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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Reconstitution of licensed replication origins on Xenopus sperm nuclei using purified proteins.

BACKGROUND: In order to ensure precise chromosome duplication, eukaryotes "license" their replication origins during late mitosis and early G1 by assembling complexes of Mcm2-7 onto them. Mcm2-7 are essential for DNA replication, but are displaced from origins as they initiate, thus ensuring that no origin fires more than once in a single cell cycle. RESULTS: Here we show that a combination of purified nucleoplasmin, the origin recognition complex (ORC), Cdc6, RLF-B/Cdt1 and Mcm2-7 can promote functional origin licensing and the assembly of Mcm2-7 onto Xenopus sperm nuclei. The reconstituted reaction is inhibited by geminin, a specific RLF-B/Cdt1 inhibitor. Interestingly, the purified ORC used in the reconstitution had apparently lost the Orc6 subunit, suggesting that Orc6 is not essential for replication licensing. We use the reconstituted system to make a preliminary analysis of the different events occurring during origin assembly, and examine their nucleotide requirements. We show that the loading of Xenopus ORC onto chromatin is strongly stimulated by both ADP, ATP and ATP-gamma-S whilst the loading of Cdc6 and Cdt1 is stimulated only by ATP or ATP-gamma-S. CONCLUSIONS: Nucleoplasmin, ORC, Cdc6, RLF-B/Cdt1 and Mcm2-7 are the only proteins required for functional licensing and the loading of Mcm2-7 onto chromatin. The requirement for nucleoplasmin probably only reflects a requirement to decondense sperm chromatin before ORC can bind to it. Use of this reconstituted system should allow a full biochemical analysis of origin licensing and Mcm2-7 loading.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

DNA replication licensing in somatic and germ cells.

The DNA replication (or origin) licensing system ensures precise duplication of the genome in each cell cycle and is a powerful regulator of cell proliferation in metazoa. Studies in yeast, Drosophila melanogaster and Xenopus laevis have characterised the molecular machinery that constitutes the licensing system, but it remains to be determined how this important evolutionary conserved pathway is regulated in Homo sapiens. We have investigated regulation of the origin licensing factors Cdc6, Cdt1, Mcm2 and Geminin in human somatic and germ cells. Cdc6 and Cdt1 play an essential role in DNA replication initiation by loading the Mcm2-7 complex, which is required for unwinding the DNA helix, onto chromosomal origins. Geminin is a repressor of origin licensing that blocks Mcm2-7 loading onto origins. Our studies demonstrate that Cdc6, Cdt1 and Mcm2 play a central role in coordinating growth during the proliferation-differentiation switch in somatic self-renewing systems and that Cdc6 expression is rate-limiting for acquisition of replication competence in primary oocytes. In striking contrast, we show that proliferation control during male gametogenesis is not linked to Cdc6 or Mcm2, but appears to be coordinated by the negative regulator Geminin with Cdt1 becoming rate-limiting in late prophase. Our data demonstrate a striking sexual dimorphism in the mechanisms repressing origin licensing and preventing untimely DNA synthesis during meiosis I, implicating a pivotal role for Geminin in maintaining integrity of the male germline genome.

Alternative Splicing↗
PubMed2002

Mammalian nuclei become licensed for DNA replication during late telophase.

Mcm 2-7 are essential replication proteins that bind to chromatin in mammalian nuclei during late telophase. Here, we have investigated the relationship between Mcm binding, licensing of chromatin for replication, and specification of the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) replication origin. Approximately 20% of total Mcm3 protein was bound to chromatin in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells during telophase, while an additional 25% bound gradually and cumulatively throughout G1-phase. To investigate the functional significance of this binding, nuclei prepared from CHO cells synchronized at various times after metaphase were introduced into Xenopus egg extracts, which were either immunodepleted of Mcm proteins or supplemented with geminin, an inhibitor of the Mcm-loading protein Cdt1. Within 1 hour after metaphase, coincident with completion of nuclear envelope formation, CHO nuclei were fully competent to replicate in both of these licensing-defective extracts. However, sites of initiation of replication in each of these extracts were found to be dispersed throughout the DHFR locus within nuclei isolated between 1 to 5 hours after metaphase, but became focused to the DHFR origin within nuclei isolated after 5 hours post-metaphase. Importantly, introduction of permeabilized post-ODP, but not pre-ODP, CHO nuclei into licensing-deficient Xenopus egg extracts resulted in the preservation of a significant degree of DHFR origin specificity, implying that the previously documented lack of specific origin selection in permeabilized nuclei is at least partially due to the licensing of new initiation sites by proteins in the Xenopus egg extracts. We conclude that the functional association of Mcm proteins with chromatin (i.e. replication licensing) in CHO cells takes place during telophase, several hours prior to the specification of replication origins at the DHFR locus.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Quality of care in licensed and unlicensed home care agencies: a California case study.

