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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Predicting mechanical load of the glenohumeral joint, using net joint moments.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between net moments for the glenohumeral joint as calculated with a model that is easy to apply (Static Strength Prediction Program (SSPP)) and the internal forces, calculated with a simulation model of the human shoulder (Delft Shoulder Model, DSM). DESIGN: Static recordings of bony landmarks of the shoulder girdle during prescribed arm motions using a three-dimensional (3D) digitizer. BACKGROUND: The SSPP is a biomechanical model for the evaluation of workload. Concerning the shoulder the output of the model consists of net moments in the glenohumeral joint. For the glenohumeral joint the relationship between net joint moments and internal load predictions is unknown, therefore it is useful to investigate whether the SSPP can be used to predict mechanical load in the glenohumeral joint. METHODS: 3D co-ordinates of bony landmarks of the shoulder girdle are recorded, in variable arm positions, in four different planes. RESULTS: A strong linear relationship between compression forces and net moments is found, which makes it reasonable to assume a direct relationship between net moments and joint compression forces. CONCLUSIONS: (a) Net joint moments appeared to be a good indicator for mechanical load in the glenohumeral joint in static situations. (b) The SSPP can be used to predict these joint moments for static situations. RELEVANCE: biomechanical models predicting mechanical load can be used in work situations in order to prevent overload and injuries, as well as in many other areas, for instance to evaluate the mechanical load during wheelchair propulsion.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Temporomandibular joint meniscectomy--effects on joint structure and masticatory function in macaca fascicularis.

The postoperative effects of unilateral temporomandibular joint meniscectomy on joint structure and masticatory function were evaluated in four mature Macaca fascicularis and compared with one control. Mandibular movement during mastication was monitored objectively with an optoelectronic tracking system within four months and again within twelve months postmeniscectomy in each animal. Temporomandibular joint structure was documented radiographically and histologically. Results showed that degenerative joint disease was produced in the postsurgical joint, and that the morphological changes were location-dependent. Fibrous ankylosis was observed histologically in three animals. The contralateral joints were not affected morphologically, except for bony resorption of the articular eminence noted microscopically in one animal. Radiographically, however, the joint appeared normal. Variable alterations in masticatory patterns were observed following unilateral meniscectomy. While there appeared to be an association between temporomandibular joint structure and masticatory function, radiographic and microscopic observation of morphological alterations in the joint did not result in predictable functional limitations in chewing pattern.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Effects of traction, distension, and joint position on distraction of the hip joint: an experimental study in cadavers.

PURPOSE: To quantify the effects of traction alone and in combination with distension of air in different joint positions in order to find out the conditions for adequate distraction of the hip joint with minimal traction force. TYPE OF STUDY: Experimental cadaver study. METHODS: Eight cadaver hip joints were studied. The cadavers were placed supine on a fracture table and traction was applied in different joint positions for flexion and abduction with and without distension using air. For the measurement, the joint space between the acetabulum and femoral head was separated by 4 different lines characterizing the lateral margin of the acetabulum, the superior portions of the lunate cartilage, and the acetabular fossa. RESULTS: At all measurement lines, distraction of the hip was significantly better when traction and distension were combined. At traction forces from 250 to 300 N, traction plus distension resulted in a 1.59- to 2.25-fold increase of joint distraction compared to traction alone. The maximum effect of distension was achieved between 200 and 250 N. Up to traction forces of 250 N, the joint vacuum force counted for more than half of the total resistance. The effects of flexion and abduction on distraction of the hip were smaller. A trend for better distraction was found for 20 degrees of flexion and a significantly better distraction by avoiding abduction. CONCLUSIONS: High traction forces by breakage of the joint seal can be avoided by distension using air. The passive resistance of the soft tissues increases at higher traction forces. Slight flexion without abduction showed further increase of joint distraction. Reducing the amount of traction may possibly reduce the risk of soft tissue perineal and neurologic injuries.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Radiologic measurement of the scapholunate joint: implications of biologic variation in scapholunate joint morphology.

