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PubMed1979

Burkitt's lymphoma in Iraq. Clinical and pathological study of forty-seven patients.

The clinical and pathological features of 47 patients with Burkitt's lymphoma seen at the University of Baghdad Teaching Hospital over the years 1969-1977 are described. There were 30 males and 17 females with a mean age of 7.5 years. All patients presented with advanced disease; 44 were in Stage III and 3 in Stage IV, (1 with central nervous system involvement; 1 with bone-marrow involvement; 1 presented as acute leukaemia). The abdomen, with or without other sites, was involved in 42 patients. Thirty-four patients died within 18 months, 11 in the immediate post-operative period. Cyclophosphamide in variable dosages was administered to 29 patients with a good response in 15. The 3 patients with Stage IV disease died with poor response to therapy. Thus, in Iraq, a non-endemic area for the disease, Burkitt's lymphoma seems to have somewhat different clinical and pathological features from the endemic (African), or the rare, sporadic disease reported elsewhere.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

Methylmercury poisoning in Iraq. An epidemiological study of the 1971-1972 outbreak.

Following the Iraq methylmercury poisoning epidemic in 1971-72, surveys were conducted on selected rural populations to determine the extent of exposure to methylmercury. It was calculated that 40% of those receiving treated grain will have consumed it. Study of death registries in three provincial capitals and their Qada centers reveals that, in the year November 1971 to October 1972, more deaths occurred than in the corresponding period of other years. These deaths were in addition to the 459 deaths which occurred in hospitals. Deaths for the 1-10 and 11-20 year age groups during the year 1971-72 were four-fold higher than the mean of the two preceding and two following years. However, when adjusted for the age distribution of the population, no one age group had a statistically significant higher incidence of poisoning. Registered live births decreased in 1973, the year following the epidemic, but, at the present time, there is not sufficient information to know the significance of this decrease.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1982

Prevalence of human coronavirus antibody in the population of southern Iraq.

Sera from adults in Southern Iraq were collected during winter and screened by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the presence of antibodies to the two antigenic groups of human coronaviruses, the 229E and the OC43 groups: 91% of the sera had antibodies to at least one of the groups, whereas 4 and 5% of the sera had antibodies to only the 229E or OC43 groups, respectively. There was significant correlation between the levels of antibody to the 229E and OC43 group coronaviruses in these sera.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Lymphocyte transformation test responses to cytomegalovirus in healthy adults from Britain and Iraq.

Lymphocyte transformation tests to CMV were carried out on young healthy adults from Britain and Iraq. Positive results were obtained in all of 28 seropositive British subjects as compared to 17 of 33 (51.5%) seropositive Iraqis; moreover, stimulation index values in the British group (mean 11.58) were significantly higher than in the Iraqi group (mean 2.84). Attempts to relate these differences to demographic characteristics, antibody response to CMV, including the response to early antigens, lymphoproliferative response to herpes simplex virus, and to phytohaemagglutinin and the presence of blocking factors were unrewarding.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

Enzyme polymorphism in Drosophila melanogaster populations in Iraq.

Electrophoretic studies of the degree and pattern of polymorphism at two third-chromosome loci, esterase-6 (Est-6) and phosphoglucomutase (PGM), were carried out in three Drosophila melanogaster populations collected from different localities in Iraq: Mosul, Tuwaitha, and Basrah. The results show that only the Tuwaitha population was polymorphic for both loci; the other two populations were polymorphic for Est-6 and monomorphic for PGM. The allele frequency changes at both loci were followed for 20 generations in an experimental cage derived from the Tuwaitha population; it was found that there is a deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at both loci toward the homozygote.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Congo/Crimean haemorrhagic fever virus from Iraq 1979: I. Morphology in BHK21 cells.

Congo-Crimean Haemorrhagic Fever virus, isolated from a patient in Iraq, was grown, after passage in suckling mouse brain, in BHK cells. The particles matured after 8-9 days in these cells by budding, usually singly, into cytoplasmic vacuoles throughout the host cells. The virions had an overall diameter of 115 to 125 nm, including rounded surface spikes 15 nm long and 10 nm wide. The viral cores, surrounded by a lipid unit membrane, contained discrete electron-dense elements. It is suggested that the spikes, dimpled at their outer end and possibly hollow throughout their length, passed out through "pores" in the unit membrane.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Establishing water and sanitation programmes in conflict situations: the case of Iraq during the Gulf War.

In armed conflicts, health and technical assessments made before initiating emergency water and sanitation programmes are hardly ever complete and accurate. Obstacles and constraints inherent in the initial assessment phase have an inevitable impact on the selection and ranking of priorities. The emergency phase of a programme calls for short-term objectives: the first activities are already under way as problem identification proceeds. Frequently updated assessments are an integral component of ongoing programmes, so as to ensure continuous readjustment of short-, medium- and long-term objectives and an appropriate response to needs. In this article, as an example, we describe the various stages in assessing water and sanitation problems, first in Baghdad and then in southern and northern Iraq, between February and May 1991. Our aim is to explain the background that led to the implementation of the programme in the Iraqi capital and the provinces.

