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[reaction: see text] A tetrahydrobis(benzofuran) mescaline analogue has been prepared in six steps and 38% overall yield from (4'-O-methyl)methyl gallate. The key step in this synthesis is a tandem cyclization reaction via directed C[bond]H activation followed by olefin insertion.
The death of an individual under the influence of mescaline is presented. Concentrations of the drug were 9.7, 70.8, and 1163 micrograms/mL or micrograms/g in blood, liver, and urine respectively.
Transections of the brain of rabbit reveal that electroencephalographic arousal produced by injections of adrenaline takes place at the midbrain level, while mescaline and 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine induce such arousal lower in the brainstem, at the medullary level.
Malformations of the brain, spinal cord, liver, and other viscera; body edema; and localized hemorrhages were found in fetal hamsters from mothers injected subcutaneously with a single dose of mescaline, lysergic acid diethylamide, or 2-bromo-D lysergic acid diethylamide on the 8th day of pregnancy. In addition, all three drugs produced an increase in the percentages of small fetuses per litter, of resorptions, and of fetal mortality.
In order to clarify whether or not trimetoquinol (TMQ) and isoproterenol (ISO) interact with the same receptor, the pA2 values of propranolol (PR) and certain trimethoxybenzene derivatives were measured, using isolated guinea pig tracheal chains. Each of PR, mescaline (MES) and its derivatives gave almost the same pA2 values for TMQ and ISO. Introduction of an alkyl group into the N atom of MES increased the affinity to the receptor in the order of methyl and isopropyl as well as the structureactivity relationship of catecholamines, while that of hydroxyl group in the beta-position of the side chain decreased pA2 values. The slopes of the regression lines for anti-TMQ action of MES derivatives as well as PR were almost one, but those for their anti-ISO action were less than 0.3. 3,4,5-Trimethoxyaniline and 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid had little activity as beta-blocking agents. These results suggest the possibility that TMQ and ISO would interact with the same receptor sites. The importance of the trimethoxybenzene and the phenethylamine moieties in the MES-derivatives for anti-TMQ action is discussed.
The effect of zotepine, a new neuroleptic, on head-twitch induced by L-5-hydroxytryptophan (L-5HTP), mescaline and 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM) in mice and rats was compared with that of known neuroleptics and the serotonin receptor blocker cyproheptadine. Among the neuroleptics tested, zotepine and haloperidol produced potent inhibitory effects on head-twitch induced by these three drugs. The results indicate that zotepine has a potent anti-hallucinogenic effect.
Contractions of sheep umbilical vasculature induced by 5-hydroxytryptamine, mescaline and d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) were antagonized by 1-methyl-1, 2, 5, 6-tetrahydropyridine-N, N-diethyl-carboxamide (THPC) 5 X 10(-4)M. THPC did not block contractile responses to angiotensin. The data are interpreted to support our previous suggestions that certain chemical entities representing portions of the LSD molecule may be effectively studied as antagonists to the hallucinogens. The present data indicate that THPC is a weak 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor antagonist.
The ability of morphine, hydromorphone, methadone, mescaline, trypan blue, vitamin A, sodium salicylate and caffeine to alter the circulating serum level of interferon was investigated in mice. Sodium salicylate, and caffeine increased the serum level of interferon; however, the interferon increase produced by sodium salicylate was dose-dependent, i.e. low doses increased interferon titers, high doses decreased the titers. All other compounds decreased the circulating level of interferon. These results suggest that compounds of varied structure and biological activity, and possessing teratogenic potential, are capable of depressing the circulating level of interferon. Some of these "anti-interferon" compounds, i.e. morphine, hydromorphone, methadone, depressed interferon levels at all doses whereas sodium salicylate decreased the interferon level only at relatively high dose levels.
The all-or-nothing spikes elicited by antidromic, afferent, or direct electrical stimulation of a cortical area treated with mescaline or strychnine were studied. These potentials are most probably originated in nonsynaptic dentritic membranes and their changes in amplitude and latency can be an index of the excitability of these structures. Several factors are considered as sources of error when measurements of such parameters are made to follow their changes in different experimental conditions. When these sources of error can be eliminated, the frequency, amplitude and latency of those spikes can be taken as an index of the variations in cortical excitability under some physiological conditions. Another use of these giant potentials can be for the study of humoral and pharmacological agents.
Attempt is made to correlate the hallucinogenic activity of a series of mescaline analogs with Kier's molecular connectivity index (chi). In order to find a simpler and more meaningful correlation, a little modification is suggested to the first-order valence connectivity index (1 chi upsilon). The modification is found to reveal utterly simple but significant correlations between activity and 1 chi upsilon, which could describe the structural influence on the activity more vividly.
Tactile startle responding by male Sprague-Dawley rats given 60 presentations of air-puff stimuli (37.5 psi) was measured after the intraperitoneal administration of graded doses of hallucinogens and other psychoactive drugs. Among the drugs tested were the indoleamine-derived compounds, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), N,N-dimethyltryptamine and psilocin, and the phenylethylamine-derived compounds, mescaline, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine and a series of active and inactive congeners of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine. All of the active phenylethylamines increased startle response magnitudes throughout the test session. This pattern of augmented startle suggests that these drugs increase reactivity. However, none of the indoleamine hallucinogens increased startle responding. Of the nonhallucinogenic drugs tested, only apomorphine increased startle responding, while clonidine significantly decreased it, and amphetamine, chlorimipramine, scopolamine and methysergide had no effect. In additional studies with LSD, it was found that LSD increased the response to only the first stimulus when more intense air-puffs were used (50 psi). Furthermore, when the number of stimuli was increased from 60 to 240 (1 hr) so that appreciable habituation was evident in controls, LSD impaired this habituation. Whereas the response magnitudes of the control group decreased by 70% across the session, the responses of LSD-treated rats decreased by only 32%. These results suggest that LSD and phenylethylamine-derived hallucinogens may differ in their effects on tactile startle responding.
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