 0.03) or received general anesthesia before delivery (odds ratio, 4.4, P = 0.09). All infants were bathed with mineral oil from a multidose container. Culture of the oil by cold enrichment grew L. monocytogenes 4b with the same electrophoretic enzyme type as the outbreak strain. We hypothesize that aspiration of contaminated oil may have resulted in systemic listeriosis. General anesthesia may have increased the risk of aspiration. Lung tissue from the infant who died showed lipid-laden macrophages consistent with oil aspiration and had evidence of L. monocytogenes DNA detected by polymerase chain reaction. This is the first nosocomial outbreak of listeriosis in which a common source suggested epidemiologically was microbiologically confirmed. The high attack rate (greater than 200 times the United States rate of perinatal listeriosis) emphasizes the susceptibility of healthy neonates to L. monocytogenes. The results of our study led to the discontinuation of the use of mineral oil for bathing neonates in Costa Rica.
The effects of mineral oil, vegetable oil, and sodium sulfate on the intestinal absorption of a highly lipid soluble pesticide, DDT, were compared in the rat. Intestinal absorption was evaluated by measuring recovery of DDT and metabolites in feces and the concentration of DDT in adipose tissue following oral administration of DDT and each agent. Vegetable oil was shown to significantly increase absorption of DDT when compared to all other treatments.
Experimental multiple epicutaneous exposure of guinea pigs to furfural and D-11 mineral oil distillate and their combinations in various concentrations has resulted in structural changes of the skin and viscera. These changes were dose-dependent. Combined exposure to both agents resulted in more grave disorders than isolated exposures in the same doses.
Effectiveness of plant oils from corn, olive, rape, soya and sunflower, oils recommended for plant protection (Dedal 90 EC, Olejan 80 EC) and mineral oils (Atpolan 80 EC, Ikar 95 EC, Olemix 84 EC and Promanal 60 EC) in the control of pelargonium rust (Puccinia pelargonii-zonalis) was studied. Oils were applied curatively as a plant spray at concentration 1%, 4 times at 7-day-intervals. After 4-week experiment more than 11 uredia per leaf were noted on control plants. At the same time, on plants protected with oils from olive or soya, Ikar 95 EC or Olemix 84 EC uredia number decreased at least 50%. The other oils were not effective in a suppression of uredia formation. On control plants no uredia were destroyed as compared to 11 to 71% destruction on plants protected with the tested oils. Oils from olive, soya and also Atpolan 80 EC, Ikar 95 EC, Olemix 84 EC caused drying off more than 50% uredia. Furthermore, some oils inhibited germination of urediospores on PDA medium (potato dextrose agar). Fourteen days after the last spraying more than 83% of germinating urediospores were found on control leaves. At the same time spores collected from protected plants germinated in 17 to 70%. Among tested products oils from rape, corn, sunflower and Dedal 90 EC, Ikar 95 EC, Olemix 84 EC were the most effective. In the next part of experiment, plants with visible sporulation of P. pelargonii-zonalis were sprayed with 1% oils. After 1 and 7 days of incubation, total number of spores and number of germinating spores were counted. One day after treatment, urediospores collected from leaf blades protected with oils germinated in 20 - 60%. Oils from olive, corn, Atpolan 80 EC and Ikar 95 EC caused inhibition of spore germination at least in 40%. Whereas urediospores from nontreated plants germinated in 86%. After 7 days, urediospores collected from untreated plants germinated in 65% whereas from plants sprayed with tested oils in 23 - 68%. Oils from olive, sunflower and Dedal 90 EC, Atpolan 80 EC were the most effective in suppressing urediospores germination.
Domestic fowl were found to be hypersensitive to a second injection of highly purified mineral oil if they had been primed 3 weeks previously with oil in the presence of mycobacteria. This response did not appear to be related to impurities originally present in the oil or introduced into it during sterilization, and did not follow priming with mycobacteria in vegetable oil or in saline. The reaction at the challenge site was prolonged and developed a characteristic histology identical to that found at the priming site. It is postualted that the hypersensitivity seen has an immunological basis and that birds are able to respond to antigenic determinants formed by long chain aliphatic hydrocarbons.
Dogs, rats, mice, and gerbils were exposed for 6 hours per day, 5 days per week, for periods up to 2 years, to an atmosphere containing a complex mineral oil-base mist at concentrations of 5 and 100 mg/M3. The mass median diameter of the oil droplets was approximately that found in textile plants ( approximately 1.0 mu). In addition, these test atmospheres contained 1000 ppm acetone,an acetate fiber solvent, in order to simulate fiber plant conditions. Evidence of oil mist was detectable within lung macrophages of all species tested and at both concentrations. Only at the higher concentration (100 mg/M3),, in dogs and rats, but not in mice and gerbils, was a retention of oil of such a magnitude so as to result in the development of oil microgranulomas. Rats given a 10-month recovery period following 12 months of exposure did not completely recover from the oil microgranuloma. These results indicate that the presence of typical textile fiber adjuvants in mineral oil and the concurrent presence of 1000 ppm acetone in the atmosphere do not significantly alter the inhalation toxicity of pure white mineral oil mist.