Emergencies↗

PubMed1978

Serological evidence of the occurrence of bluetongue in Iraq.

Precipitating antibodies against bluetongue were detected in sheep and goat serum samples collected from animals slaughtered in Baghdad abattoir. Out of 294 sheep serum samples and 110 goat serum samples examined, 28 and 18 samples respectively showed precipitating activity. In addition, examination of sheep serum samples collected from localities where clinical cases similar to bluetongue were previously reported revealed the presence of bluetongue precipitating antibodies in 101 sera out of 198 samples examined. This is the first report confirming the occurrence of bluetongue in Iraq.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

The prevalence of brucellosis among sheep and goats in northern Iraq.

Out of a total of 2,368 sheep and 3,156 goats tested against brucellosis by the Brewer's card test in the 5 Mohafadhas of the northern region of Iraq, 0.93% and 4.4% respectively were recorded as positive reactors. The highest incidence (1.36%) among sheep was found in the Kirkuk region while the lowest (0.78%) was in the Mosul (Nineveh) region. Among goats the highest incidence (11.55%) was revealed in the Dukho region while the lowest (1.47%) was in the Sulaimaniya region. The need for more detailed work on the incidence and on the isolation of the local strains, as well as the need for a control programme, is also discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Isolation and identification of the Sersenk strain of goat pox virus in Iraq.

Goat pox virus was isolated during an outbreak of pox infection among goats in the Sersenk district, Iraq. The isolated virus grew on the chorioallantoic membranes of developing chick embryos and in primary lamb testis cell cultures. It was identified morphologically as a pox virus and serologically as a member of the Capripoxvirus group in the family Poxviridae. The isolated virus was designated the "Sersenk" strain.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Efficacy of parvaquone in the treatment of naturally occurring theileriosis in cattle in Iraq.

Parvaquone was tested in cattle infected with Theileria annulata when they were presented at clinics in the vicinity of Baghdad. Out of over 200 cases presented with suspected theileriosis between July 1984 and July 1985, the drug was used in 45 cases where theileriosis was confirmed by microscopic examination of blood and lymph node biopsy smears. Twenty seven of the cases were considered mild and 18 cases severe. Weights of the cattle were estimated and parvaquone was administered by intramuscular injection at a nominal dose of 20 mg/kg. A single treatment with parvaquone was used in 25 cases and 20 cases were treated twice but there was no correlation between severity of disease and the number of treatments given. Twelve cases (27%) also received antibacterial therapy. All cases were in exotic cattle or cattle born from exotic (imported) cattle and 64% of the cases were in cattle under six months of age. Temperatures dropped immediately after treatment and the majority were normal (below 39.5 degrees C) by two to three days after the first treatment. Of the 45 cases treated 43 recovered. This compares very favourably with a previously reported mortality of 66% in untreated imported cattle in Iraq.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Resuscitation in northern Iraq.

The principles of Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) were adopted by a Royal Navy surgical team deployed to northern Iraq. Over a 6-week period, 18 casualties of both military and civil trauma required active resuscitation, 10 being under the age of 16 years. Triage of multiple casualties was necessary on three occasions. Two patients died. It was difficult to exclude cervical spine injury. Venous cut-down was frequently unsuccessful, so that internal jugular vein cannulation was life-saving. Crystalloid was used as the primary infusion without apparent disadvantage. Cross-matched blood was unavailable and one patient died with haemolysis after massive transfusion. Hypothermia was a problem despite the high environmental temperature. Laboratory and radiological facilities were extremely limited. Non-medical staff were trained most effectively to assess vital signs, although sophisticated monitors became available. These problems are discussed and compared with previous experience. Recommendations are made to improve future outcome.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1980

Leishmania spp. in Iraq. Electrophoretic isoenzyme patterns. I. Visceral leishmaniasis.

Leishmania donovani organisms isolated from 10 children coming from different districts in Iraq, were compared between themselves, with Leishmania donovani isolated in Iran and the Sudan, and with a Leishmania sp. isolated from the viscera of a rat caught in Baghdad. The comparison was made by examination of the electrophoretic mobilities of seven soluble enzymes: malic enzyme E.C.1.1.1.40; glucose phosphate isomerase E.C.5.3.1.9; glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase E.C.1.1.1.49; phosphoglucomutase E.C.2.7.5.1.; malate dehydrogenase E.C.1.1.1.37; aspartate aminotransferase E.C.2.6.1.1 and alanine aminotransferase E.C.2.6.1.2 following thin-layer starch-gel electrophoresis. The Iraqi isolations of L. donovani fell clearly into three groups. Group A contained the organisms from seven children, six from the Wasit district and one from the outskirts of Baghdad; Group B, the organism from one child from the Hilla district (100 km south of Baghdad) with severe visceral leishmaniasis which relapsed following chemotherapy; Group C, the organisms from two children from Suaira in the Wasit district. The Iranian and Sudanese isolations gave patterns different from each other and from those from Iran. The Leishmania sp. isolated from the viscera of the rat gave a pattern identical to that of L. tropica.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Radionuclide contamination of foods imported into Iraq following the Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident.