To determine the optimal location for measurement of the scapholunate (SL) joint intercortical width, normal biologic variation in SL joint morphology was evaluated in 40 normal, skeletally mature wrists (16 volunteers, 24 cadavers) using thin-section 1.5T magnetic resonance imaging performed in the axial and coronal planes. The integrity of the SL ligaments was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging and verified with anatomic dissection of the cadaver wrists. Patterns of SL articular morphology were qualitatively determined using similarity grouping. Scapholunate interval measurements were made at 3 locations each on the mid-SL joint image from both the axial and coronal planes: the articular margins (dorsal-palmar and proximal-distal) and midjoint. Three patterns of midjoint space cortical conformation were observed: parallel congruent (78%), inverted Y (15%), and point-like (8%). The most consistent and narrowest distance between the scaphoid and lunate was found at midjoint: coronal 1.45 mm (44% coefficient of variation) and axial 1.00 mm (22% coefficient of variation). This study demonstrated that measurement of the apparent SL joint interval in an inappropriate site, as with extended or flexed clenched fist views, may provide inaccurate SL joint interval distance assessments. Regardless of SL joint configuration, the midportion of the SL joint shows only moderate biologic variation and the least absolute measurement variance in width and should be the most precise part of the joint to measure. On magnetic resonance imaging, the normal SL joint interval measures less than 2 mm.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Differences in the concentration of various synovial fluid constituents between the distal interphalangeal joint, the metacarpophalangeal joint and the navicular bursa in normal horses.

As a prerequisite for the identification of navicular disease markers, the concentrations of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), total glycosaminoglycans (GAG), hyaluronan, metalloproteinases (MMP) 2 and 9 and total protein were measured in synovial fluid samples obtained from the distal interphalangeal joint (DIP), the metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) and the navicular bursa of 24 horses. Mean GAG, COMP and total protein levels were significantly higher in the DIP joint and in the navicular bursa compared to the MCP joint. Hyaluronan content was lower. MMP -2 activity was present in all fluids measured and had similar levels in different joints. MMP -9 was present in 42 per cent of MCP joint samples and 58 per cent of DIP joint samples and of navicular bursal samples. In relation to the constituents measured, the composition of navicular bursal fluid was similar to the articular synovial fluids, in particular that obtained from the DIP joint. Correlation between the constituents of DIP joint fluid and navicular bursal fluid obtained from the same legs was statistically significant for all the parameters measured.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Measurement of proximal interphalangeal joint circumference in rheumatoid arthritis: one joint or ten?

Serial measurements of proximal interphalangeal joint circumference using a single joint that was selected as being 'worst' on clinical grounds or the largest joint at baseline were compared with the mean of all 10 joints in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis receiving second-line drugs. Use of the worst joint gave comparable results to the mean of 10 joint measurements, while the largest joint showed earlier and greater improvement than occurred with the mean of 10 joint sizes. Measurement of a single joint saves time without loss of accuracy or sensitivity.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed2001

99Tc(m) nanocolloid scintigraphy: a reliable way to detect active joint disease in patients with peripheral joint pain.

We evaluated 99Tc(m) nanocolloid (NC) scintigraphy as a method for identifying patients with active joint disease in a group with peripheral joint pain of varying aetiology. Fifty-nine patients with peripheral joint pain were divided into two groups: those with clinical signs of active joint inflammation and those without objective signs. Thirty-four patients clinically diagnosed as having active joint disease had a total of 117 joints (95 large and 22 small) involved. 99Tc(m) NC identified 96 (79 large and 17 small) of these joints. Twenty-five patients were negative clinically. Twenty-two of these were scan negative. The other three had a total of 11 scan positive joints. The correlation coefficient between clinical and scan findings was 0.79. There was no significant difference shown between clinical evaluation and scintigraphy (z=-1.64, P = 0.1004). 99Tc(m) NC proved to be an effective method for identifying patients with active peripheral joint disease from among a group with arthralgia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

The role of sensory signals from the insect coxa-trochanteral joint in controlling motor activity of the femur-tibia joint.

Interjoint coordination in multi-jointed limbs is essential for the generation of functional locomotor patterns. Here we have focused on the role that sensory signals from the coxa-trochanteral (CT) joint play in patterning motoneuronal activity of the femur-tibia (FT) joint in the stick insect middle leg. This question is of interest because when the locomotor system is active, movement signals from the FT joint are known to contribute to patterning of activity of the central rhythm-generating networks governing the CT joint. We investigated the influence of femoral levation and depression on the activity of tibial motoneurons. When the locomotor system was active, levation of the femur often induced a decrease or inactivation of tibial extensor activity while flexor motoneurons were activated. Depression of the femur had no systematic influence on tibial motoneurons. Ablation experiments revealed that this interjoint influence was not mediated by signals from movement and/or position sensitive receptors at the CT joint, i.e., trochanteral hairplate, rhombal hairplate, or internal levator receptor organ. Instead the influence was initiated by sensory signals from a field of campaniform sensillae, situated on the proximal femur (fCS). Selective stimulation of these fCS produced barrages of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) in tibial extensor motoneurons and activated tibial flexor motoneurons. During pharmacologically activated rhythmic activity of the otherwise isolated mesothoracic ganglion (pilocarpine, 5 x 10(-4) M), deafferented except for the CT joint, levation of the femur as well had an inhibitory influence on tibial extensor motoneurons. However, the influence of femoral levation on the rhythm generated was rather labile and only sometimes a reset of the rhythm was induced. In none of the preparations could entrainment of rhythmicity by femoral movement be achieved, suggesting that sensory signals from the CT joint only weakly affect central rhythm-generating networks of the FT joint. Finally, we analyzed the role of sensory signals from the fCS during walking by recording motoneuronal activity in the single middle leg preparation with fCS intact and after their removal. These experiments showed that fCS activity plays an important role in generating tibial motoneuron activity during the stance phase of walking.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Gentamicin concentrations in synovial fluid and joint tissues during intravenous administration or continuous intra-articular infusion of the tarsocrural joint of clinically normal horses.

