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PubMedDate not supplied

Apolipoproteins (apoproteins) and LPL variation in Mennonite populations of Kansas and Nebraska.

Apoproteins (also known as apolipoproteins) have been studied extensively because of their role in lipid transport, association between specific genotypes and elevated serum lipid levels, and increased risk of heart disease. There is considerable genetic variation in the geographic distributions of these markers, with a north-south cline of the APOE*4 allele observed in Europe by Lucotte et al. ([1997] Hum Biol 69:253-262). This study compares the frequencies of seven APO (APOA1 -75 bp, APOA1 +83 bp, APOB Ins/Del, APOB XbaI, APOC3 SstI, and APOE) and LPL loci in Mennonite populations from Kansas and Nebraska. In total, 277 individuals were sampled from Goessel, Meridian, Garden View, and Lone Tree in 2002-2004. In addition, DNA samples that were collected in 1981 from Henderson, Nebraska, were genotyped for the seven APO and LPL loci. Of the seven APO and LPL loci tested, only one locus, APOB XbaI, departed significantly from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, with an unexpected excess of observed heterozygotes. The frequencies of the several APO loci are unique among the Mennonites, separating them from other European populations. A bidimensional scaling representation of Reynold's co-ancestry distances based on allelic frequencies of the seven APO and LPL markers in five Mennonite congregations fails to represent schematically the known patterns of fission. It is unclear whether the observed patterns are due to selection operating on these loci or whether genetic drift, small populations sizes, or a lack of statistical power of these biallelic loci distort the observed genetic relationship among congregations.

Apolipoproteins↗
PubMed1984

Family resemblance for neuromuscular performance in a Kansas Mennonite community.

Familial phenotypic resemblance for six quantitative neuromuscular performance traits is analyzed by path analysis using data from the Mennonite community of Goessel, Kansas. Of the six traits only one, dominant hand strength, shows no evidence of parent-offspring transmission (t2 = 0.001) and only one, trunk flexibility, shows evidence of a high degree of transmissibility (t2 = 0.662). The four remaining traits display low to moderate levels of transmissibility (t2 = 0.073 to t2 = 0.245). A substantial residual sibling resemblance due to shared environmental effects is seen for all six traits. It is suggested that the high heritabilities found for many of these traits by other methods result from the inability of these methods to account for the shared nongenetic effects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Fecal occult blood test use by Kansas medicare beneficiaries.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to examine utilization of and trends in fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) among beneficiaries since Medicare began FOBT coverage on January 1, 1998. METHODS: We identified Kansas Medicare beneficiaries ages 65-79. Using Medicare claims, we determined which beneficiaries received FOBT during 1998-1999. We examined demographic variables associated with FOBT and rate changes over time. We linked beneficiaries to primary care practices (PCPs) and examined FOBT variations among 483 PCPs. RESULTS: FOBT use remained unchanged during the study period. Of the 215,322 beneficiaries, 11% received at least one FOBT in 1998 and 11% in 1999; 18% had at least one test during the 2-year period, but only 4% had a test during both years. Caucasians and females had the highest FOBT rates. Although FOBT rates among PCPs ranged from 0 to 71%, only 19% of the practice rates exceeded 10%. CONCLUSIONS: Few beneficiaries obtain annual FOBT and little change in rates has occurred since Medicare reimbursement began. Although FOBT rates vary widely between PCPs, most either do not provide FOBT or do not bill Medicare for FOBT. The FOBT claims rate is much lower than reported in patient surveys and may indicate that Medicare should reexamine its reimbursement policy.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

An assessment of water quality, physical habitat, and biological integrity of an urban stream in Wichita, Kansas, prior to restoration improvements (phase I).