Since early 1986, a monitoring program for radionuclides in imported foods has been carried out by the Iraqi Atomic Energy Commission. After the Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident in the Soviet Union, the program was expanded; our laboratory was officially designated by the Iraqi Government to measure radionuclide activity concentrations in foodstuff imported from countries known to be severely contaminated by Chernobyl radioactive fallout. Gamma-spectrometric analysis was used. Food items such as powdered milk, lamb meat, poultry, cereals and grains imported into Iraq before the Chernobyl accident did not contain any detectable fission products. However, all lamb meat, 81% of the lentil, 44% of the powdered milk and chick-pea, and 17% of the roast beef samples were contaminated with 137Cs or 134Cs and 137Cs. The highest 137Cs contamination levels found were 82, 147, 420, 6 and 4 Bq kg-1, respectively. Contamination by 134Cs was approximately 50% of the values given above.

Accidents↗

PubMed1981

Study on the pathogenicity of ostertagiosis due to Ostertagia circumcincta in sheep, in Iraq.

The response of Awassi sheep to ostertagia circumcincta, the most prevalent ovine strongylid species in Iraq, was studied. A dose of 100000 larvae of O. circumcincta (Iraqi strain) induced moderate clinical symptoms of ostertagiosis. These symptoms were correlated with elevated pH of the abomasal fluid and increased plasma pepsinogen levels. There was no evidence of larval inhibition since the majority of the fourth stage larvae (L4) continued their development. No appreciable loss of worm population was observed and most of the parasites survived and exhibited a prolific egg-laying potential six months after initial infection. Assessments of the pathophysiological changes were performed and correlated with parasitological and clinical observations. The Awassi breed of sheep, the most prevalent in the Arab Middle East, seems to be more susceptible to ostertagiosis than other breeds and there was no spontaneous self-cure in this breed.

Abomasum↗

PubMed1983

Epidemiology of gastrointestinal parasites of Awassi sheep in Iraq.

Studies on the epidemiology of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep, conducted at two different farms in the Baghdad area, in 1979, revealed two peaks in worm egg counts in ewes, one in spring and the other in autumn; the latter coincided with the lambing season. Similarly in lambs, two peaks of infection were apparent, but the spring peak was not so well defined. During the hot and dry summer months of Iraq, helminthic infection was at a low level. Faecal culture for larvae and their identification indicated the predominance of Haemonchus contortus infection in the ewes and that of Ostertagia and Trichostrongylus spp. in the lambs examined, Trichostrongylus infection predominating during the hot, dry period of the year. The self-cure phenomenon as well as preparturient rise in egg counts, as reported in other countries, was also observed during this study.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Gross pathology and histopathology of haemonchosis in sheep and goats in Iraq.

The response of Awassi sheep and a local breed of goats to H. contortus, the prevalent ovine and caprine strongyloid species in Iraq, was studied. A dose of 500 H. contortus (sheep origin) larvae kg-1 body wt. induced clinical and pathological changes of haemonchosis. Although the percentage recovery of worms was higher in sheep, the pathological (gross and microscopic) changes were more marked in infected goats. The extensive abomasal changes noted in goats were, in general, accompanied by a higher density or larvae in the gastric wall; the pathology did not necessarily depend upon parasite count alone and a definite relationship could not be established. The tissue changes in the goats are possibly of immunological origin, although a genetic resistance may operate, primarily at the level of worm establishment.

Abomasum↗

PubMed2007

Cut-off values for anthropometric variables that confer increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension in Iraq.

BACKGROUND: Body mass index (BMI) is often used to reflect total body fat amount (general obesity), whereas waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHpR) or waist-to height ratio (WHtR) is used as a surrogate of body fat centralization (central obesity). The purpose of the present study was to identify cut-offs for BMI and upper-body adiposity (WC, WHpR, and WHtR) that, associated with increased risk of type 2 DM and hypertension in Iraqi adults, would be consistent with overweight and central adiposity. METHODS: This was a community-based cross-sectional survey for establishing cut-off values for BMI and upper-body adiposity (WC, WHpR or WHtR) associated with increased risk of type 2 DM and hypertension from one district in Southern Iraq, Basrah (Abu-Al-khasib). The total number of persons involved was 12,986 (6693 men and 6293 women), aged 45.6 +/- 15.7 years. RESULTS: The cut-off point in men associated with increased risk of type 2 DM and hypertension were BMI 25.4 and 24.9, WC 90 and 95 cm, WHpR 0.92 for both and WHtR 0.52 and 0.55, respectively. For women, the cut-off point associated with increased risk of type 2 DM and hypertension were BMI 26.1 and 26.5, WC 91 and 95 cm, WHpR 0.91 for both, and for WHtR 0.56 and 0.59, respectively. The best index for association with type 2 DM was WHpR with cut-off point of 0.92 for men and 0.91 for women. For hypertension, the best index is WHtR (with cut-off point of 0.55 for men and 0.59 for women), whereas the least reliable index was the BMI for both type 2 DM and hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: Our finding showed that, in Iraqi adults, WHpR has the strongest association with type 2 DM and WHtR for hypertension.

Adiposity↗