OBJECTIVE: To compare gentamicin concentrations achieved in synovial fluid and joint tissues during IV administration and continuous intra-articular (IA) infusion of the tarsocrural joint in horses. ANIMALS: 18 horses with clinically normal tarsocrural joints. PROCEDURE: Horses were assigned to 3 groups (6 horses/group) and administered gentamicin (6.6 mg/kg, IV, q 24 h for 4 days; group 1), a continuous IA infusion of gentamicin into the tarsocrural joint (50 mg/h for 73 hours; group 2), or both treatments (group 3). Serum, synovial fluid, and joint tissue samples were collected for measurement of gentamicin at various time points during and 73 hours after initiation of treatment. Gentamicin concentrations were compared by use of a Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA. RESULTS: At 73 hours, mean +/- SE gentamicin concentrations in synovial fluid, synovial membrane, joint capsule, subchondral bone, and collateral ligament of group 1 horses were 11.5 +/- 1.5 microg/mL, 21.1 +/- 3.0 microg/g, 17.1 +/- 1.4 microg/g, 9.8 +/- 2.0 microg/g, and 5.9 +/- 0.7 microg/g, respectively. Corresponding concentrations in group 2 horses were 458.7 +/- 130.3 microg/mL, 496.8 +/- 126.5 microg/g, 128.5 +/- 74.2 microg/g, 99.4 +/- 47.3 microg/g, and 13.5 +/- 7.6 microg/g, respectively. Gentamicin concentrations in synovial fluid, synovial membrane, and joint capsule of group 1 horses were significantly lower than concentrations in those samples for horses in groups 2 and 3. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Continuous IA infusion of gentamicin achieves higher drug concentrations in joint tissues of normal tarsocrural joints of horses, compared with concentrations after IV administration.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

99mTc-pertechnetate uptake measurement in the rabbit knee-joint. II. Kinetics of 99mTcO-4 in normal and arthritic rabbit knee-joints.

The kinetics of 99mTechnetium pertechnetate (99mTcO-4) in the rabbit knee-joint were studied by external counting of the radio-isotope after intravenous injection. We studied joints with antigen-induced arthritis in the acute and chronic phase of joint inflammation as well as non-inflamed joints. In both inflamed and non-inflamed joints, a rapid increase in radioactivity was followed by a plateau lasting for at least one hour. The time needed to reach 95% of the plateau count rate (tp) was significantly increased in inflamed as compared with non-inflamed knee-joints. Moreover, tp values were significantly higher in acutely than in chronically inflamed joints. No correlation was found between 99mTcO1 uptake and tp values. The study of kinetics of 99mTcO-4 in the rabbit knee-joint provides information additional to quantitation of inflammation by 99mTcO-1 uptake measurements, since kinetic data characterize the type of joint inflammation.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

On the detection of a blood-joint barrier for radiosulfate and [3H]glucosamine in single joints of aging rats.

A blood-joint barrier effect has been detected for two precursors of glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis (35SO4 and [3H]glucosamine) in single joints of adult Wistar rats by calculating the ratio between their blood plasma levels in the equilibrium range and their incorporation rates into joint tissues of knee joints (tibia and femur parts, patella) or femur and humerus heads. The barrier effect appears to be joint specific in the adult rat, because it was not found in joints of one month old rats and in tendon tissue. In 17 months old rats the barrier effect increased indicating a diminished supply of the joints with both precursors. Incorporation rates into the joint tissues, however, were higher than into the isolated glycosaminoglycans of aged rats indicating the barrier effect to be not the only cause for a diminished glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis in joint cartilage of aging rats.

Aging↗
PubMed1985

The correlation of temporomandibular joint sounds with joint morphology in fifty-five autopsy specimens.