This descriptive study examines quality of care issues among licensed and unlicensed home care agencies in California. Data were collected from interviews with 56 key informants in state and federal agencies, representatives of provider associations, consumer groups, professional associations, licensed and unlicensed home care providers, referral agencies, and legislators. Primary and secondary data from state and federal sources were collected and analyzed. Many problems were found in the quality of services delivered by both licensed and unlicensed agencies. Most respondents were concerned about the potentially serious quality of care problems for consumers who received care from unlicensed agencies. However, the large number of providers and the diversity in provider types offering home care services make it difficult to monitor the quality of care being delivered in the home. The findings indicate that there are similar problems in the quality of services provided by licensed and unlicensed agencies. Licensure does not assure that the quality of services will be adequate. The development of stronger, more uniform standards for licensed and unlicensed agencies in California may provide greater safeguards against the potential for abuse.

California↗
PubMed2000

State Medicaid home health licensing and certification.

This study collected and analyzed data on the number of licensed and certified home health care agencies and licensed home care/personal care agencies in the US. The study also examined the state laws and regulations pertaining to Medicaid home health agency requirements. There were 14,045 licensed home health agencies and 801 other licensed home care or personal care agencies in the US, but only 59 percent of these agencies were certified in 1998. The percent of certified agencies ranged from 22 percent in Maryland to 100 percent in ten states that only allowed certified agencies to provide home care. There was a wide range in the number of agencies in states with the average being 6.1 agencies per 100,000 population. The 41 states with state licensing of home health agencies had a wide range of policies but most were more lenient than the federal Medicare certification requirements.

Certification↗
PubMed2004

Changes in alcohol involvement, cognitions and drinking and driving behavior for youth after they obtain a driver's license.

OBJECTIVE: This study tested whether obtaining a driver's license was associated with increases in alcohol and other drug involvement and changes in alcohol-related cognitions for youth, and whether drinking and driving behavior increased with driving experience. METHOD: Confidential, anonymous surveys were conducted at two time points (fall, spring) with students at four high schools in San Diego county (N = 2,865, 51% female). Data were collected on alcohol, cigarette and marijuana use, license status, alcohol use by peers, attitudes towards drinking and driving and drinking and driving behaviors. RESULTS: Nondrivers (60%), new drivers (obtained a license between Time 1 and Time 2) and experienced drivers (26%) were compared on study variables at both time points and over time. Initially obtaining a driver's license was associated with increased frequency of substance use. Results were not significant for quantity of alcohol use, frequency of heavy drinking or perceived alcohol use norms. Attitudes towards drinking and driving reflected an increase in the perceived dangerousness of this behavior for new drivers. Drinking and driving behavior during the last 30 days increased with increased driving experience. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate a number of changes in substance involvement after obtaining a driver's license. However, initially this transition may also indicate a period of protection against drinking and driving. These results may have implications for the target and content of drinking and driving interventions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Effects of ignition interlock license restrictions on drivers with multiple alcohol offenses: a randomized trial in Maryland.

OBJECTIVES: This investigation sought to test the effectiveness of a statewide ignition interlock license restriction program for drivers with multiple alcohol-related traffic offenses. METHODS: A total of 1387 multiple offenders eligible for license reinstatement were randomly assigned to participate in an ignition interlock program (experimental group) or in the conventional postlicensing treatment program (control group). The arrest rates of these 2 groups for alcohol traffic offenses were compared for 1 year during the ignition interlock license restriction program and for 1 year after unrestricted driving privileges were returned. RESULTS: Participation in the interlock program reduced offenders' risk of committing an alcohol traffic violation within the first year by about 65%. The alcohol traffic violation rate during the first year was significantly less for participants in the interlock program (2.4%) than for those in the control group (6.7%). However, there was no statistically significant difference between these groups in the second year, after the interlock license restriction was lifted. CONCLUSIONS: Ignition interlock license restriction programs are effective at reducing recidivism among drivers with multiple alcohol offenses, at least while the restriction is in effect.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Epidemiology of insulin-using commercial motor vehicle drivers. Major variability of state licensing requirements in the U.S.