Urban development alters the natural hydrological conditions of many streams and rivers often resulting in the degradation of water quality, physical habitat, and biotic integrity of lotic systems. Restoration projects attempt to improve and maintain the ecological integrity of urban streams; however, few projects have quantified improvements to stream ecology following implementation of restoration measures. This paper summarizes pre-restoration data collected as part of an urban stream restoration project on Gypsum Creek in Wichita, Kansas. Water quality monitoring revealed eutrophic conditions in the stream and the presence of pesticides. Channelization has led to changes in physical habitat including bank erosion, sedimentation, loss of substrate and channel diversity, elimination of in-stream aquatic habitat, removal of riparian vegetation, and decreased base flows. Benthic macroinvertebrate communities appear degraded with more than 90% of individuals collected described as tolerant to anthropogenic stressors. Fish communities were assessed with an Index of Biotic Integrity and were rated as poor to fair, with trophic structure dominated by generalists, no sensitive species present, and one-third of the species collected considered non-native. Overall, the data collected strongly suggest that site-specific restoration measures need to be implemented in order to improve and maintain the ecological condition of Gypsum Creek. Recommendations for improvements have been made to city managers, with implementation beginning in spring 2003 (dependent upon funding availability).

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Zinc and lead poisoning in wild birds in the tri-state mining district (Oklahoma, Kansas, and Missouri).

The Tri-State Mining District (Oklahoma, Kansas, and Missouri) is contaminated with Pb, Cd, and Zn from mining, milling and smelting. Metals have been dispersed heterogeneously throughout the District in the form of milled mine waste ("chat"), as flotation tailings and from smelters as aerial deposition or slag. This study was conducted to determine if the habitat has been contaminated to the extent that the assessment populations of wild birds are exposed to toxic concentrations of metals. American robins (Turdus migratorius), northern cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis), and waterfowl had increased Pb tissue concentrations (p < 0.05) compared with Pb tissue concentrations from reference birds, and the exposure of songbirds to Pb was comparable with that of birds observed at other sites severely contaminated with Pb. Mean activities of the Pb-sensitive enzyme delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) were decreased by >50% in red blood cells in these birds (p < 0.05). Several birds had tissue concentrations of Pb that have been associated with impaired biological functions and external signs of poisoning. Cadmium was increased in kidneys of songbirds (p < 0.05), but no proximal tubule cell necrosis associated with Cd poisoning was observed. Zinc concentrations in liver and kidney of waterfowl were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than reference values. The increased environmental concentrations of Zn associated with mining in the District accounted for the pancreatitis previously observed in five waterfowl from the District. The District is the first site at which free-flying wild birds have been found to be suffering severe effects of Zn poisoning.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Development of an index of biotic integrity for the Little Arkansas River Basin, Kansas.

An index of biotic integrity (IBI) was developed for the Little Arkansas River Basin (LARB) in south-central Kansas by establishing a reference condition for the watershed. Twelve metrics, in six categories, were chosen for use in the IBI. Fish assemblages from 30 sites were selected to represent the highest quality sites (reference sites) remaining in the LARB. In addition, 20 historical sites were used to show changes in the watershed over the last century. The modified IBI was then tested at 10 sites within the basin to assess the affects of urban and agricultural disturbances on fish community structure in the Wichita area. IBI scores were statistically lower for the urban versus the agricultural sites. Overall, IBI scores rated from poor to fair, supporting the contention that the fish communities within the LARB are impaired.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed2000

Assessment of water quality in Wichita, Kansas, using an index of biotic integrity and analysis of bed sediment and fish tissue for organochlorine insecticides.

This study investigated water quality of the Arkansas River and its tributaries in the Wichita, Kansas, area. Water quality assessment included an evaluation of urban versus agricultural areas using a twofold approach: (1) assessment of fish community health using an index of biotic integrity (IBI); and (2) analysis of organochlorine (OC) insecticides in fish tissue (Cyprinus carpio) and sediment samples via gas chromatography. Results of the IBI analysis indicated that the overall health of the fish community was poor. No significant difference existed among IBI scores at urban sites compared to agricultural sites; however, a pattern was noted with higher IBI scores at the agricultural sites. Total IBI scores and individual metrics were not statistically correlated to either normalized or non-normalized organochlorine concentrations in fish or sediment. Lindane, chlordane, 4,4'-DDT, and 4,4'-DDE were the most commonly detected OCs in sediment and fish tissue and often exceeded federal guidelines. Total OC concentrations and their detection frequency were significantly greater in urban than agricultural areas. In addition, a significant correlation was found among total OC concentrations in fish and sediment. This assessment concluded that overall water quality in the Wichita area was poor and that the urban area has significantly impacted water quality.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2005

Assessment of soil erodibility indices for conservation reserve program lands in southwestern Kansas using satellite imagery and GIS techniques.