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Some bacteria and fungi selected from brown soil contaminated with petroleum were taken as test microbes. Degradation of mineral oil, by different combinations of microbes and the correlation between the degradation rate and microbial growth were studied. The bacteria and fungi were inoculated to a liquid substrate spiked with 1000 milligrams diesel-oil per liter. The temperature of rocking-bed was controlled at 25 to 30 centigrade and the experiment continued for 100 days. From 0 to 60 hours it was sampled continuously to monitor the dynamic of microbial growth, and sampled termly from 5 to 100 days to study the growth of microbes and the dynamic of degradation rate. At the same time, the suspension of 0 to 20 centimeters of topsoil of the meadow umber was taken as soil microbial control, and the culture without microbes as blank control. Results showed that degradation effect of the introduced microbes were superior to that of the indigenous microbes in short term (about 20 days), while the advantage of indigenous microbes got stronger and stronger, and the predominance maintained until the experiment was stopped. At the end of the experiment the degradation rate in the treatment of indigenous microbes reached 79.24%, which was above the results of other 3 treatments, and the difference was significant.
Two-year dietary studies were conducted to determine the chronic toxicity and its reversibility, and the carcinogenicity of P70(H) and P100(H) white mineral oils in Fischer-344 rats (F-344). The studies were identical in design and followed the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Guidelines for Testing Chemicals, Guideline 453, 1981. Additional endpoints evaluated were: (1) extent of mineral hydrocarbon deposition in liver, kidneys, mesenteric lymph nodes, and spleen of female rats at 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months, and (2) reversibility of effects following cessation of exposure. Dietary concentration were 60, 120, 240, and 1,200 mg/kg/day, adjusted periodically to account for bodyweight changes. Study results were consistent with preceding subchronic studies. No treatment-related mortality, neoplastic lesions, or changes in clinical health, hematology, serum chemistry, or urine chemistry were evident in any group administered either white oil. Statistically significant higher food consumption was noted in the 1,200 mg/kg group males and females exposed to either white oil and statistically significant higher body weights were noted in the 1,200-mg/kg males during the latter portion of the P100(H) study. Higher mesenteric lymph node weights were accompanied by increased severity of infiltrating histiocytes. This occurred to a greater extent with the P70(H) than the P100(H) oil. No other histopathology of significance was observed. Mineral hydrocarbons were detected in the liver following exposure to either oil. Maximal concentrations of mineral hydrocarbons in the liver were similar with both oils but occurred more rapidly with the P70(H) oil. Liver mineral hydrocarbon content returned to near-background levels during the reversibility phase. In conclusion, lifetime exposer of F344 rats to P70(H) and P100(H) white oils resulted in only minimal findings and with no consequence to clinical health. Thus, under the conditions of these studies, the No Observable Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for these studies was considered to be 1,200 mg/kg/day.
Four children developed lipoid pneumonia following ingestion of mineral oil for the treatment of partial small bowel obstruction by Ascaris lumbricoides whorl. CT of the chest showed negative Hounsfield numbers which may prove useful in diagnosis.
This paper presents a study by means of a modern neurotological technique for investigating the action and the site of action of an antivertiginous drug. The sensory motor tests are able to discriminate the sites of the lesions in the equilibrium regulating system, i.e., peripheral vestibular system, lower brainstem regulating system, upper brainstem nystagmus generating system and supratentorial system. Acoustic brainstem evoked potentials add information. A sample of 40 vertigo and nausea patients was treated by a combined drug, containing cocculus D4 210 mg, conium D3 30 mg, ambra D6 30 mg, mineral oil D8 30 mg (Vertigo-heel). The patients received 3 tablets 3 times per day during 14 days. An initial investigation was performed just before starting the treatment. A second directly followed the therapy. By subjective self-rating 57.5% of the patients reported on an improvement after the intake of Vertigoheel. Statistical evaluations showed that the different vertigo and nausea symptoms as well as the trigger mechanisms of vertigo and nausea (i.e. getting up, turning the head or gazing aside), highly significantly improved due to the therapy. The objective sensory motor tests showed a highly significant improvement in the monaural caloric butterfly chart as well as in the vestibulospinal head and body sway. The site of the action of Vertigoheel is in the brainstem and the Medulla oblongata, especially the middle longitudinal fascicle (MLF). The localisation in this area can be stressed by the investigation with acoustically brainstem evoked potentials (ABEP).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Jute fibers are treated with about 5-7% of a high boiling mineral oil fraction ("batching oil") to render them flexible for making fabrics. Foods transported in jute bags are contaminated by this batching oil. A method involving automated on-line LC-GC is described for determining these hydrocarbons in various foods. Complete transfer of the LC fraction to GC is presupposed for obtaining the required sensitivity. Results are given for nuts, coffee, cocoa products, and rice. Contamination ranged between about 5 and 500 ppm.