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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Hemispheric asymmetry and deception detection.

Previous research has indicated a possible right hemisphere advantage in deception detection including a possible left ear advantage in decoding deceptive statements. In this study, 32 undergraduate students listened to 112 true and false statements presented unilaterally to both the left and right ears. The participants responded using their left or right hand, indicating whether the statements they heard were true or false. It was found that there was a significant (p < .004) advantage for the left ear in detecting whether a statement was true or false. These findings replicate and extend previous research indicating a left ear/right hemisphere advantage in deception detection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Binocular field in pigeons: behavioral measures of stimulus detection and coding.

The extension of the binocular visual field of pigeons is measured using a pecking behavioral method. Our estimate of the binocular field derived at the animal near point of accommodation indicates a 50 degrees width on the horizontal axis and more than 50 degrees on the vertical axis. Within the binocular field there is a core of about 24 degrees, named coding area, in which the stimulus is detected and coded by only one head fixation before accomplishing the pecking response, in both binocular and monocular viewing conditions. Outside the coding area, lies the detection area, in which the stimulus can be detected, but it needs a second head fixation to be coded in all viewing conditions. Our results are in agreement with the hypothesis that the coding area corresponds to the red field projection of each retina. In binocular vision an overlap of the two areas occurs, thus promoting the image fusion useful for a stereoscopic vision during the pecking to the seed.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Biological monitoring and biochemical effect monitoring of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous carcinogenic substances to which man is exposed in the environment and at certain workplaces. Estimation of the resulting health risk is therefore of great occupational-medical and environmental-medical importance. Determination of the DNA and protein adducts of PAHs is the most suitable way of estimating this risk. The analytical methods used thus far, above all, 32P postlabeling, immunoassays, and synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy, are, however, too nonspecific; therefore, the results lack accuracy and are not comparable with one another. Only the use of very specific methods of instrumental analysis [above all, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (GC/MS)] can counteract this deficit. However, these methods can successfully be used mainly to determine the protein adducts of PAHs. Hemoglobin adducts, for example, do not have repair mechanisms like DNA adducts. They therefore occur in higher concentrations and can thus be analytically detected more easily. At present, mainly the monohydroxylated metabolites of PAHs are being determined in urine with great success. Using specific enrichment methods and HPLC with fluorescence detection it is even possible today to determine the internal PAH exposure of the general population. The detection limits lie in the lower nanogram-per-liter range. In view of the importance of this group of substances, determination of PAH adducts and the detection of their metabolites in urine will remain at the center of future occupational-medical and environmental-medical/toxicological research. In general, the lack of reference substances must be lamented.

Benzo(a)pyrene↗
PubMed1997

Effects of item repetitions and variations on the efficiency of the guilty knowledge test.

Two mock-crime experiments were designed to examine the effects of question repetition and variation on the efficiency of the guilty knowledge test. In the first experiment, two factors (single vs. multiple questions, and high vs. low motivation) were manipulated and in the second experiment, which was an analog study conducted in a police laboratory using field equipment, only the first factor was examined. Similar detection efficiencies were obtained in both experiments when a single question was repeated 12 times, and when each of four different questions was repeated 3 times. The results also showed that accumulating information across repetitions and across physiological measures tended to increase detection efficiency and reduce false positive errors. The results of Experiment 1 suggest that motivation to avoid detection may be associated with better detection efficiency.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Deception and detection in psychiatric diagnosis.

Deception is ubiquitous in all communication and relationships. It can be conscious, unconscious, or both. It is present in all psychiatric diagnoses as alterations of history, symptom fabrication, symptom enhancement or minimization, and noncompliance with treatment recommendations. We are born better deceivers than we are detectors and untrained intuition may result in very unreliable discrimination. In order to improve our ability to distinguish fact from fiction, the diagnostician must attend to clues in the patient's history and physical and mental status examinations. Laboratory examination, psychological testing, and polygraphy also can be useful adjuncts in detection; however, the first step is always suspicion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Estimation of analytical values from sub-detection limit measurements for water quality parameters.

A method is described for estimating analytical values for water quality parameters from sub-detection limit measurements. The method, which is referred to as the error approximation (EA) procedure, relies on quality control analytical procedures and on the assumption that the bulk of the analytical error associated with measurements at or near the detection limit exists within k = -3 to +3 standard deviations for normally (or approximately normally) distributed errors. The EA procedure also assumes that the analytical errors are equally distributed on each side of half the detection limit and that the sub-detection limit value lies between zero and the detection limit.

Indicators and Reagents↗
PubMed2005

Faking bad and faking good by college students on the Korean MMPI-2.

Recent studies that have investigated the utility of MMPI-2 (Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989) validity scales have shown the promising efficacy of these scales in detecting faking-good and faking-bad responses. However, existing research is confined to North America, and work in other cultures is still lacking. The purpose of this study lies in exploring the efficacy of MMPI-2 validity scales in South Korea. The F, Fb, F - K, and F(p) scales of the Korean MMPI-2 (Han, 1993) were able successfully to classify faking-bad participants. The L, K, and S scales of the Korean MMPI-2 were able successfully to classify faking-good participants. Overall, the results of this study suggest that the Korean MMPI-2 works well in discriminating dishonest responses, thus confirming the applicability of the MMPI-2 validity scales in a Korean context.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Some elementary distinctions among, and comments concerning, the 'control' question 'test' (CQT) polygrapher's many problems: a reply to Honts, Kircher and Raskin.

Although the title of Honts et al.'s paper suggests that it will be a reply to the specific, logico-ethical problem of the CQT polygraph (the Polygrapher's Dilemma), the text deals only tangentially with this logico-ethical problem, and engages, instead, in a diffuse discussion of related, but different, ethical, methodological, and empirical problems of the CQT polygraph. This paper seeks to restore some clarity to the discussion by reminding us of certain basic distinctions among logico-ethical, ethical, methodological, and empirical problems. In the light of these distinctions, the relevant literature, and the essential characteristics of the CQT (which continue to be obscured by the use of systematically misleading terminology), I stand by my claim that, on the ethico-logical grounds (i.e. the CQT Polygrapher's Dilemma formulated in my 1993 paper [1]), as well as ethical, methodological, and evidential grounds (which have been detailed elsewhere), the CQT should be abandoned as a serious method of detecting deception, no matter how useful it may be to practitioners as an interrogatory prop.

Ethics, Professional↗
PubMed2000

Using response time measures to assess "guilty knowledge".

How can a suspect's guilt or innocence be reliably tested? The validity of the polygraph, which measures changes in physiological arousal during a "guilty knowledge" test, is controversial (e.g., T. R. Bashore & P. E. Rapp, 1993; T. P. Cross & L. Saxe, 1992; D. T. Lykken, 1998; J. P. Rosenfeld, 1995; R. Steinbrook, 1992). One alternative to the polygraph examines event-related potentials recorded during a memory interference task (L. A. Farwell & E. Donchin, 1991). The present study extended this paradigm to determine whether response times (RTs) can accurately identify participants possessing specific guilty knowledge. Results from Experiment 1 showed that RT alone can reliably discriminate "guilty" from "innocent" participants. Experiments 2a and 2b indicated that an RT-based paradigm is more resistant to strategic manipulation than previously suggested (Farwell & Donchin, 1991). This RT-based paradigm may be a viable alternative to the polygraph for detecting guilty knowledge.

Adult↗