The soil erodibility index (EI) of Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) lands, which was the major criterion for CRP enrollment, was assessed for six counties in southwestern Kansas using USGS seamless digital elevation model data and Geographical Informational System techniques. The proportion of land areas with EI values of 8 or lower was less than 1% of the entire study area and most of the land areas (72.5%) were concentrated on EI values between 8 and 24. Although land acreage with EI values of 24 or higher decreased dramatically, the proportion of CRP lands to the other land-use types did not change much from low to high EI levels. The soil EI and physical soil characteristics of the CRP lands were compared to those of other land-use types. In general, the mean EI values of the land-use types were strongly correlated with physical soil properties, including organic matter content, clay content, available water capacity, permeability, and texture. CRP lands were compared in detail with cropland in terms of their soil characteristics to infer the pivotal cause of the land transformation. Although there was no significant statistical difference in EI between cropland and CRP soils, soil texture, soil family, and permeability were statistically different between the two. Statistical analyses of these three variables showed that CRP soils had coarser texture and higher permeability on average than cropland soils, indicating that CRP lands in the study area are drier than cropland soils. Therefore, soil moisture characteristics, not necessarily soil erosion potential, might have been the key factor for CRP enrollment in the study area.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1987

Passive smoking and middle ear problems in Kansas public school children.

Survey data from parents of Kansas school children identified as having middle ear problems were compared to data obtained from parents of children who passed their school's hearing screening tests. The results of the investigation revealed that there were no differences between the two groups of children for the presence of smoking, the amount and type of smoking, and the number of smokers in the home. Exposure to cigarette smoke in the home apparently was not a risk factor for middle ear problems in children.

Child↗
PubMed1982

Resistance of the prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster) and the woodrat (Neotoma floridana), in Kansas, to venom of the osage copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix phaeogaster).

Prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster) serum has no anti-lysing or antibody activity against Osage copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix phaeogaster) venom. However, the serum has an anti-hemorrhagic component, which significantly reduces the size of hemorrhage produced by the minimal hemorrhagic dose of venom and which blocks the minimal hemorrhagic dose at a dilution of 1/8. Woodrat (Neotoma floridana) serum also has an antihemorrhagic component which blocks the minimal hemorrhagic dose at a dilution of 1/32. When compared to similar sized rodents previously tested in Texas, the anti-hemorrhagic activity in the serum of the Kansas rodents is similar. This suggests that venom resistance in prey items of venomous snakes may be more common than thought previously.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

The Kansas Family and Children's Trust Fund: funding prevention programs in the eighties.

The Kansas Family and Children's Trust Fund is an innovative approach to developing funding for community-based family violence prevention programs. Using a legislated trust fund which generates money from marriage license fees, the program has been developed based on three assumptions. First, funding at the federal level for programs to prevent family violence has probably reached its peak and has never been sufficiently secure as to allow for continuity in prevention programs from year to year. Second, there is a trend toward allowing local communities to assume a greater portion of the responsibility for developing social welfare programming. Third, in the long run more can be accomplished with a small amount of money given to a community-based organization which efficiently uses volunteer time than a larger amount of money given to an agency which has a large infrastructure to support. Information on the procedure utilized to enable passage of the Trust Fund legislation is included as well as a discussion of issues that arose in the legislation process. In addition, an explanation of the current funding procedures for accessing Trust Fund moneys is given along with examples of the types of programs that have received funding. Finally, examples are provided of similar approaches that have been used in other states as well as a call for additional innovative approaches to providing funding for child abuse prevention programs.

Child Abuse↗
PubMed2006

Survey of herbal use by Kansas and Wisconsin WIC participants reveals moderate, appropriate use and identifies herbal education needs.