OBJECTIVE: Licensing agencies in many areas, including the U.S., prohibit insulin-using individuals from driving CMVs or large trucks. This study examined the debate over the risks of licensing insulin-using individuals to drive CMVs as an occupation, and the variations in regulations of different states. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: As part of an ongoing review of the regulations governing interstate commerce in the U.S., we surveyed all 50 states and Washington, D.C. to determine the regulations concerning intrastate driving. We received responses from 48 states and D.C., representing 95% of the U.S. population. RESULTS: Only 9 states reported preventing insulin users from acquiring a CMV license, whereas 39 states and D.C. permitted licensing within state boundaries. Of the states allowing insulin users to drive, 26 placed special requirements on CMV licensing. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that, despite a standardized U.S. federal law for driving across states, enormous variability exists in the policies for driving within states, ranging from no restrictions to a complete ban on CMV driving for insulin users.

Automobile Driving↗
PubMed2004

DNA replication licensing.

The DNA replication licensing system ensures that chromosomal DNA is replicated precisely once before cell division occurs. A DNA helicase must be loaded on origin DNA for replication to initiate. Considerable evidence suggests that the MCM complex acts as a replicative helicase in eukaryotes. When the MCM complex is loaded on the chromatin, the replication origin is formally defined as being licensed for replication. Licensing takes place several hours before origins are activated to undergo replication in S-phase. Genetic and biochemical studies show that the licensing process is well conserved in eukaryotes. Cyclin Dependent Kinases (CDKs), the master regulators of the cell cycle, coordinate the initiation of the two key cell cycle events, replication of DNA and its segregation at mitosis. Eukaryotes have developed complex regulatory mechanisms to ensure that origin licensing is coordinated with these events so that genome integrity is preserved during successive cell divisions.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Xenopus cdc7 function is dependent on licensing but not on XORC, XCdc6, or CDK activity and is required for XCdc45 loading.

The assembly and disassembly of protein complexes at replication origins play a crucial role in the regulation of chromosomal DNA replication. The sequential binding of the origin recognition complex (ORC), Cdc6, and the minichromosome maintenance (MCM/P1) proteins produces a licensed replication origin. Before the initiation of replication can occur, each licensed origin must be acted upon by S phase-inducing CDKs and the Cdc7 protein kinase. In the present report we describe the role of Xenopus Cdc7 (XCdc7) in DNA replication using cell-free extracts of Xenopus eggs. We show that XCdc7 binds to chromatin during G(1) and S phase. XCdc7 associates with chromatin only once origins have been licensed, but this association does not require the continued presence of XORC or XCdc6 once they have fulfilled their essential role in licensing. Moreover, XCdc7 is required for the subsequent CDK-dependent loading of XCdc45 but is not required for the destabilization of origins that occurs once licensing is complete. Finally, we show that CDK activity is not necessary for XCdc7 to associate with chromatin, induce MCM/P1 phosphorylation, or perform its essential replicative function. From these results we suggest a simple model for the assembly of functional initiation complexes in the Xenopus system.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Environmental tobacco smoke: views from the Dunedin hospitality industry on prohibition of smoking in licensed premises.

AIMS: To describe Dunedin hospitality industry perceptions of difficulties in enforcement of a prohibition on smoking in licensed premises, and possible effects on staff, customers and business. To identify any need for education to assist transition and reduce compliance difficulties with smoke-free legislation. METHODS: A reply paid questionnaire was mailed to all 311 licensed premises registered with the Dunedin District Licensing Agency, operational in May 1999. RESULTS: overall response rate (67%) differed significantly by type of premises (bar, club, restaurant and off-licence). Overall, a smoking ban was considered likely to be difficult to enforce (82%), upset customers (74%), reduce business (59%) and negatively effect employees (51%). On each issue, there was a consistent pattern of increasing concern from off-licenses (least concern) through restaurants, to clubs and bars (most concern). CONCLUSIONS: Considerable concern exists in the hospitality industry about the effects of extending smoke-free status to licensed premises. To assist transition and future compliance, there is a need to address these concerns and provide reliable information to calm unnecessary fears and develop appreciation of the need for change.