Joint sounds from 55 fresh temporomandibular joint autopsy specimens were correlated with the macroscopic examination of joint morphology. Fifty-eight per cent of the joints were silent. Two thirds of these showed normal superior disc positions and remodeled articular surfaces, whereas one third exhibited anterior disc displacement. Twenty per cent of the joints elicited clicking and showed anterior disc displacement. Twenty-two per cent of the joints elicited crepitation and exhibited mostly arthrosis of the articular surfaces and perforation of the discs. Our results confirm previous statements that clicking and crepitation may be looked upon as signs of abnormal joint morphology, clicking indicating anterior disc displacement and crepitation usually indicating arthrosis. Absence of sound alone, however, should not be accepted as an indication of a normal joint.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Magnetic resonance imaging-based joint space measurements in temporomandibular joints with disk displacements and in controls.

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have discussed a posterior displacement of the condyle as a possible risk factor for the development of disk displacements (DDs) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). The objective of this study was to compare the posterior and anterior joint spaces in healthy TMJs with those of patients who present different forms of DDs. STUDY DESIGN: The anterior and posterior joint spaces from 58 patients with unilateral or bilateral DD with reduction (DDR) or without reduction (DDNR) and from 30 healthy volunteers were measured with 3 sagittal magnetic resonance images (MRIs) from each TMJ in the maximum intercuspid position. RESULTS: Measurements of anterior and posterior joint spaces showed a good interexaminer reproducibility (rank correlation coefficients ranging from 0.88 to 0.95). Patients with bilateral DDR demonstrated a significantly more posterior position of the condyle, as compared with controls and patients with bilateral DDNR. DDNR presented a significant reduction of the anterior and the posterior joint spaces, leading to a mean concentric position of the condyle. Patients with unilateral DDR or DDNR demonstrated a greater variability of anterior and posterior joint spaces, compared with patients with a bilaterally identical type of DD. CONCLUSIONS: The data of this MRI-based clinical study indicate that different stages of disk displacements are associated with significant changes of condylar position. The variation of anterior and posterior joint spaces was influenced by the diagnosis of the contralateral joint.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

The relationship between temporomandibular joint mobility and peripheral joint mobility reconsidered.

The purpose of this paper was to study the relationship between temporomandibular joint (TMJ) mobility and mobility of joints and to study the general character of joint mobility in 83 subjects, 55 females and 28 males (mean age 26.7, range 13-46 years). The subjects were recruited from the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of the University Hospital of Groningen. All participants had a good general health and did not present anamnestically, clinically or radiographically TMJ disorders. Of these subjects, angular displacement of the mandible relative to the cranium during maximal mouth opening (AMO) was measured. Furthermore, the maximal range of motion of passive digit five hyperextension, passive thumb apposition to the wrist, active elbow and knee hyperextension, active ankle dorsal flexion and trunk flexion were measured. All measurements were performed bilaterally, except trunk flexion. Calculation of product moment correlations (Pearson) revealed a weak relationship between AMO and mobility of right digit five and elbows for the total group and between AMO and mobility of both digits five and elbows for women. The correlations were never stronger than 0.4. Multiple regression revealed that only 25.9% of the total variance of AMO could be explained by mobility of peripheral joints, age and sex. Calculation of product moment correlations between mobility of peripheral joints, trunk flexion and age revealed weak correlations between the different joints, with the exception of paired joints. Principal component analysis revealed a weak general character of joint mobility.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Treatment of joint pain and joint noises associated with a recent TMJ internal derangement: a comparison of an anterior repositioning splint, a full-arch maxillary stabilization splint, and an untreated control group.

Pain and joint noises associated with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) internal derangement are often treated by using an intra-oral splint. This study evaluated whether an anterior repositioning splint (AR splint) could be more effective in the treatment of these symptoms than a full-arch maxillary stabilization splint (FAMS splint), because of its capability to re-establish immediately the normal condyle/disk relationship. The authors treated 40 patients (average age 16.8; range 8.0-24.0) with confirmed internal derangement, joint pain, and joint noises in at least one TMJ for at least two months, with AR splint (20 subjects) or FAMS splint (20 subjects); 10 untreated patients comprised the control group. Joint noise, joint pain, and the intensity of pain were assessed using a visual analogic scale (VAS), and the pain was characterized (i.e., constant or chewing/biting pain) and evaluated monthly for eight months. Significantly fewer AR splint patients experienced pain after four months of treatment. A significantly lower intensity of pain was experienced by the AR splint patients after two months of treatment. Significantly fewer AR splint patients experienced chewing/biting pain after eight months of treatment. The frequency of joint noises decreased over time, with no significant differences between the groups. In conclusion, the AR splint seems to be more effective in decreasing pain, but it seems to make no difference in the treatment of joint noises.

Adolescent↗