OBJECTIVE: To examine herbal use by a sample of low-income, nutritionally vulnerable children. DESIGN: Caregivers completed a survey of child and caregiver herbal usage practices. SUBJECTS/SETTING: A convenience sample of 2,562 caregivers to children participating in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) in Kansas and Wisconsin who were attending a WIC clinic was selected. WIC project selection was random, with stratification for geographic and ethnic representation. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Herbal usage profiles were described with measures of central tendency. Groups were compared with a two-tailed independent t test and chi2 for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. RESULTS: Child herbal use was reported on 917 surveys, representing 1,363 children ranging in age from 1 week to 17.5 years; 820 were younger than age 5 years. Herb use was greater among Latino children (48.4% vs 31.4%) and caregivers (43.4% vs 37.2%). Caregivers had a mean age of 27.8+/-8.32 years and 38.8% (n=994) denoted using herbs. Herbs most commonly used by children were aloe vera, chamomile, garlic, peppermint, lavender, cranberry, ginger, echinacea, and lemon. Reasons for herbal use paralleled recommendations. Family (78.9%) and friends (32.9%) were predominant information sources. Herbs with safety issues, such as St John's wort, dong quai, and kava were used. Herbal use characteristics did not differ between states, but were unique for Latino clients. CONCLUSIONS: Herbal use by WIC children is mostly congruent with known indications; however, practices with potential to harm urge herbal education in WIC clinics, especially for Latinos.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Environmental and economic analysis of switchgrass production for water quality improvement in northeast Kansas.

The primary objectives of this research were to determine SWAT model predicted reductions in four water quality indicators (sediment yield, surface runoff, nitrate nitrogen (NO(3)-N) in surface runoff, and edge-of-field erosion) associated with producing switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) on cropland in the Delaware basin in northeast Kansas, and evaluate switchgrass break-even prices. The magnitude of potential switchgrass water quality payments based on using switchgrass as an alternative energy source was also estimated. SWAT model simulations showed that between 527,000 and 1.27 million metric tons (Mg) of switchgrass could be produced annually across the basin depending upon nitrogen (N) fertilizer application levels (0-224 kg N ha(-1)). The predicted reductions in sediment yield, surface runoff, NO(3)-N in surface runoff, and edge-of-field erosion as a result of switchgrass plantings were 99, 55, 34, and 98%, respectively. The average annual cost per hectare for switchgrass ranged from about 190 US dollars with no N applied to around 345 US dollars at 224 kg N ha(-1) applied. Edge-of-field break-even price per Mg ranged from around 41 US dollars with no N applied to slightly less than 25 US dollars at 224 kg N ha(-1) applied. A majority of the switchgrass produced had an edge-of-field break-even price of 30 Mg(-1) US dollars or less. Savings of at least 50% in each of the four water quality indicators could be attained for an edge-of-field break-even price of 22-27.49 US dollars Mg(-1).

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed2006

Occurrence of organic wastewater compounds in effluent-dominated streams in Northeastern Kansas.

Fifty-nine stream-water samples and 14 municipal wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) discharge samples in Johnson County, northeastern Kansas, were analyzed for 55 compounds collectively described as organic wastewater compounds (OWCs). Stream-water samples were collected upstream, in, and downstream from WWTF discharges in urban and rural areas during base-flow conditions. The effect of secondary treatment processes on OWC occurrence was evaluated by collecting eight samples from WWTF discharges using activated sludge and six from WWTFs samples using trickling filter treatment processes. Samples collected directly from WWTF discharges contained the largest concentrations of most OWCs in this study. Samples from trickling filter discharges had significantly larger concentrations of many OWCs (p-value<0.05) compared to samples collected from activated sludge discharges. OWC concentrations decreased significantly in samples from WWTF discharges compared to stream-water samples collected from sites greater than 2000 m downstream. Upstream from WWTF discharges, base-flow samples collected in streams draining predominantly urban watersheds had significantly larger concentrations of cumulative OWCs (p-value=0.03), caffeine (p-value=0.01), and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (p-value<0.01) than those collected downstream from more rural watersheds.