Attitude↗
PubMed2002

A 3-D transformation to improve the legibility of license plate numbers.

In this paper, a novel three-dimensional transformation method for vehicle license plate number recognition is proposed. This method provides an efficient solution to normalize skew distorted vehicle license plate images. The Hough transform is used to estimate the license plate position and the normalization angle. After the three-dimensional transformation and normalization processes, the vehicle license plate numbers are recognized easily. Real vehicle license plate images are used to show the capability of the proposed method. The provided method is also useful for other skewed writings, such as the text printed on a suspect's shirt.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Difficulties associated with the development and licensing of vaccines for protection against bio-warfare and bio-terrorism.

Today there is an increasing need to license vaccines for the protection of individuals against bio-warfare and bio-terrorism. While the need is apparent, the actual road to developing, producing and licensing such vaccines successfully is as yet undefined. Bio-defence vaccine candidates may come from several sources. They may come from vaccines that were previously licensed but are no longer in production, vaccines that are currently in an IND status, vaccines currently licensed in foreign countries, and newer vaccines currently under development. The issues that apply to the development and licensing of these vaccines can be defined by currently accepted standards for manufacture, and the requirement to demonstrate safety and efficacy to a level that gives the scientific and medical community, regulatory agencies, users and the public at large confidence. Requirements for manufacturing and demonstration of safety will be consistent with vaccines being developed for traditional purposes. However, demonstration of efficacy will be more difficult. Because field trials for these vaccines are generally not feasible and the conduct of human challenge studies is generally considered unethical, the demonstration of efficacy will need to be based on existing efficacy data, a thorough understanding of both the disease's pathogenesis and mechanism of protection, the ability to identify surrogate markers for efficacy, and the use of the proposed FDA "animal rule".

Biological Warfare↗
PubMed2002

[A history of medical license in Korea].

Medical license is to qualify a person for medical practice and to attribute him/her a privileged right in the practice. This privileged and exclusive right asks for protection from the side of a state and the state in turn needs qualified medical personnel in order to carry out her task of public health, one of the main duties of modern states. In Europe, physicians succeeded in obtaining medical license that guarantees the privileged right in a highly competitive medical market against other practitioners. The first regulation for medical license in Korea was made in 1900 when few Korean doctors trained in Western medicine was in practice. The regulation aimed at controlling traditional medical practitioners who had been practicing medicine without any qualification as a physician. The regulation was very brief, consisting of only seven articles. A newly revised regulation appeared in 1913 when Korea was under the occupation of Japan. The Japanese Government-General enacted a series of regulations about medical personnel, including dentists and traditional medical practitioners. This heralds its full-scale engagement in medical affairs in Korea. Unlike the case of European countries where medical license was obtained after a long struggle with other practitioners, in Korea, medical license was given to doctors too easily from the state. And this experience played a very important role in the formation of identity of Korean doctors.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed1992

Licensing veterinary biologics in the United States.

The authority for the regulation of veterinary biologics in the United States is provided in the Virus-Serum-Toxin Act, enacted in 1913 and amended in 1985. The Act authorizes the Secretary of Agriculture to prescribe regulations governing the preparation and marketing of veterinary biologics shipped into, within, or from the United States. The veterinary biologics program carries out the mandate to ensure that all veterinary biological products under the U.S. jurisdiction are pure, safe, potent, and efficacious. The program is based on licensing, inspection, and testing. Establishment licensing defines the production facilities, manufacturing practices, and the responsible person. Product licensing defines the product, the method of production, and testing requirements; it also assures product purity, safety, potency, and efficacy. Biologics production is based on the Master Seed concept, in which a master parental stock is the source of all seed materials for production. The final product may not be more than five serial passages removed from the Master Seed. Host animal immunogenicity is demonstrated by statistically valid host animal vaccination and challenge studies using the minimum level of antigen at the highest level of passage. Potency tests are correlated to host animal immunogenicity and are conducted on each serial of product prior to release for marketing to assure efficacy. Conditional licensing procedures that assure purity, safety and a reasonable expectation of efficacy are used to provide products for emergency conditions, limited markets, local situations, or other special circumstances. Licensing for further manufacturing permits two or more licensees to work together in the production of a product.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Regulatory considerations for emergency use of non-USDA licensed vaccines in the United States.

