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PubMed1963

ATHLETIC INJURIES.

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Abdominal Injuries↗
PubMed1999

Alpine ski bindings and injuries. Current findings.

In spite of the fact that the overall incidence of alpine ski injuries has decreased during the last 25 years, the incidence of serious knee sprains usually involving the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) has risen dramatically since the late 1970s. This trend runs counter to a dramatic reduction in lower leg injuries that began in the early 1970s and to date has lowered the risk of injury below the knee by almost 90%. One of the primary design objectives of modern ski boots and bindings has been to protect the skier from tibia and ankle fractures. So, in that sense, they have done an excellent job. However, despite advances in equipment design, modern ski bindings have not protected the knee from serious ligament trauma. At the present time, we are unaware of any binding design, settings or function that can protect both the knee and lower extremities from serious ligament sprains. No innovative change in binding design appears to be on the horizon that has the potential to reduce the risk of these severe knee injuries. Indeed, only 1 study has demonstrated a means to help reduce this risk of serious knee sprains, and this study involved education of skiers, not ski equipment. Despite the inability of bindings to reduce the risk of severe knee injuries there can be no doubt that improvement in ski bindings has been the most important factor in the marked reduction in incidence of lower leg and ankle injuries during the last 25 years. The authors strongly endorse the application of present International Standards Organisation (ISO) and American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards concerning mounting, setting and maintaining modern 'state of the art' bindings.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMed1977

[Sports accidents of tennis players (author's transl)].

An analysis of 144 sports accidents of 275 tennis players in Switzerland (203 men, 72 women) showed fractures of bones in 5,5% open wounds in 14,5%, torsions in 33% and other injuries in 47%. The head was injured in 9,5 and the legs in 76%, the arms in 11,5% and the trunk in 11,5%. Two fifth of all leg injuries were on the left side, three fifth on the right side. The arms were hurt in 98% on the right and only in 2% on the left side. Causes of accidents were in 21% slipping on wet ground, in 17% related to the rackets, in 33% a too speedy start with damage to muscles and tendons, in 14% stepping on tennisballs lying on the ground. A tennis sport accident required an average of 35,8 days of treatment by a medical doctor and an average of 0,7 days of clinical treatment. Already 33% of the men and 26% of the women suffered from the so called "tennis-elbow".

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Management of vascular injuries to the leg.

Our experience with 69 vascular injuries in 56 patients led us to modify the management of vascular injuries to the leg. We believe that prompt and complete angiography whenever the general condition of the patient allows it, early fasciotomy when indicated before vascular repair, thrombectomy of the injured artery and vein and local instillation of heparinized saline solution, vascular repair before orthopedic stabilization of fractures in selected cases, external fixation of the fracture when there is significant soft tissue injury, and early skin grafting resulted in an improved level of care with a low morbidity and no mortality in our series.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Leg and foot injuries in racquet sports.

Injuries to the lower extremity are common in racquet sports. The acute injuries usually respond well to treatment. Chronic injuries may require more patience and sometimes a change of playing habits on the part of the player. Some chronic injuries will respond well to operative intervention but most will do well with conservative care.

Achilles Tendon↗
PubMed1995

Lower leg and foot injuries in tennis and other racquet sports.

Injuries to the lower extremity are common in racquet sports. These can be either acute or chronic. Although acute injuries usually respond to treatment, chronic injuries are often less amenable to treatment. The occurrence of both kinds of injuries, however, can often be prevented by proper training techniques including stretching and strengthening exercises. These exercises are also important components of a proper rehabilitation program.

Achilles Tendon↗
PubMed1976

Repair of skin and soft tissue loss of the lower leg with cross-leg flaps.

Forty patients with severe leg injuries associated with skin or soft tissue loss were treated. Cross-leg flaps were used. The flaps healed well. Special attention was paid to the pre- and postoperative periods of disability of the patients. The former were very long (37.7 months) compared to the latter (10.5 months) which ceased when the patient became fit for work.