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMed1994

Kansas surgeons' attitudes toward immediate breast reconstruction: a statewide survey.

BACKGROUND: Immediate reconstruction following mastectomy provides patients the benefit of emerging from their operation with a reconstructed breast mound. METHODS: A survey was distributed to 197 Kansas surgeons to determine the frequency of breast reconstruction and to identify factors that may influence them to refer patients for immediate reconstruction. RESULTS: A response of 78.2% was obtained. Ten percent of mastectomy patients had breast reconstruction. Significant findings were that younger surgeons were more likely to discuss reconstruction with all patients and were more likely to preoperatively refer their patients to a plastic surgeon; surgeons in larger communities had more patients who had undergone immediate reconstruction; surgeons who discussed reconstruction with all patients had more patients who underwent immediate reconstruction; and frequency of immediate reconstruction increased along with increased time spent discussing reconstruction preoperatively. CONCLUSION: Our survey indicated that immediate breast reconstruction was rarely performed; however, when it was, a number of factors were correlated. These included the surgeon's age and practice location, attitude toward reconstruction, and time spent preoperatively with patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Physician participation in a Medicaid managed care program, the Kansas Primary Care Network.

This study was designed to identify the factors that enhance and impede physician participation in a Medicaid managed care program, the Kansas Primary Care Network (PCN). The data for the study were collected in the summer of 1993 through a mail survey of primary care physicians in the PCN service area. Logistic regression and cross tabular analytic techniques were employed for data analysis. The results indicate that physicians who are not receptive to capitation-based reimbursement practices, those who practice in the higher per capita income counties, those who do not compare the PCN reimbursement rates favorably with private insurance rates, and physicians who think that untimely payment and the requirement to document patient referrals for specialty treatment pose problems for them are less likely to participate in the PCN program. Further, the study shows that institutional physicians have larger Medicaid caseloads than solo practitioners, who have larger Medicaid caseloads than single-specialty and multi-specialty group practitioners. Since most of the variables that attain statistical significance in explaining physician participation in the PCN program have to do with money, the study reaffirms the two market theory of the United States' health care delivery system.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2003

Andrew Taylor Still and the birth of osteopathy (Baldwin, Kansas, USA, 1855).

Osteopathy has gained ground in recent years and has been seeking recognition in France. Physicians often lack the information needed to answer patients who have derived from the media, advertisements, and other patients what they believe is a clear idea of osteopathy and its twin sister chiropractic. My academic activities led me to the heart of the United States, to Kansas, where settlers and Indians once stood face to face and where wagon trains left daily for the Western territories. There, in Baldwin, Andrew Taylor Still "discovered" osteopathy. I conducted an in-depth study of the birth of osteopathy and of the ideological and cultural influences that shaped this doctrine. The circumstances that surrounded the development of osteopathy deserve to be widely known because they explain how contemporary osteopaths work. Indeed, although the terms are different, the ideology that underlies osteopathy seems unchanged. The history of osteopathy emphasizes the importance of logical thinking in medicine, of the principle of pathophysiological foundation, of diagnostic hypotheses, and of careful treatment selection complying with the rules of deontology and ethics. Osteopathy is without doubt a product of society and perhaps also of vogue. It cannot leave physicians indifferent.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed2001

System effects of the Kansas Mental Health Reform Act of 1991.

This paper analyzes the impact of the Kansas Mental Health Reform Act on client outcomes. The Act is of general interest because it reflects a trial of greater accountability without major changes in financial incentives. It made Community Mental Health Centers [CMHCs] gatekeepers that were accountable for services for adults with severe and persistent mental illnesses. The Act sought reductions in hospitalizations rates, expanded use of community support services, and increased independent living. The structure of the Act and Client Status Reports allow rigorous examination of these outcomes. The number of clients served increased significantly. Even though hospital days fell by 23%, there is no clear evidence that the Act itself reduced hospital days per client. The proportion of community support program clients residing independently rose significantly; the proportion participating meaningfully in the labor market fell. The goals of the Act were realized overall, but the performance of CMHCs varied considerably.

Activities of Daily Living↗