The Virus-Serum-Toxin Act of 1913 (21 US Code 151-159) provides the legal basis for the regulation of veterinary biologicals in the United States; the United States Department of Agriculture's Center for Veterinary Biologicals (CVB) has the regulatory authority for the issue of licences and permits for such products. The law was intended to establish standards and control the importation of products into the United States and the distribution of products interstate assuring the purity, safety, potency, and efficacy of veterinary biological products. Administrative regulations and standards appear in the Title 9, Code of Federal Regulations, Parts 101-118, with additional programme guidance found in CVB Notices, Veterinary Services Memoranda, General Licensing Considerations, and other guidance documents. Pre-licensing data evaluation procedures are designed to assess the purity, safety, potency, and effectiveness of each product and support all product label claims. To fulfil these criteria, data from all phases of product development are evaluated against these key elements. Under the standard licensing process, this spectrum of evaluation includes complete characterization and identification of seed material and ingredients, laboratory and host animal safety and efficacy studies, stability studies, and post-licensing monitoring of field performance. This comprehensive evaluation may not be possible during the emergence of a new animal disease. While there are no specific regulations addressing the licensing standards of products for an emerging animal disease, there are mechanisms that allow for the availability of products in an emergency animal health situation. These mechanisms include autogenous biologicals, conditional licences, experimental and emergency use authorizations, and the importation of products in use elsewhere in the world. Pre-approved vaccine banks provide an additional mechanism.

Animal Diseases↗
PubMed2001

Working with licensed cosmetologists to promote health: results from the North Carolina BEAUTY and Health Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND: Beauty salons are located in all communities and represent a promising channel for delivering health promotion programs. No previous salon-based health promotion program has assessed the needs, interests, and preferences of licensed cosmetologists about sharing health information with their clients. METHODS: Licensed cosmetologists in one town completed a mailed survey assessing (1) health topics typically discussed with clients, (2) interest in delivering messages about beauty and health, and (3) preferred methods for learning about and sharing health information with their clients. RESULTS: The average cosmetologist sees 47 clients per week and spends 30-60 min per appointment. Eighty-two percent report that they are interested in talking about health with their clients. Most cosmetologists already discuss a wide range of health topics with their clients and are most comfortable discussing healthy eating (65.3%), physical activity (63.3%), and dieting (63.3%). Cosmetologists preferred reading pamphlets (55.1%) and watching educational videos (46.9%) to learn about beauty and health. Distributing pamphlets (69.4%), talking with clients (61.2%), and placing posters/mirror stickers in the salons (59.2%) were the methods cosmetologists most preferred for sharing health information with their clients. CONCLUSIONS: Licensed cosmetologists are in a unique position to serve as "natural helpers" by delivering health messages to their clients and reinforcing those messages over time. Partnerships with licensed cosmetologists should be developed to deliver salon-based health promotion programs.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Requirement of replication licensing for the dyad symmetry element-dependent replication of the Epstein-Barr virus oriP minichromosome.

Latent Epstein-Barr virus genome is maintained in cells by the viral oriP-binding factor EBNA1 and cellular replication factors. EBNA1 binds to the dyad symmetry (DS) element in oriP and initiates DNA replication once in a single S phase, but the mechanism by which this DS-dependent replication is initiated is unknown. Replication licensing of cellular chromatins occurs during early G1 phase. Because licensing is essential for the next round of replication in S phase, it facilitates once-in-a-cell-cycle replication of the cellular genome. Using the transient replication assay with HeLa/EB1 cell, we demonstrate that the oriP plasmid required a cell cycle window including early G1 phase for replication in the next S phase. The plasmid containing only the DS element had a similar requirement of early G1 phase for replication. Analysis using sucrose density gradient centrifugation revealed that the oriP minichromosome existed in two distinct states: one formed at late G1 and the other formed at G2/M. These results suggest that the DS-dependent DNA replication from oriP requires the replication licensing, implying a possible involvement of the cellular licensing factor MCM in the DNA replication from oriP.

Cell Cycle↗