Child↗
PubMed2000

Injury trends of passenger car drivers in frontal crashes in the USA.

Injuries trends of passenger car drivers in head-on collisions are identified based on crash data extracted from the National Automotive Sampling System. Annual injury incidence levels are estimated for years 1990-2007. Over that period, the number of crashes is predicted to rise by 71%. However, the number of serious injuries to drivers is expected to rise by only 41% and driver fatalities are anticipated to decrease by 9%. Meantime, the types of injuries suffered by drivers are changing. Year-to-year shifts in injury patterns result from changes in vehicle size classes within the US vehicle fleet population and increases in seat belt use and air bag availability. The effectiveness of air bags in saving lives is estimated to be 30%, and with more air bag-equipped cars on the road, the probability of sustaining a life-threatening head or a torso injury is reduced. Air bags, however, are not as effective in preventing upper and lower extremity injuries, and thus arm and leg injuries will become more prevalent in years to come.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1987

The relationship of injuries of the leg, foot, and ankle to proximal thigh strength in athletes.

Rehabilitation programs designed to restore leg, ankle, and foot function following injury frequently ignore the proximal muscles. During athletics, these knee, hip, and trunk muscles derive much of their functional power from the foot and ankle. They also serve to integrate distal segment motions into a total movement pattern such as jumping, running, or kicking. The linkage system, which is a theoretical concept, describes the normal biomechanical and physiological interactions between proximal and distal musculoskeletal structures. Immobilization or injury of distal segments interrupts the normal generation, summation, and transmission of muscular forces across joints. Adequate measures must be taken to properly assess proximal structures for weakness and tightness and to prescribe specific exercises to prevent the migration of the effects of injury away from the involved segment.

Ankle Injuries↗
PubMed1992

Leg length inequality. Implications for running injury prevention.

Leg length inequality is a relatively common musculoskeletal malalignment related to structural, postural and environmental factors. The inequality is a plausible aetiological factor in the development of a variety of overuse injuries because it alters the magnitude and distribution of mechanical stress within the body. Leg length inequality has been linked with lower extremity stress fractures, low back pain, hip pain and vertebral disk problems of runners. The appropriateness of using inshoe lifts to reduce or eliminate the inequality has not been rigorously evaluated. Further research is needed to quantify the biomechanical effects of leg length inequality as it interacts with other factors related to running injury.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMed2006

Musculoskeletal injury in the masters runners.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if injury patterns and risk factors for injury differ between masters and younger runners. DESIGN: Retrospective survey. SETTING: Hood to Coast running relay, Oregon, USA. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 2886 runners consented to participate and completed the survey. Ninety-four (2712/2886) percent completed the survey electronically and 6% (174/2886) manually. Master runners (>or=40 years) made up 34% of the population. INTERVENTION: The survey was distributed to all participants in the largest running relay in North America. Runners reported on training patterns, injury location, and diagnosis over the previous year. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Descriptive statistics and chi analysis were used to detect differences in injury rate and location between masters and younger runners. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify risk factors for injury for each group. RESULTS: The injury rate for the entire population was 46%. Significantly more masters runners were injured than younger runners (P<0.05). More masters runners suffered multiple injuries than younger runners (P<0.001). Significantly more masters runners were male, had 7 or more years of running experience, run more than 30 miles/wk, 6 or more times/week and wear orthotics than younger runners (P<0.001). The knee and foot were the most common locations of injury for both groups. The prevalence of soft-tissue-type injuries to the calf, achilles, and hamstrings was greater in masters runners than their younger counterparts (P<0.001). Younger runners suffered more knee and leg injuries than masters runners (P<0.005). Running more times/wk increased the risk of injury for both groups. CONCLUSIONS: There were subtle differences in injury rate and location between masters runners and younger runners, which may reflect differences in training intensity.

Adult↗